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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Measuring productive vocabulary of toddlers in low-income families: concurrent and predictive validity of three sources of data.

This study examined parental report as a source of information about toddlers' productive vocabulary in 105 low-income families living in either urban or rural communities. Parental report using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory - Short Form (CDI) at child age 2 ; 0 was compared to concurrent spontaneous speech measures and standardized language assessments, and the utility of each source of data for predicting receptive vocabulary at age 3 ; 0 (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) was evaluated. Relations between language measures of interest and background variables such as maternal age, education, and race/ethnicity were also considered. Results showed that for the sample as a whole, parental report was moderately associated with other language measures at age 2 ; 0 and accounted for unique variance in PPVT at age 3 ; 0, controlling for child language skills derived from a standard cognitive assessment. However, predictive validity differed by community, being stronger in the rural than in the urban community. Implications of significant differences in background characteristics of mothers in the two sites are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Discovering spatio-temporal models of the spread of West Nile virus.

Emerging infectious diseases are characterized by complex interactions among disease agents, vectors, wildlife, humans, and the environment. Since the appearance of West Nile virus (WNV) in New York City in 1999, it has infected over 8,000 people in the United States, resulting in several hundred deaths in 46 contiguous states. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and maintained in various bird reservoir hosts. Its unexpected introduction, high morbidity, and rapid spread have left public health agencies facing severe time constraints in a theory-poor environment, dependent largely on observational data collected by independent survey efforts and much uncertainty. Current knowledge may be expressed as a priori constraints on models learned from data. Accordingly, we applied a Bayesian probabilistic relational approach to generate spatially and temporally linked models from heterogeneous data sources. Using data collected from multiple independent sources in Maryland, we discovered the integrated context in which infected birds are plausible indicators for positive mosquito pools and human cases for 2001 and 2002.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Hypoglycemia secondary to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole administration in a renal transplant patient.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX)-induced hypoglycemia in an immunosuppressed renal transplant patient. DATA SOURCE: English-language journal articles and reference texts identified via a MEDLINE search and a bibliographic review of pertinent data sources. DATA SYNTHESIS: Hypoglycemia resulting from the combination of sulfonylureas and sulfonamides is a recognized drug interaction. Hypoglycemia induced by sulfonamides alone may be encountered less frequently. Previously reported cases of TMP/SMX-induced hypoglycemia postulated that the sulfonamide mimics hypoglycemic sulfonylurea agents and stimulates pancreatic islet cells to secrete insulin. We report a case of hypoglycemia following the administration of high-dose TMP/SMX in a renal transplant patient. Elevated C-peptide concentrations following the hypoglycemic episode indicate that hypoglycemia resulted from increased endogenous insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoglycemia has been a rarely encountered result of TMP/SMX use. Patients receiving TMP/SMX, particularly those with impaired renal function and those receiving high doses, should be monitored closely for hypoglycemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Interpretation of drug risk and benefit: individual and population perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: To provide pharmacists with the necessary nomenclature and tools to interpret the medical literature on drug risks and benefits. DATA SOURCES: Primary articles were identified by MEDLINE search (1990-December 2003) and through secondary sources. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All of the articles identified from the data sources were evaluated, and all information from secondary sources deemed relevant was included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Articles in the primary and secondary literature were reviewed. The articles show that measurement of drug risks and benefits is consistently reported with similar terminology. However, the interpretation and subsequent balancing of risks and benefits can be difficult. CONCLUSIONS: All drugs have concomitant risks and benefits. The medical literature documents those risks and benefits and it is this medical evidence that is typically used to make drug therapy decisions. Pharmacists who either manage individual patients or populations of patients (pharmacy benefit managers) may interpret this medical evidence more clearly by understanding the implications of various statistical methods used in studies.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1997

Restructuring routinely collected patient data: ORCA applied to andrology.

