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PubMed1990

Evaluation of diagnostic radiopaque contrast materials used with calcium hydroxide.

An evaluation of three different radiopaque materials used in combination with calcium hydroxide powder for diagnostic contrast was made. Diatrizoate meglumine (65%) and iothalamate meglumine (60%) compared favorably with barium sulfate (35%). Since barium sulfate has demonstrated problems by altering the manipulative properties of calcium hydroxide as well as demonstrating a residual radiopacity, there may be advantages to the use of resorbable diatrizoate or iothalamate compounds as alternatives. These soluble iodine compounds also make possible an excellent aqueous medium in which to mix calcium hydroxide.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1996

Variability of platelet degranulation by different contrast media.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: It has been suggested that nonionic but not ionic contrast media degranulate blood platelets when mixtures of blood and contrast media are studied by flow cytometry. This phenomenon was further assessed in the current study not only by performing whole-blood platelet flow cytometry but also by performing flowing blood platelet aggregometry. The latter is a highly sensitive measure of platelet function. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from six normal donors and mixed with equal volumes of an ionic monomer (diatrizoate), a nonionic monomer (iohexol), an ionic dimer (ioxaglate), and a nonionic dimer (iodixanol). Samples were collected in the presence of no anticoagulant for 1 min prior to the addition of sodium citrate or in the presence of heparin (14.5 U/ml) or recombinant hirudin (60 micrograms/ml). All samples were fixed in formaldehyde within 30 min. RESULTS: Platelet degranulation was observed with one nonionic agent (iohexol) and one ionic agent (diatrizoate). Degranulation was not seen with iodixanol or ioxaglate. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that degranulation is independent of the ionic or nonionic nature per se of contrast media. A possible explanation for this conclusion is suggested.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1994

Effects of radiographic contrast media on leukocyte phagocytosis.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Differences in leukocyte phagocytosis following exposure to different classes of radiographic contrast media (RCM) may help in the development of less toxic alternatives and be useful as a guide to contrast selection in certain patient groups. The effect of RCM on leukocyte phagocytosis of Escherichia coli was examined. METHODS: Cell population phagocytosis and individual cell phagocytic activity were assessed in a control group and in samples exposed both to the ionic RCM diatrizoate and ioxaglate and to the nonionic RCM iohexol and iotrolan by using a flow cytometer. RESULTS: The percentage of granulocytes undergoing phagocytosis was 88.4% in the control population. Following exposure to RCM, this value fell to 79.2% with iohexol, 77.6% with iotrolan, 70.5% with diatrizoate, and 68.7% with ioxaglate. The number of bacteria phagocytosed by active leukocytes was not affected by RCM. CONCLUSION: RCM adversely affect the percentage of granulocytes involved in phagocytosis but not the number of pathogenic bacteria that are phagocytosed by individual granulocytes.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed1975

Inhibition of active sodium transport by radiographic contrast media.

We demonstrate that salts of diatrizoate and iothalamate, radiographic contrast agents, depress the active transport of sodium in the urinary bladder of the Columbian toad, Bufo marinus. Isolated toad bladders were incubated in isotonic Ringer's solutions with isosmolar displacement of sodium chloride by contrast media in experimental solutions. Sodium transport as measured both by short-circuit current (SCC) and by isotopic sodium flux was significantly depressed in the presence of sodium diatrizoate. Sodium transport measured by SCC was significantly depressed with sodium iothalamate and meglumine iothalamate. Equimolar methylsulfate Ringer's solution did not depress SCC. Although contrast media in isotonic Ringer's solutions depressed basal SCC, the vasopressin-stimulated increment in SCC was not depressed by contrast media. Separate experiments with hyperosmolar solutions (786 mM, as utilized in angiography) demonstrated equivalent suppression of SCC by contrast media and by other solutions made hyperosmolar with glucose or sodium methylsulfate, implying a general or nonspecific effect of hyperosomolarity. Inhibition of SCC by contrast media was reversible when the agents were removed by serial changes with standard Ringer's solution. Inhibition of sodium transport by contrast media might provide a basis for studies on some of the clinical toxicities of these agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of hyperosmolar ionic and low osmolar non-ionic contrast media on coagulation times and some blood parameters in dogs: an in vivo study.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of hyperosmolar ionic contrast media (CM) (diatrizoate) and low osmolar non-ionic CM (iohexol and ioxilan) on coagulation time and some blood parameters in dogs in vivo. The animals were divided into three groups in equal numbers. The dogs in groups I, II and III received diatrizoate, iohexol and ioxilan at the dose of 700 mgI/kg intravenously (IV) as a bolus, respectively. Administration of contrast media and blood samples were collected from vena cephalica antebrachii prior to CM administration and thereafter at 3, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 180 min and 24 h to measure the coagulation factors [activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothorombin time (PT), fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation products] and some other blood parameters [red blood cells, platelet, white blood cells, haematocrit (Ht) and haemoglobin (Hb)]. While a statistically significant decrease was observed on APTT at 15 min in group III, no significant differences were found in groups I and II. All the groups had insignificant alterations for PT, fibrinogen and fibrinogen degradation product, following CM administration. Significant decreases were observed for platelet at 3 min in all groups. This decrease was also significant at 15- and 30- min intervals in group I. There were significant decreases for erythrocytes, Ht and Hb measurements within 30 min, and no significant alterations were observed for leucocytes within 60 min in all groups compared with baseline values. No differences were observed with regard to coagulation times and some blood parameters as far as long-lasting and major effects of each CM are concerned.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Density gradient isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells using a blood cell processor.

