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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Integrated pest management of Rhagoletis mendax (Diptera: Tephritidae) in lowbush blueberry using vegetative field management.

Economic control of Rhagoletis mendax was achieved by applying insecticidal sprays to commercial lowbush blueberry vegetative fields, in a biennial production system, rather than to the fruiting fields, when the threshold was exceeded. The viability of this integrated pest management of R. mendax for lowbush blueberries was demonstrated over a 9-yr interval in New Brunswick where three sites were monitored for 2 yr, eight sites for 4 yr, and one site for 9 yr. Control of R. mendax in lowbush blueberry fields was achieved in 2 yr when the fields were isolated, and in 3 yr when there were adjacent lowbush blueberry fields.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1985

Herbicides and congenital malformations: a review for the paediatrician.

The herbicides 2, 4, 5-T and 2, 4-D are relatively non-toxic to primates, in acute exposure. Dioxins, which have occurred as impurities in these two herbicides, manifest universal biological toxicity. The best understood dioxin TCDD, has, in susceptible strains of mice, a very low teratogenic minimal effective dose of 1-10 micrograms/kg. This fact has engendered an era of uncertainty about the potential teratogenic effects of herbicides, in the context of potential human exposure. This paper reviews current knowledge concerning herbicide teratogenesis following maternal exposure. Because of species specificity of teratogenic agents, it is not possible to extrapolate from effects in lower animals to potential effects in humans. It remains a fact however that all proven human teratogens have parallel animal models. Following maternal exposure to herbicides and to dioxins, it has not been possible to produce teratogenic effects in primates, although fertility may be affected. Epidemiological reports from Hungary, Italy (the ICMESA accident), New Zealand, the United States, Europe and Australia have not revealed any positive evidence to indicate that a human herbicide teratogenic syndrome exists.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of pheromone-mediated mating disruption and conventional insecticides for management of tufted apple bud moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Large-plot studies were used to compare pheromone-mediated mating disruption and conventional insecticide applications for management of tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), in North Carolina in 1993 and 1994. Pheromone trap catches were reduced in mating disruption blocks, and traps placed in the lower stratum of the canopy had a higher level of trap capture reduction compared with traps placed in the upper stratum. First-generation tufted apple bud moth exposure to either pheromones for mating disruption or insecticides affected second generation pheromone trap catches in the lower and upper canopy. More second generation male moths were caught in pheromone traps placed in the upper compared with the lower canopy in blocks treated with pheromones for mating disruption during the first generation, whereas the opposite was true in blocks treated with insecticides during the first generation. Despite reduced trap catches in pheromone-treated blocks, egg mass densities were not reduced in these blocks compared with insecticide-treated blocks. Furthermore, fruit damage was not significantly different between mating disruption blocks and conventionally treated blocks in orchards with relatively low populations of tufted apple bud moth, but damage was greater in mating disruption blocks in orchards with higher moth densities.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Toxicological studies of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides for controlling the fruit fly Dacus ciliatus (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The fruit fly Dacus ciliatus Loew is a pest of the fruits of many cucurbit species. We studied the effect of organaophosphate and pyrethroid compounds on the adult flies by using surface contact and oral administration. In contrast to other fruit flies, we found that organophosphates were ineffective against D. ciliatus. This was supported by the insignificant decrease of head acetylcholinesterase activity. All tested pyrethroids showed satisfactory killing ability, rapid and massive knockdown effect, and prevention of oviposition. Piperonyl butoxide considerably increased the toxicity of pyrethroids, which can be explained by oxidase detoxification of these compounds in D. ciliatus. It can be concluded that pyrethroids have high potential for controlling D. ciliatus.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2005

Polymorphisms in a carboxylesterase gene between organophosphate-resistant and -susceptible Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae).

Resistance to omethoate was suppressible by the hydrolytic enzyme inhibitor SSS-tributyl phosphorotrithioate in a laboratory-selected resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, strain, suggesting the involvement of hydrolytic enzymes in the detoxification process. The kinetic properties of carboxylesterases from both resistant and susceptible cotton aphids were characterized by four acyl ester substrates: alpha-naphthyl acetate (alpha-NA), alpha-naphthyl butyrate (alpha-NB), alpha-naphthyl phosphate (alpha-NP), and beta-naphthyl phosphate (beta-NP). No significant differences of carboxylesterase activity were found between resistant and susceptible strains by using either alpha-NP or beta-NP as substrates. In contrast, the susceptible A. gossypii exhibited significantly higher activity compared with resistant aphids with either alpha-NA or alpha-NB as substrates. To understand the molecular basis of this esterase-mediated resistance, carboxylesterase genes from both strains were cloned. Two genes share 99.4% identity at the nucleic acid level and 99.2% identity at the amino acid level. The full length of the cDNA opening reading frame is 1581 bp, encoding 526 amino acids. Four amino acid substitutions, Thr210 --> Met210, Asn294 --> Lys294, Gly408 --> Asp408, and Ser441 --> Phe441, were identified in the resistant strain. Probing of Southern blots with the 0.5 kb esterase fragment showed the same banding patterns and intensities with genomic DNA extracts from both resistant and susceptible A. gossypii. Furthermore, the MspI and HpaII fragments are the same in both strains, indicating there is no methylation of sequences detected by the probe. The combined results suggest that the structural gene substitution is likely the molecular basis of the organophosphate resistance in this laboratory-selected cotton aphid strain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Organophosphate poisoning: peripheral vascular resistance--a measure of adequate atropinization.

We report severe organophosphate poisoning complicated by hypotension and ischemic sequelae in two patients with pre-existing vascular disease. Both patients had a low total peripheral resistance and high cardiac output that were significantly reversed by doses of atropine in excess of those required to control other muscarinic symptoms. Cerebral infarcts and gangrene requiring a below knee amputation were complications of the poisonings. It is proposed that the ischemic complications are due to paradoxical vasoconstriction by acetylcholine at sites of endothelial injury. One patient, who had taken fenthion, also had a significantly delayed peak and prolonged, 2-3 week, systemic toxicity. We propose that stability of the plasma cholinesterase at 6 to 8 h after temporarily suspending oxime provides a rapid guide to the duration of therapy, especially in patients whose complications make clinical assessment difficult.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2005

Final results of a phase II trial of preoperative TAC (docetaxel/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide) in stage III breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The use of preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer has been demonstrated to result in similar disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Additionally, the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) in the breast after preoperative chemotherapy has been shown to correlate with survival. The objective of this study was to determine the pCR rate in patients with stage III breast cancer treated with 4 cycles of TAC (docetaxel 75 mg/m2, doxorubicin 50 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2) on day 1 before surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From November 1998 through August 2001, we treated 40 patients (mean age, 47 years) with stage III breast cancer with TAC administered every 3 weeks for 4 cycles. RESULTS: We now report follow-up at 24 months. Responses were seen in 83% of patients, with 25% experiencing a clinical complete response, of which 4 patients (10%) had pCRs. At a follow-up of 2 years, data on DFS and OS are available on 37 patients: 12 patients (38%) had disease progression, and 7 patients (21%) had died. Despite the use of prophylactic ciprofloxacin, some degree of myelosuppression was seen in all patients, with 24 patients (63%) experiencing grade 3/4 neutropenia. CONCLUSION: Based on the pCR rate seen in this trial, docetaxel given concomitantly with AC (doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide) for 4 cycles does not appear to be superior to 4 cycles of AC as preoperative treatment for stage III breast cancer. Based on other trials, longer durations of therapy and/or sequencing of AC and docetaxel may result in a higher pCR rate.

Adult↗