Hospital information systems do not always cover all required detail per specialty. This may lead to scattering of data over disparate systems and the paper record. The ORCA (Open Record for CAre) CPR offers a generic structure for record sharing, and record keeping tailored to specific needs. We studied whether a semantic integration of existing and new data was possible, using the ORCA structure. Existing andrology data, originating from separate sources, were utilized for this purpose. During normalization, validation and explication steps, latent problems in the source data were exposed and removed, followed by a merge with new data items. By conversion of source data to ORCA, a unique representation of medical concepts in the database was attained, facilitating retrieval of univocal data for multiple purposes. We conclude that the expansion to the andrology domain, including transparent integration of existing data, provides support for the generality of ORCA.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed1998

[Epidemiologic studies among foreign immigrants in Germany--rational and obstacles].

About 7.2 million foreign nationals are living in Germany. Only few epidemiological studies have assessed their health status, unlike in other countries with large migrant populations. Hence, it is not known whether foreigners in Germany experience special health risks and whether there is a need for specific public health interventions. The size of the group (9% of the total population) and their increasing length of stay further emphasise the need for epidemiological research on migrants. In this article we describe the obstacles for such studies in Germany: difficulties in characterising the group of interest; problems of availability and accessibility of data sources; and aspects of data protection. Minor changes in mortality statistics and improved access to existing data sources within the limits of data protection would improve research opportunities.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1988

An application of capture-recapture methods to the estimation of completeness of cancer registration.

Completeness of cancer registration has not been consistently ascertained across different registries. This report describes how capture-recapture methods have been used to estimate completeness at the Ontario Cancer Registry. The method was applied in two fashions; first, using three data sources in a modeling approach: and second, using two data sources and standard, simple capture-recapture methods. The modeling approach is more flexible, since several variables that influence cancer registration can be considered and can be used to identify reporting patterns of different data sources. In the present analysis, estimates of completeness of the registry as a whole were remarkably similar using either two or three data sources, and site-specific comparisons differed by at most 7%. Because of the advantages of capture-recapture methods-estimation of level of completeness, possible comparability of estimates across different registries, and versatility to consider other determinants of cancer registration-a plea for greater use of these methods in cancer registration is made.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1980

Conformational analysis of sterols: comparison of X-ray crystallographic observations with data from other sources.

Cystallographic data on over 400 steroids collected in the Atlas of Steroid Structure provide information concerning preferred conformations, relative stabilities and substituent influence of the interactive potential of steroid hormones. Analysis of these data indicates that observed conformational details are intramolecularly controlled and that the influence of crystal packing forces is negligible. Crystallographic data on the orientation of the progesterone side chain contradict published force-field calculations. In 84 of 88 structures having a 20-one substituent, the C(16)-C(17)-C(20)-O(20) torsion angle is between 0 degrees and -46 degrees. The 4 torsion angles that lie outside this range do so because of a 16 beta-substituent and not because of crystal packing forces. Not one of the 88 structures is found to have a conformation in which the C(16)-C(17)-C(20)-O(20) torsion angle is within +/- 15 degrees of the most commonly calculated minimum energy value. The narrow range of side chain conformations seen in very different crystalline environments in the 88 crystal structure determinations and the predictable substituent influence apparent in the data strongly suggest that crystallographically observed conformers seldom deviate from minimum energy positions, regardless of hypothetical broad energy minima, metastable states and small barriers to rotation. The 96 crystallographically independent determinations of the cholestane 17-side chain show that the chain has 4 principal conformations (A:B:C:D), occurring in the ratio 69:8:8:11. Although the fully extended side chain is clearly the energetically most favored one, in 16 observations of cholesterol itself only 6 are in the extended conformation. Some of the correlated conformational changes in the chains can be rationalized on the basis of model studies, but others apparently result from subtle intramolecular forces. The unsaturated B ring provides another element of flexibility in the structure of cholesterol. The 5-ene B ring is normally observed in an 8 beta, 9 alpha-half-chair conformation. However, in structures containing more than one molecular in the crystallographic asymmetric unit, at least one of the 2 molecules is found to differ significantly from this form. It may be that this inherent flexibility is responsible for the presence of conformationally distnct molecules in the same crystal. The intermolecular interaction observed in the crystal structure of cholesterol and its fatty acid derivatives illustrate the type of interaction between the steroid ring system and hydrocarbon chains that can be expected in membrane bilayers.