Large numbers of mononuclear cells (MNC) are needed for hematologic reconstitution using peripheral blood stem cells. The possibility of isolating those cells by discontinuous Ficoll-diatrizoate density gradient centrifugation in two blood cell processors (the Haemonetics V50 [V50] and the Cobe 2991 [2991]) were examined. Buffy coats from peripheral blood containing 6.23 X 10(8) MNC were separated in the V50, resulting in a recovery of 75 percent. The purity of the cells, defined as the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes among all leukocytes, was 95 percent. With larger cell loads (3 to 7 X 10(9) MNC), the yield was higher in the V50 than in the Cobe 2991 (92 versus 75%). After separation in the V50 or the 2991, the cloning efficiencies of hematopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-GM and BFUe) were not different from those of cells isolated on 5 ml Ficoll-diatrizoate gradients in centrifuge tubes. Both leukapheresis and MNC separation can be carried out with the same bowl and tubing set in the V50. With that approach, an average of 6 X 10(9) MNC were processed in 16 experiments. An average recovery of 82 percent with 95 percent purity was achieved. The authors conclude that, in terms of simplicity of operation, cost effectiveness, and maintenance of sterility, the V50 may be better suited than the 2991 for the purification of MNC from peripheral blood.

Cell Separation↗
PubMed1976

[Clinical evaluation of cardiovascular reactions to renal contrast media using an impedance method (author's transl)].

The hemodynamic changes during intravenous urography were studied in 120 non-selected patients (60 patients with bolus injection, 60 with infusion: 30 of each group with methylglucamine ioxitalamate, while the other 30 with sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate). There was a uniform statistically significant increase in heart rate (p less than 10(-9) as well as in cardiac output (p less than 10(-9)) (measured by means of a non-invasive impedance method). The observed changes were more marked following bolus injection than infusion. With the application of methylglucamine ioxitalamate the increase in heart rate, but not in cardiac output, was significantly less (p less than 0,01) than with that of sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Electrophysiological and mechanical effects of contrast media on isolated rat atria.

Cardiac complications caused by contrast media may occur during angiocardiography. The present study on spontaneously beating and electrically stimulated isolated rat atrial preparations investigated the direct effects on the myocardium of four different contrast media. A low-osmolar non-ionic compound, metrizamide, was compared with three ionic contrast media having different cation compositions: meglumine-Na-Ca metrizoate, meglumine-Na diatrizoate and meglumine iothalamate. The ionic contrast media at an organ bath concentration of 30 mg I.cm-3 produced a striking shortening of the effective refractory period. In addition, they reduced the spontaneous rate of contractions, prolonged sinus node recovery time and decreased excitability. Meglumine-Na diatrizoate and meglumine iothalamate induced great reductions in contractile force and "force-rate" product. Metrizamide influenced both the electrical and mechanical activities of the isolated rat atrial preparations to a smaller extent than the three ionic contrast media. The present study demonstrated direct arrhythmogenic and cardiodepressive effects of commonly used ionic contrast media. The low-osmolar non-ionic medium, metrizamide, appears to have lower cardiotoxicity than the ionic contrast media.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Influence of ionic and non-ionic radiographic contrast media on the vasomotor tone of epicardial coronary arteries.

The effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast media on the vasomotility of epicardial coronary arteries was investigated in 21 patients during coronary angiography by use of either diatrizoate-76% (10 patients, group A) or iopromide-370 (11 patients, group B). Coronary angiograms were taken in RAO 30 degrees projection before (= reference) and directly after (t0) diagnostic angiography of the left coronary artery (approx. 7 dye injections in approx. 7 min). Additional angiograms in the same projection followed after 1, 3, 6 and 10 min. Mean diameters of angiographically normal coronary segments were analysed with an automatic edge detection system (CAAS). With diatrizoate-76% coronary dilation at t0 averaged 18.9 +/- 6.7% (P less than 0.001); it correlated positively (P less than 0.001) with the number of diagnostic injections performed per min (mean 1.2 +/- 0.3 min-1), and negatively (P less than 0.5) with the time interval between the last diagnostic contrast injection and t0 (mean interval 73 +/- 35 s). Coronary dilation was unchanged 1 min after t0 (18.3 +/- 5.4%, P less than 0.001) and was still present after 6 min (6.2 +/- 4.6%, P less than 0.01). With iopromide-370 coronary dilation at t0 was mild (5.4 +/- 4.3%; P less than 0.05); the subsequent injections led to minimal insignificant dilation. It is concluded that in quantitative angiographic studies on changes in coronary vasomotor tone repeated coronary angiograms should be taken with non-ionic contrast media; furthermore adequate injection intervals of greater than 3 min should be observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Iopamidol: a new contrast medium in coronary angiography. Comparison, on electrophysiological changes in man, with a commonly used contrast medium.

In 30 patients undergoing coronary angiography the effects of Iopamidol on sinus node activity, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction were evaluated using His Bundle recordings, and compared to the effects produced by Diatrizoate. Diatrizoate resulted in an increase in sinus cycle length and prolonged AV nodal conduction, resulting in second degree AV block in two patients. Iopamidol had significantly less effect on sinus cycle (P less than 0.01) and AV nodal conduction (P less than 0.01). Neither contrast media affected intraventricular conduction. No difference was noted in the imaging power of the two contrast media. It is suggested that non-ionic, low osmotic contrast media such as Iopamidol will result in increased patient safety during coronary angiography without loss of imaging power.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Arrhythmogenic and cardiodepressive effects of contrast media on isolated rat atria.

The cardiotoxicity of four radiopaque contrast media were studied on spontaneously beating isolated rat atria in order to compare the low-osmolar non-ionic medium, metrizamide, with three other contrast media having different cation compositions. The addition of the ionic contrast media to concentrations of 28 and 84 mg I/ml induced atrial arrhythmias in the following order of potency: meglumine iothalamate greater than meglumine--Na--Ca metrizoate greater than meglumine--Na diatrizoate. No arrhythmias were observed after the addition of metrizamide. Metrizamide had only slight effects on the rate and amplitude of the atrial contractions, and hence the work index was almost unaffected. The highest concentration of the three ionic contrast media had very significant cardiodepressive effects. Meglumine iothalamate had the most severe influence on the spontaneous rate of the contractions, while meglumine--Na diatrizoate induced the greatest initial reduction in the amplitude of the contractions and the work index. The present study indicates that the low-osmolar non-ionic medium, metrizamide, is better tolerated by the myocardium than the ionic contrast media.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Therapeutic embolization with detachable silicone balloons: long-term effects in swine.

Twenty-one embolizations were performed in 12 swine using a detachable silicone balloon-catheter system. In 11 embolizations, balloons were filled with 60% meglumine sodium diatrizoate (R-60); 30% meglumine sodium diatrizoate (R-30) was used in 10 embolizations. Serial radiographs were obtained to determine the duration of balloon inflation. Repeat angiography and autopsy examinations were performed three to six months following embolization. Eighty percent of balloons filled with R-30 were still inflated after 10 days, as opposed to 27% of the balloons filled with R-60. Balloons which remained inflated for more than 10 days caused permanent occlusion of the embolized arteries. The vessels were occluded precisely at the point at which the balloons were initially attached. Pathologically, the occluded vessels exhibited organized thrombi with minimal inflammation. Detachable balloons appear to be an effective, safe method of performing selective vascular occlusion in many circulatory systems. Careful control of the volume and osmolarity of the contrast medium used to inflate the balloons produces permanent arterial occlusion.

Angiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiovascular effects induced by the injection of a new nonionic contrast medium (Iopamidol): experimental study in dogs.

The hemodynamic effects induced by the injection in the pulmonary artery of the new nonionic water soluble contrast medium Iopamidol were compared with those obtained by the injection of two other currently used contrast media (meglumine diatrizoate and sodium iothalamate). The experiments were carried out in nine mongrel dogs. Hemodynamic variables were continuously measured prior to, during, and for 8 minutes after injection of the contrast media. Injections of iopamidol produced significantly smaller decreases in aortic pressure (p less than 0.01), contractile indices (p less than 0.01), and peripheral resistances (p less than 0.01), and changes in heart rate and in cardiac output were less pronounced. At 3-4 minutes after injection, an increase in Vmaxd was observed with all three contrast media, but it was significantly lower after injecting Iopamidol. The role of hyperosmolality in causing cardiovascular changes is discussed. The less significant changes induced by Iopamidol appear to be the result of its lower osmolality, which is about a third that of meglumine diatrizoate or sodium iothalamate.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative effects of three radiographic contrast agents in isolated normal and ischemic canine hearts.

