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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

A long-term nutrition intervention experience: lipid responses and dietary adherence patterns in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.

Nutrition counselors in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) were able to help middle-aged men who were at high risk for coronary heart disease change their dietary habits, maintain those changes over time, and decrease their serum cholesterol levels. Most of a 7.5% mean serum cholesterol reduction achieved after 6 years of nutrition intervention occurred during the first year of the trial and was thereafter sustained. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction decreases indicated improvement in terms of coronary heart disease risk. The food record rating, a numerical, semi-objective adherence technique that assesses a 3-day food record with respect to lipid-lowering potential, was used throughout the trial to measure adherence to recommended food patterns. Participants with lower food record rating scores, which indicate better adherence, demonstrated greater reductions in serum total cholesterol, plasma total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein fraction cholesterol determinations on a group basis. Subjective evaluations of the suitability of home and working environments, evidence of deviation from the MRFIT food patterns, and overall nutrition program motivation also showed that as ratings in each category became more favorable, lower food record rating scores and greater blood lipid reductions were consistently observed. The subgroup of participants who were non-smokers and not hypertensive demonstrated greater lipid responses and better dietary adherence. Continued smoking and antihypertensive medications appeared to adversely influence dietary adherence and/or lipid reductions. The MRFIT experience, however, demonstrated for the first time that dietary changes and blood lipid reductions can be achieved after the initial intervention effect, despite a continued emphasis on high blood pressure management and smoking cessation.

Cholesterol↗
PubMed1997

Food acquisition habits, nutrient intakes, and anthropometric data of Havasupai adults.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the dietary patterns, anthropometric data, and food sources of Havasupai adults (> or = 18 years old) and determine the effect of age and gender. DESIGN: Dietary intakes (one 24-hour recall), anthropometric measures (body mass index [BMI], waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) and demographic data, including sites of food purchases, were obtained. Food sources of selected nutrients were calculated from diet recalls. SETTING/SUBJECTS: 92 adults (60 women, 32 men) from the Havasupai Reservation, Supai, Ariz. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Descriptive statistics were generated for demographic data. Nutrient intakes, BMI, and WHR were compared across gender and age groups ("Younger" [18 to 59 years old] vs "older" [> or = 60 years old]) by one-way analysis of variance. Two-tailed t tests identified significant differences in selected food practices by age group. RESULTS: Diets were moderately high in fat (35% of energy), saturated fat (12%), and sugar (14%); intakes of zinc, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B-6, and folate were frequently inadequate (less than two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance). Of the 92 subjects, 76 (83%) were obese (BMI > or = 27). Fifty-four of the 60 women (90%) and 24 of the 32 men (75%) exhibited abdominal obesity (no age effect). Thirty-nine of the subjects (42%) consumed at least one food item purchased off the reservation on the day of the recall; the remaining 53 subjects (58%) consumed only food purchased or acquired on the reservation. Older Havasupai were significantly more dependent on the tribal store and other village food sources than were younger adults. Food sources of key nutrients did not differ by age or gender. APPLICATIONS: The dietary patterns of isolated populations may be shaped by the unique limitations of their food sources as well as by factors such as age and gender. Individual and community-wide efforts to improve nutrient intakes and food patterns must recognize these geographic limitations. For populations such as the Havasupai, cooperative marketing and health promotion efforts between tribal officials, health care providers, and managers of the cafe and tribal store could improve the availability and consumption of a wider range of health-promoting foods.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Changes in food supply in Mediterranean countries from 1961 to 2001.

OBJECTIVE: To describe geographical differences and time trends in the supply of the most important food components of the traditional Mediterranean diet. DESIGN: Food supply data collected from national food balance sheets for the period 1961-2001. SETTING: Selected Mediterranean countries: Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey. RESULTS: Differences of almost 30-fold and five-fold were found in the supply of olive oil and fruits and vegetables, respectively, among the Mediterranean countries studied during the 1960s. A favourable increasing trend for the supply of fruit and vegetables was observed in most Mediterranean countries. However, an increase in the supply of meats and dairy products and a decrease in the supply of cereals and wine were observed in European Mediterranean countries from 1961 until 2001. Only in African and Asiatic Mediterranean countries were cereals the base of food supply. During the 1990s, Greece's food supply pattern was closest to the traditional Mediterranean diet, while Italy and Spain maintained a high availability of fruits, vegetables and olive oil, but were losing the other typical components. Among African and Asiatic Mediterranean countries, only Turkey presented a traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern except with respect to olive oil, the supply of which was very low. France showed a Western dietary pattern, with a high supply of animal products and a low supply of olive oil. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplies in the Mediterranean area were quite heterogeneous in the 1960s and have experienced a process of Westernization, especially in European Mediterranean countries.