Cholestanes↗
PubMed2002

Mental tools for thinking about DNA technologies in new ways.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the nature of creative thinking in biomedical science with specific applications to molecular pathologies and DNA technologies. DATA SOURCES: Accounts of breakthroughs and inventions contained in autobiographies, biographies, interviews, and archival sources. STUDY SELECTION: Discoveries that have altered, or may yet alter, basic textbook accounts of biomedical sciences for which appropriate data sources exist. DATA EXTRACTION: Approximately 1000 data sources were analyzed, both within appropriate sciences and in other creative fields, such as the arts. DATA SYNTHESIS: The current analysis is based on a framework described in our previous book, Sparks of Genius, which outlines a general approach to understanding creative thinking. CONCLUSIONS: Creative thinking in all disciplines depends on a common mental "toolkit" that consists of 13 fundamental tools: observing, imaging, abstracting, pattern recognition, pattern forming, analogizing, body thinking, empathizing, dimensional thinking, modeling, playing, transforming, and synthesizing. Scientists recognize and solve problems by observing data that break the patterns established by theories; exploring a system by creating an abstract model with which they can play; and transforming data into feelings, sounds, and other forms that create surprising analogies to already-understood principles. The result of such personal thinking is knowledge combined with sensation and emotion--feeling and understanding synthesized into complete awareness. We illustrate some of these modes of thinking with reference to recent breakthroughs in DNA-related areas and suggest ways in which the use of "tools for thinking" can increase the probability of making further discoveries in the biomedical sciences.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2002

College of American Pathologists Consensus Conference XXXVI: Diagnostic Issues in Thrombophilia.

OBJECTIVES: To review the state of the art relating to laboratory testing for thrombophilia, as reflected by the medical literature and the consensus opinion of recognized experts in the field, and to make recommendations regarding laboratory testing (whom to test, when to test, what tests to perform, rationale for testing, and other issues) in the assessment of thrombotic risk in individual patients and their family members. DATA SOURCES: Review of the medical literature (primarily from the last 10 years) and the experience and opinions of experts in the field were used as data sources. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Participating authors evaluated the medical literature and prepared manuscripts with specific proposed recommendations. Drafts of all of the manuscripts were prepared and circulated to every participant in the College of American Pathologists Conference XXXVI: Diagnostic Issues in Thrombophilia prior to the conference. Each of the conclusions and associated recommendations was then presented for discussion. Recommendations were accepted if a consensus of 70% or more of the 27 experts attending the conference was reached. The results of the discussion were then used to revise the manuscripts and recommendations into final form. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus was reached on 179 recommendations, all of which are presented in articles in this issue of the Archives. Detailed discussion of the rationale for each of these recommendations is found in the text of the respective articles, along with citations to justify the level of evidence for the recommendations. This is an evolving area of research, and it is certain that further clinical studies will change many of the recommendations, cause some to be deleted, and add others in the future.

Blood Coagulation Tests↗
PubMed2002

Integration of genomic datasets to predict protein complexes in yeast.

The ultimate goal of functional genomics is to define the function of all the genes in the genome of an organism. A large body of information of the biological roles of genes has been accumulated and aggregated in the past decades of research, both from traditional experiments detailing the role of individual genes and proteins, and from newer experimental strategies that aim to characterize gene function on a genomic scale. It is clear that the goal of functional genomics can only be achieved by integrating information and data sources from the variety of these different experiments. Integration of different data is thus an important challenge for bioinformatics. The integration of different data sources often helps to uncover non-obvious relationships between genes, but there are also two further benefits. First, it is likely that whenever information from multiple independent sources agrees, it should be more valid and reliable. Secondly, by looking at the union of multiple sources, one can cover larger parts of the genome. This is obvious for integrating results from multiple single gene or protein experiments, but also necessary for many of the results from genome-wide experiments since they are often confined to certain (although sizable) subsets of the genome. In this paper, we explore an example of such a data integration procedure. We focus on the prediction of membership in protein complexes for individual genes. For this, we recruit six different data sources that include expression profiles, interaction data, essentiality and localization information. Each of these data sources individually contains some weakly predictive information with respect to protein complexes, but we show how this prediction can be improved by combining all of them. Supplementary information is available at http:// bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/integrate/interactions/.

