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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Comparative efficacy of NaF and SMFP dentifrices in caries prevention: a meta-analytic overview.

An overview was conducted of all randomized, controlled studies comparing NaF to SMFP dentifrices in the prevention of caries development. Data from these separate trials were subjected to a pooling procedure, or meta-analysis, in order to obtain a more stable estimate of comparative treatment efficacy and to aid in interpreting the generalizability of results. Based on a pool of studies involving over 7,000 subjects, NaF was associated with a significantly greater reduction in caries development compared to SMFP. The increment in D(M)FS was reduced an average of 0.28 (95% confidence limits 0.10 to 0.46) with the use of NaF as compared to SMFP over a 2- to 3-year follow-up period. This difference represents a 6.4% reduction in the rate of caries development observed with SMFP. The numerical advantage conferred by NaF over SMFP in caries risk reduction must be judged clinically as to its public health implications. Alternative analytic techniques and rules for including studies in the pooling process yielded consistent conclusions. A similar analysis of data from dual-active studies indicated that NaF in combination with SMFP provides greater lowering of the D(M)FS increment (approx. 0.16 over 2-3 years) compared to SMFP at the same total fluoride dose, whereas the dual-active product demonstrated no advantage over NaF alone.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1994

Effect of various post-brushing activities on salivary fluoride concentration after toothbrushing with a sodium fluoride dentifrice.

The study consisted of eight experiments, divided into three series, aimed at investigating the effect on the salivary fluoride (F) concentration of three post-brushing regimes: (1) rinsing once or twice with water, (2) rinsing either with a slurry of the toothpaste foam and water or with an 0.05% NaF solution, or a single NaF mouthrinse with no prior brushing, and (3) chewing and drinking ('eating') for 2 min. Brushing was done with 1.5 g of an 0.32% NaF dentifrice. The concentration of F in whole saliva was determined in 15 subjects at various time points up to 45 min after completing each experimental procedure. Results showed that the initial (0 min post-brushing) F concentration in saliva decreased about 1-2 times after a single, and 4-5 times after a double post-brushing water-rinse, as compared with no rinsing at all (p < 0.001). Brushing followed by a mouthrinse with an 0.05% NaF solution elevated the F concentration more than brushing alone (p < 0.001). Rinsing with the slurry of toothpaste foam and water gave only a somewhat (but not significantly) lower concentration of F in saliva than just rinsing with the 0.05% NaF solution. Eating immediately after brushing reduced the salivary F level about 12-15 times (p < 0.001) compared with brushing alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

An in vitro model for studying the efficacy of fluoride dentifrices in preventing root caries.

This investigation tested and validated an in vitro model for studying the effects of fluoride on human dentin mineral content and fluoride uptake. Four studies examined the effects of different concentrations of fluoride, established dose-response profiles with NaF and Na2PO3F, and tested commercial dentifrices. A 7- or 14-day cyclic treatment regimen involved four 1-min exposures of sound human dentin specimens to the treatment agents, a 4-hour acid challenge period, and 20 h in human saliva daily. Mineral content was analyzed by image analysis microradiography and fluoride assays were performed using a microdrill biopsy technique. Data from these studies established the ability of the in vitro model to provide reproducible results, to demonstrate significant dose-related differences in the effects of both NaF- and Na2PO3F-containing treatments on dentin fluoride uptake and demineralization, and to detect a fluoride-induced reduction in dentin caries, relative to a nonfluoride control, similar to results established in a clinical trial.

Biopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dentifrice detergent: its effect on human enamel.

A scanning and transmission electron microscope study has shown that human enamel specimens treated with a mild detergent solution exhibit etching of the enamel surface. The tooth surfaces subsequently show a greater susceptibility to the acid attack than samples treated with mineral acid alone. The evidence suggests that reevaluation of sodium dodecyl sulfate and similar detergents as components of commercially available dentifrice products may be necessary.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement in vitro of enamel abrasion by dentifrice.

An in vitro method of measuring the abrasivities of dentifrices and abrasive powders on human dental enamel has been developed. The method, based on a proven dentin abrasivity method, records, in absolute terms, the abrasive effects of brushing flat, nonirradiated, enamel specimens beneath an aqueous slurry of the test material with the use of a surface profile meter.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

In vivo remineralization by a monofluorophosphate dentifrice as determined with a thin-section sandwich method.