Diet↗
PubMed2004

Dietary adherence in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial.

This article describes adherence to a low-fat dietary pattern (less than 20% energy from fat, five or more fruit/vegetable and six or more grain servings daily) in Years 1 and 5 of the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial, which was designed to examine the effects of a low-fat dietary pattern on risk of breast and colorectal cancers and other chronic diseases in postmenopausal women. Participants were randomly assigned to a low-fat dietary intervention arm (40%, n=19,542) or a usual diet control arm (60%, n=29,294). Women in the intervention arm completed 18 group sessions during the first year, followed by quarterly annual maintenance sessions. Adherence was assessed as control minus intervention (C-I) group differences in percent total energy from fat as estimated by a food frequency questionnaire. Based on these self-reported dietary data, mean C-I was 10.9 percentage points of energy from fat at Year 1, decreasing to 9.0 at Year 5. Factors associated with poorer adherence were being older, being African American or Hispanic (compared with white), having low income, and being obese. Group session attendance was strongly associated with better dietary adherence. There are many limitations of self-reported dietary data, particularly related to social desirability and intervention-associated bias. Nonetheless, these data indicate that long-term dietary change was achieved in this clinical trial setting and reinforce the potential of the ongoing trial to answer questions of public health importance.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Testing a life-style risk model in an Afro-American population.

This article discusses the results of a research study investigating the possible relationship between life-style risk factors, e.g., weight, dietary patterns, stress, activity and smoking in the development of diseases. The author concludes that there is a need for individuals to improve weight, dietary patterns, reduce stress and increase recreational activity to reduce life-style risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Tracing the Mediterranean diet through principal components and cluster analyses in the Greek population.

OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary patterns, and their socio-demographic and lifestyle correlates in a large sample of Greek adults, and assess their adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet. DESIGN: Principal component (PC) analysis was used to identify dietary patterns among 28 034 participants of the Greek branch of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Dietary information was collected through a validated, semiquantitative, food-frequency questionnaire. The extracted PCs were subsequently regressed on sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. Analyses were also performed to classify individuals with similar dietary behavior into clusters. RESULTS: Four PCs were identified: PC1 resembled the Mediterranean diet, PC2 approximated a vegetarian diet with emphasis on seed oils, PC3 reflected a preference for sweets, and PC4 reflected a Western diet. PC1 and PC2 were positively associated with age, education, physical activity, and nonsmoking status. Females, in comparison to males, scored higher on PC1 but lower on PC2. Males, younger, more educated individuals, nonsmokers and residents of Greater Athens (Attica) scored higher on PC3. PC4 was associated with younger age, less education, and current smoking. In cluster analyses, cluster A contrasted clusters B and C in having much higher mean PC1- and PC2-scores and substantially lower PC3- and PC4-scores. PC1 and PC4 were, respectively, positively and inversely correlated with an a priori Mediterranean-diet score; PC2 and PC3 were unrelated to it. CONCLUSION: The Mediterranean-like PC1-score as well as the vegetarian-like PC2 were higher among older, more educated people, and were associated with a healthier lifestyle than PC4, which reflected a Western-type diet. PC1 was strongly positively associated with an a priori Mediterranean-diet score.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

New directions in dietary studies in cancer: the National Cancer Institute.