Cell Cycle↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of self-report data and medical records data: results from a case-control study on prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Self-report and review of medical records are the most common methods for the assessment of past exposures. However, information obtained from self-reports and medical records may not be consistent. This study compared information provided in a self-administered questionnaire with medical records data. METHODS: Self-report and medical records data came from a case-control study on prostate cancer. Cases were 181 patients with primary prostate cancer and controls were 297 men without the disease, enrolled in Group Health Cooperative (GHC) in Seattle. The consistencies between the two data sources were examined. RESULTS: In general, agreement between the two data sources was almost perfect for demographic and anthropometric variables, substantial for the history of inguinal hernia and kidney stones, and moderate for vasectomy, family history of prostate cancer, smoking and alcohol consumption. However, the two data sources generally were poorly concordant for prior genitourinary diseases that have less explicit diagnostic criteria such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. Analyses of discordant data showed that men were more likely to report an exposure or medical condition that could not be verified from medical records. No discernible patterns in the difference of agreement were found according to age, GHC membership length or case-control status. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that agreement between self-reported data and medical records data varies depending upon the study variables. While both data sources are subject to some problems, self-report may provide more complete and comparable information, at least for variables unrelated to diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

New approaches to using antiretroviral therapy for the management of HIV Infection.

OBJECTIVE: To review the changes that have occurred in the past 2 years in the management of HIV infection with antiretroviral agents by contrasting the 1994 with the 1996 Guidelines. DATA SOURCES: Conference proceedings, clinical experience of the author and her colleagues, and English-language articles from the body scientific literature identified via MEDLINE, AIDSLINE, and Current Contents served as data sources. DATA SYNTHESIS: Current antiretroviral management strategies include movement away from using zidovudine monotherapy, institution of combination antiretroviral therapy earlier in HIV diseases, the use of newer agents such as lamivudine, protease inhibitors (i.e., saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir), and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (i.e., nevirapine, delavirdine), prevention of vertical transmission with zidovudine, and use of HIV-1 RNA determinations (viral load) to guide the initiation and alteration of antiretroviral therapy. These strategies represent a dramatic change from the 1994 Guideline, which recommended zidovudine monotherapy in nonpregnant and pregnant individuals whose CD4 cell counts were less than 500 cells/mm3, when many of the newer agents were not available and the assays to determine viral load were strictly investigational. CONCLUSIONS: The difference between the 1994 and 1996 Guidelines is substantial. It is likely that within a year's time, newer information on pathogenesis and antiretroviral agents in development will be known and further management strategies will need to be disseminated. Until then, the International AIDS Society--USA Guidelines for 1996 should be followed as the standard of care.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Nordic Medical Birth Registers in epidemiological research.

This review discusses the use of Nordic Medical Birth Registers (MBRs) in epidemiological studies, paying special attention to the topics that have been investigated and to other data sources that increase the usefulness of MBRs. We divided the reviewed studies into four groups according to the data sources on which they were based: (1) studies using MBR data only; (2) studies combining maternal or paternal background information, obtained from other data sources, with MBR data; (3) studies combining MBR data with subsequent outcome information on newborns; and (4) studies using information about consecutive pregnancies and generations. Our review shows that MBRs are good sources for studying the following topics: maternal biological and obstetric background; interventions and health care during pregnancy and birth; newborns' short-term outcome; and the relations between these factors. In addition, the usefulness of MBRs increases when the data they contain are combined with data from other sources. We found that data from more than twenty different sources have been linked with MBR data in the Nordic counties. As time passes, national MBRs become a useful source of information for studies on consecutive pregnancies or generations. In addition, the associations between pregnancy, delivery, perinatal health and long-term outcome can be studied by using an MBR as the basic data source.

Birth Certificates↗
PubMed1988

Multiple sources of data on social behavior and social status in the school: a cross-age comparison.