Investigators have sought to improve contrast agents by changing the ionic content or decreasing osmolarity. This study compared the effects of meglumine sodium diatrizoate, sodium meglumine calcium metrizoate, and metrizamide on coronary blood flow, myocardial contractile force, and perfusion pressure under normal and ischemic conditions in eight isolated canine hearts. Diatrizoate had an initial negative inotropic effect, but contractile force returned to baseline within 1 minute during normal perfusion and within 2 minutes under ischemic conditions. Calcium-enriched metrizoate and metrizamide had only a positive inotropic effect under normal perfusion (127 +/- 3.9% and 116 +/- 2.9% of baseline, respectively). During ischemia, however, the positive inotropic effect of sodium meglumine calcium metrizoate was followed by a decrease in contractile force to 93 +/- 5% of baseline after 2 minutes. Metrizamide showed only a positive inotropic effect during ischemia. The myocardial depression that follows the initial positive inotropic effect of calcium may further alter the instability between normal and ischemic areas of the heart, thus increasing the risk of coronary arteriography in patients with severe coronary artery disease.

Angiography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of radiographic contrast agents on spinal cord physiology.

Segmental reflexes in the spinal cords of cats anesthetized with chloralose were used to evaluate the neurophysiologic effects of radiographic contrast agents. The exposed lumbar spinal cord was bathed with concentrations of ionic and nonionic agents including saline, sodium meglumine diatrizoate, meglumine iothalamate, meglumine iocarmate, and metrizamide. The following responses were evaluated: flexor and extensor monosynaptic reflex; polysynaptic flexion reflexes; spontaneous ventral root activity. Hypertonic solutions generally produced a transient decrease in all reflex activity for up to 1 hour. Isotonic solutions produced no significant changes in the monosynaptic responses, but an increase in amplitude of polysynaptic responses, and increased spontaneous activity. The usual facilitory effects of flexion reflex on the flexor monosynaptic reflex were unchanged, but the expected inhibitory effect of flexion reflex on the extensor monosynaptic reflex was changed to excitatory. The relative ability to produced these effects was sodium meglumine diatrizoate greater than meglumine iothalamate greater than meglumine iocarmate greater than metrizamide.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dynamic contrast enhancement of the upper abdomen: effect of contrast medium and body weight.

Contrast enhancement (CE) of the aorta, liver, and spleen was studied in dynamic body computed tomography (CT) in 71 patients. Four contrast media (CM) (diatrizoate, ioxithalamate, ioxaglate, iopamidol) were injected intravenously in equal bolus doses of 18.5 g iodine. Iopamidol produced the highest average peak and 2-minute aortic CE, significantly different from ioxithalamate (P less than 0.001), diatrizoate (P less than 0.01), and ioxaglate (P less than 0.0125) at peak levels. Two-minute CE values of the aorta were highest with iopamidol as were peak and 2 minute CE of the liver and spleen. A linear, inverse relationship between body weight and CE was present both at peak CE and after 2 minutes in all tissues. The nonionic CM appear to have best dose efficiency in the vascular phase of dynamic CT. These results are also applicable to digital angiography. Differences in the CE of parenchymal organs with different CM are so small that they are unlikely to have clinical significance.

Aortography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies on the effect of x-ray contrast media on aortic endothelium in the rat.

A study comparing the effects of diatrizoate, ioxitalamate, metrizamide, ioxaglate, and a 22% sorbitol on aortic endothelia of the rat was performed. In each case 1 ml of the respective solution was injected in a single dose into the aorta. Endothelial damage was seen after injection of metrizamide, diatrizoate, and ioxitalamate. After injection of ioxaglate or sorbitol, only minor endothelial changes were observed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuronal effects of water-soluble contrast agents.

The in vitro rat hippocampus slice preparation has been utilized to examine the direct neurotoxicity of water-soluble contrast agents. Intraneuronal recordings were obtained from pyramidal cells in the CA1 field of rat hippocampus slices. Synaptic activity was evoked by Schaffer's collateral stimulation. The effects of Na-diatrizoate and metrizamide were studied. Test solutions were 300 to 345 mOsm and had iodine concentrations of 22.5 to 30 mg I/ml which are probably near clinical concentrations. The two effects of the contrast agents are apparent within 10 minutes and reversible within 30 to 45 minutes. The first is an epileptogenic property reflected by repetitive action potentials arising from an early prolonged depolarization. The second effect is a depression of electrical activity characterized by hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential. Na-diatrizoate predominantly produced the first effect. Metrizamide principally produced the second effect. These results indicate that contrast agent seizure activity is not due to hyperosmolarity but a more direct chemical effect. The depression, however, may be related to a hyperosmolar effect. The differences between the dominant effects of the ionic vs. nonionic agents observed in these experiments seem to correlate with clinical experience and may indicate the etiology of central nervous system neurotoxicity of these drugs.

Action Potentials↗