Through an orderly sequence incorporating epidemiologic and laboratory research, human clinical/metabolic studies, and clinical intervention trials, the NCI develops and maintains cancer prevention and control programs that are directed toward the overall goal to reduce cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Epidemiologic studies have shown correlations between consumption of numerous dietary constituents and cancer risk. Results of in vitro and animal studies have reinforced many of these epidemiologic associations and data from clinical/metabolic studies are being used to evaluate the relevance of these associations in humans. Although much remains to be learned about the influence of specific dietary constituents and dietary patterns on cancer risk, it is clear that diet can have a significant impact in cancer prevention and control. Investigations on the cellular and molecular effects of dietary constituents, as well as their metabolic and physiologic effects should provide better insight on the mechanisms of action of these dietary constituents. There also is a need to develop biomarkers of dietary intake that could be used to monitor compliance in intervention studies, as well as biomarkers as clinical trial endpoints that can be used to predict the emergence and progression of cancer. Working with other agencies and the private sector, the NCI will continue to design and implement information programs that translate the knowledge gained from these diet and cancer prevention studies to help Americans adopt dietary patterns that may reduce cancer risk. Continued emphasis will be placed on intervention programs targeted toward high-risk and underserved segments of the U.S. population in an effort to reduce the high incidence of cancers in these groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Culture-specific strategies for capturing local dietary intake patterns.

To capture cultural reality and apply it to nutrition research, ethnographic research should be integrated with nutrition research and community-based nutrition research designs should be dictated by the local culture. Choosing the most appropriate dietary assessment for a study population requires attention to culture-specific technology for food acquisition, storage, exchange, processing, and preparation, as well as consideration of cultural rules pertaining to food distribution and consumption at the household level. Nutrition researchers should work with ethnographers to determine whether the assessment method used in a specific culture should capture the food intake of the household as a unit or of the individuals in each household.

Culture↗
PubMed1999

Assessing the diet of adolescent girls in the UK.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ1) and a food checklist (FCL) to determine energy and macronutrient intakes of adolescent girls in the general population. DESIGN: Energy and macronutrient intakes determined by FFQ1 and the FCL were compared with those from a 7-day weighed dietary record (WDR). The reproducibility of FFQ1 was assessed by a comparison of intakes with those from a repeated questionnaire (FFQ2) completed a month later. SETTING: Southampton, UK. SUBJECTS: Forty-seven 15-year-old girls completed FFQ1 and the WDR and FCL; and 61 girls completed FFQ1 and FFQ2. RESULTS: The broad dietary patterns described by the three methods of assessment were similar, although absolute intakes differed. Energy and macronutrient intakes determined by FFQ1 were higher than those recorded in the WDR (all P < 0.001), but intakes assessed by the FCL and WDR were similar. Only FFQ1-assessed energy intakes appeared consistent with predicted energy requirements. With the exception of protein intake, there was reasonable agreement between FFQ1 and the WDR in their estimation of energy and macronutrient intake (range of correlation coefficients 0.28 for energy to 0.33 for carbohydrate). The poorer agreement between FFQ1 and the WDR in their estimates of protein intake arose principally from the misclassification of meat and fish intake, although there was no obvious explanation for this. Energy and macronutrient intakes were similar for FFQ1 and FFQ2. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent girls give reproducible answers in response to a self-administered FFQ, which yield useful information about their broad dietary patterns. The FFQ may be a more suitable dietary assessment method than prospective records for use in general population studies of girls of this age. We discuss suggestions for its improved performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A prospective study of diet quality and mortality in women.

CONTEXT: Most studies of diet and health care have focused on the role of single nutrients, foods, or food groups in disease prevention or promotion. Few studies have addressed the health effects of dietary patterns, which include complex mixtures of foods containing multiple nutrients and nonnutrients. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of mortality with a multifactorial diet quality index. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data from phase 2 (1987-1989) of a prospective cohort study of breast cancer screening, the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project, with a median follow-up of 5.6 years. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 42,254 women (mean age, 61.1 years) who completed the food frequency questionnaire portion of the survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: All-cause mortality by quartile of Recommended Food Score (RFS; the sum of the number of foods recommended by current dietary guidelines [fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and lean meats and poultry] that were reported on the questionnaire to be consumed at least once a week, for a maximum score of 23). RESULTS: There were 2065 deaths due to all causes in the cohort. The RFS was inversely associated with all-cause mortality. Compared with those in the lowest quartile, subjects in the upper quartiles of the RFS had relative risks for all-cause mortality of 0.82 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.92) for quartile 2, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.62-0.81) for quartile 3, and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.61-0.78) for quartile 4 adjusted for education, ethnicity, age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, level of physical activity, menopausal hormone use, and history of disease (chi2 for trend = 35.64, P<.001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that a dietary pattern characterized by consumption of foods recommended in current dietary guidelines is associated with decreased risk of mortality in women.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between nutritional status, dietary intake patterns and plasma lipoprotein concentrations in rural black South Africans.