Behavioral data relating to peer social status were collected from peers, teachers, and observers on both first- and third-grade boys (ages 6-7 and 8-9 years, respectively). Peer and teacher ratings had greater intermethod agreement than observer data, although all 3 sources provided evidence that rejected and controversial boys were more aggressive than other boys. However, relatively little aggression was observed among the older boys, indicating that peers and teachers may be better sources of information about aggression in this group. Observational data differentiated among status groups on measures of activity (on task vs. off-task, and prosocial play vs. solitary activity) for both age groups. Rejected boys displayed little prosocial behavior according to peers and teachers, but were not less often engaged in prosocial play, according to observers. Neglected boys were the most solitary group during play; however, teachers rated rejected boys as the most solitary, contrary to observations. Controversial boys were seen as highly aggressive by all sources but as highly prosocial only by peers and observers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Agreement between administrative data and patients' self-reports of race/ethnicity.

OBJECTIVES: We examined agreement of administrative data with self-reported race/ethnicity and identified correlates of agreement. METHODS: We used Veterans Affairs administrative data and VA 1999 Large Health survey race/ethnicity data. RESULTS: Relatively low rates of agreement (approximately 60%) between data sources were largely the result of administrative data from patients whose race/ethnicity was unknown, with least agreement for Native American, Asian, and Pacific Islander patients. After exclusion of patients with missing race/ethnicity, agreement improved except for Native Americans. Agreement did not increase substantially after inclusion of data from individuals indicating multiple race/ethnicities. Patients for whom there was better agreement between data sources tended to be less educated, non-solitary living, younger, and White; to have sufficient food; and to use more inpatient Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) care. CONCLUSIONS: Better reporting of race/ethnicity data will improve agreement between data sources. Previous studies using VA administrative data may have underestimated racial disparities.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2005

Virtual bronchoscopy.

Virtual bronchoscopy is rapidly providing a software solution for visualization and measurement of the human airway tree with data derived from multirow detector X-ray CT scans as the most common data source. Increasingly, other imaging data sources to create three-dimensional image renderings of the bronchial tree are being used including magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and the digital color image taken by the bronchoscope itself. Software solutions now exist for providing simple renderings of the bronchial tree through which a fly-through of the airway lumen by the center line of the airway can be added (the fly-through mimics the view that a real flexible bronchoscope affords the operator). The images so produced are visually accurate (i.e., they appear very realistic) and with good software now available are also analytically correct (i.e., measurements taken from these images are accurate). More advanced virtual bronchoscopic applications, including image-based pathfinding to mediastinal and peripheral lung structures, are also in development. Synergistic datasets composed of image data from multiple image sources are also being developed.

Bronchial Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Modified-release tacrolimus.

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, and clinical trials of modified-release tacrolimus (MR-4) concerning its equivalence to non-modified-release tacrolimus. DATA SOURCES: A PubMed/MEDLINE search was conducted (1966-July 2005) using the following terms: MR-4, tacrolimus, FK506, Prograf, transplantation, calcineurin inhibitors, and immunosuppression. Additional data sources included meeting abstracts, bibliographies from identified publications, and information from the manufacturer. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All English-language, published, randomized clinical trials evaluating MR-4 were included in this review. Clinical trials that used tacrolimus for the prevention of solid-organ graft rejection were also selected from the data sources. DATA SYNTHESIS: Studies demonstrated that MR-4 has pharmacokinetic profiles similar to those of tacrolimus in healthy volunteers, renal transplant recipients, and liver transplant recipients. Similar efficacy and safety profiles have also been demonstrated. Data also suggest that the target whole blood trough concentration range of MR-4 is similar to that of tacrolimus and that it is safe to convert from tacrolimus twice daily to MR-4 once daily using a 1:1 conversion. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term clinical trials indicated that MR-4 has efficacy and safety profiles similar to those of tacrolimus. MR-4's once-daily dosing offers an advantage over the currently available calcineurin inhibitors in preventing graft rejection. However, adherence studies with MR-4 that measure clinical and economic outcomes are needed.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