Coronary artery disease remains rare in rural Africans. The survey reported here was conducted in order to investigate nutritional factors that might be responsible for this. The nutritional status, dietary intake and plasma lipoprotein concentrations of a representative sample (42 men, 60 women) of the inhabitants of a rural district in Zululand, South Africa, were measured. Results demonstrated that whilst men were generally underweight (ie, 20 per cent below 80 per cent of ideal body weight), women were commonly obese (20 per cent were over 140 per cent of ideal). The major dietary component was refined commercial maize-meal with infrequent intakes of animal and dairy products. Dietary fibre intake was consequently low (approximately 10 g/d). Low plasma cholesterol concentrations were found in 67 per cent of men and 42 per cent of women. High density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were generally lower than quoted 'desirable' levels. The results of our survey suggest that the low incidence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in rural Africans is associated with a diet low in cholesterol but often excessive in carbohydrate, resulting in obesity. HDL concentration and dietary fibre intake were low and therefore could not be invoked as 'protective'. The possibility of genetic resistance to IHD remains.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Cigarette smoking and retinal carotenoids: implications for age-related macular degeneration.

The foveal region of the retina has a yellow pigmentation composed primarily of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. Past studies have shown that cigarette smoking depresses carotenoid concentrations in the blood. This is the first report on the effects of cigarette smoking on carotenoids in the retina. Macular pigment optical density (MP) was measured psychophysically by comparing foveal and parafoveal sensitivities to light of 460 and 550 nm. General dietary patterns, smoking frequency (cigaretts/day) and personal data were collected by questionnaire. Thirty-four smokers and 34 nonsmokers were compared. Subjects were matched with respect to age, sex, dietary patterns and overall pigmentation (i.e., eye, skin and hair color). The smoking group had a mean MP of 0.16 (SD = 0.12) compared to a mean MP of 0.34 (SD = 0.15) for nonsmokers (P < 0.0001). MP density and smoking frequency were inversely related (r = -0.498 P < 0.001) in a dose-response relationship. A variety of evidence suggests that MP protects the macula from actinic damage both passively (by screening potentially harmful short-wave light) and actively as an antioxidant (e.g., by quenching reactive oxygen species). If smoking causes a reduction in MP density, then smokers may be at risk. Epidemiologic data identifying smoking as a risk factor for the neovascular form of age-related macular degeneration are consistent with this hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Calories and cancer.

The author presents the hypothesis that no single nutrient or class of food by itself significantly affects risk for most cancers. Rather, it is the dietary pattern or the mix of nutrients and foods that affects cancer risk. And the overall caloric intake or perhaps the caloric balance is central to whether a particular dietary pattern will affect cancer risk. Supporting evidence for this hypothesis, as well as implications if correct, is also presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dietary and nutrient intake of a Sami population living in traditional reindeer herding areas in north Norway: comparisons with a group of Norwegians.

The Samis are an ethnic minority living in the Northern region of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Traditionally the Samis made their living from reindeer herding with some fishing and agriculture. Earlier studies have shown that their diet consisted of large amounts of reindeer meat, some fish and wild berries with low intakes of other fruits, vegetables and dairy products. Due to the introduction of technical improvements like snowmobiles and terrain vehicles which makes moving with the herd less necessary, their lifestyle has changed. There is little documentation how this has affected their dietary habits. In this study, the dietary pattern and nutrient intake of a group of Samis (n = 75) living in traditional reindeer herding areas of North Norway were investigated and compared with that of a group of Norwegians (n = 65). Dietary information was obtained through an interview by a nutritionist using the dietary history method. The findings indicate that nutrient content of the Sami diet is adequate except for folic acid. Calcium and iron intake was slightly below recommended levels for Sami females. There seems to be some difference between the diet of the Samis and Norwegians. The Samis consume more meat, fat, table sugar and coffee and less fruits and vegetables. The dietary pattern of the Samis seems, however, to be changing toward a more typically Norwegian diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Dietary intake pattern relates to plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations in the Framingham Heart Study.

We examined the relationship between intake of food group (and supplement) sources of folate and plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations among 885 elderly subjects in the Framingham Heart Study. Dietary data were collected by food-frequency questionnaire, and blood samples analyzed for folate and homocysteine concentrations. Top contributors to total folate intake were ranked. Mean folate intake, plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations were estimated for users vs. non-users of supplements, and key foods--those which both contribute to total folate intake and are known to be good sources of folate--and examined statistically with adjustment for age, gender and total energy intake. Plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations were also determined by quintile of intake frequency for breakfast cereals and for fruits and vegetables. Plasma folate was significantly greater and homocysteine lower in women than in men. Despite somewhat greater plasma folate concentrations with age, homocysteine was significantly higher in those over 80 y of age than in younger subjects. Major contributors to folate intake were cold breakfast cereals (13.3%), multivitamins (12.8%) and orange juice (12.4%). Users of supplements, breakfast cereals, or green leafy vegetables had significantly greater plasma folate and lower homocysteine levels than non-users. Plasma folate concentration was also greater in those who drank orange juice. We identified clear dose-response relationships for both plasma folate and homocysteine with increased quintile of breakfast cereal and of fruit and vegetable use. Frequent consumption of these foods is associated with higher folate and lower homocysteine concentrations.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

A dietary survey of an isolated population in the UK: the islanders of Orkney.

Isolated communities, such as those in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland have a dietary pattern and lifestyle which may differ from the rest of the country. We have studied the diets of 118 Orkney Islanders (78 women, 40 men) over 2 non-consecutive weeks, using a semi-weighed methodology. 'High tea', soups, fish, potatoes and bakery goods were features of the traditional dietary pattern. Fresh fruit and vegetable tended to be low, and intakes of vitamin C and, to a lesser extent, dietary fibre, were low in relation to energy. Energy intakes of men were consistent with an active lifestyle, while fat provided 42 per cent of the energy from food. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the COMA recommendations and the prevalence of heart disease in this region of Britain.

Diet Surveys↗
PubMed1996

Do type as eat differently? A comparison of men and women.

Type A behaviour has been associated with coronary heart disease, but little is known about how Type A behaviour relates to diet. As part of a cross-sectional epidemiological study in Northern Ireland, Type A behaviour was assessed using a validated questionnaire and diet assessed using weighed records. Diet was described in terms of nutrient intake, food intake and dietary pattern. The study population comprised 245 men and 306 women aged 16 to 64 years. The relation between Type A behaviour and diet was examined by calculating partial correlation coefficients between A-type score and dietary variables, controlling for age and household socio-economic group. In men Type A score showed a weak but significant association with fat and protein intake, and intake of beef, cheese, yoghurt and chips. In women, Type A score showed a weak positive association with sugar and alcohol intake. In both men and women, Type A score was positively associated with the "convenience" dietary pattern. These relationships are discussed in the context of the dominant food ideology and coronary risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Vitamins, phytochemicals, diets, and their implementation in cancer chemoprevention.

With progressive "Westernization" of the dietary pattern in Asian countries, such as Korea and Japan, unhealthy signs, such as increases in obesity and incidence rate of cancers, are starting to appear in recent statistics. These results support the hypothesis that a dietary pattern of low fats and high antioxidants based on plant foods will reduce the risk of cancer Recently, antioxidative vitamins and phenolic phytochemicals derived from our daily diet have received much attention because of their potential chemopreventive activities. Their chemopreventive mechanisms have been suggested mainly due to their protective effects against oxidative DNA damage. However. several studies have shown that dietary antioxidant supplements, such as vitamins and phenolic phytochemicals, are not beneficial; they may rather, cause DNA damage. These results suggest that a metabolomics approach might demonstrate that antioxidant rich whole diets play a more important role, rather than individual antioxidants in cancer prevention. On the other hand, the chemopreventive mechanisms of dietary vitamins and phenolic phytochemicals may be associated with the inhibition of other carcinogenic processes, particularly tumor promotion, rather than that of tumor initiation. In this article, possible cancer-preventive mechanisms of dietary vitamins and phenolic phytochemicals, are reviewed.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