Artificial caries lesions were formed in thin sections of subsurface enamel sandwiched between protective sheets of plastic. Six lesions were placed into the buccal surfaces of lower partial dentures of seven subjects, covered with a stainless steel mesh to provide a plaque cover, and brushed with either a sodium monofluorophosphate or placebo dentifrice for four weeks, by means of a double-blind random cross-over design. Analysis of the lesions by quantitative microradiography revealed that significant remineralization (21%) occurred in the monofluorophosphate group and significant further demineralization (27%) in the placebo group. The difference between the active and placebo treatments was significant (p = 0.02), showing that the monofluorophosphate was effective not only in preventing lesion progression but also in promoting mineral deposition. The simultaneous presence of remineralized lesions and lesions with increased demineralization showed the non-uniformity of conditions within a mouth.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1981

Disruption of complement-mediated reactions by insoluble dentifrice ingredients.

It has been strongly suggested that the complement system plays a critical role in the pathological processes occurring in periodontal disease. Because individuals with this common disease are often instructed to brush their teeth more often and for longer periods of time, several commercial toothpastes were tested for their effects on complement-mediated reactions. In this study, six of the nine toothpastes tested activated the classical complement pathway, leading to C3 cleavage, as determined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The activating ingredients were contained in the insoluble fraction of the toothpastes. Of the toothpaste abrasives, Ca++ pyrophosphate was determined to have C3-converting activity. One of the toothpastes, which contains a particular type of amorphous silica abrasive, appeared to bind both native C3 and its conversion products. In general, disruption of complement-mediated functions in affected tissues could alter local immunological responses and interfere with healing. The in vitro studies described here suggest a need for clinical studies to ascertain the in vivo influences of dentifrice ingredients on complement-mediated reactions in periodontal disease.

Complement Activation↗
PubMed1990

Effect of 6 months use of a dentifrice and oral rinse containing sanguinaria extract and zinc chloride upon the microflora of the dental plaque and oral soft tissues.

This study documented the effect upon the oral flora of twice daily brushing with a dentifrice containing 0.075% sanguinaria extract and 2% zinc chloride, followed by use of a mouthrinse containing 0.03% sanguinaria extract and 0.2% zinc chloride. Sixty subjects were randomly assigned to treatment or placebo groups and monitored in a 6-month double-blind clinical trial. Bacteriological samples from the tongue, buccal mucosa, and supra- and subgingival plaque were characterized at 0, 14, and 28 weeks. Microbiological monitoring showed no increases in populations of yeast, staphylococci, coliform organisms, or Pseudomonas. Total Gram-negative counts in supragingival plaque samples decreased 83% in the active group compared to a 232% increase for the control group. Populations of B. intermedius in supragingival plaque were significantly lower in the active group at 3 months and significantly lower counts of Fusobacterium sp. were observed at 3 and 6 months. Results indicate that use of the test products did not promote opportunistic overgrowth of pathogens in the oral flora. Additionally, the alterations in organisms associated with gingivitis may account for reductions in gingivitis seen in the active group.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of baking-soda-containing dentifrices on oral malodor.

Oral malodor, also known as bad breath or halitosis, is an extremely common problem. Bad breath can arise from many sources in the body, but most frequently is produced in the mouth by the action of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria on sulfur-containing proteinaceous substrates in the saliva, such as debris and plaque. The primary molecules responsible for oral malodor are volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), such as hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan. Increased malodor production is related to greater bacterial numbers, reducing conditions, availability of protein substrates, and a pH above neutral. Bad breath is more common in the elderly, as well as those with unhygienic mouths, gingivitis, and periodontitis, but bad breath can also be found in some individuals who are periodontally healthy. The major source of oral malodor is the tongue. Approaches to controlling malodor have included masking, oral hygiene, antibacterial agents, conversion of VSC to nonodorous forms, oxidizing agents, and traditional approaches, including the use of baking soda. Results of controlled double-blind crossover studies, using both organoleptic (sensory) and gas chromatographic analysis of mouth air VSC, indicate that two dentifrices with high baking-soda concentrations, Arm & Hammer Dental Care and Arm & Hammer PeroxiCare, reduce oral malodor.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sozodont powder dentifrice and Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup: dental nostrums.

The Great Patent Medicine Era (1865-1907) was the golden age of secret remedies--quack, non-prescription medicinal products, sold over-the-counter. Making outrageous and unsubstantiated claims, the makers of dental nostrums purported to effectively treat stained teeth, bad breath, diseased gums, toothache and teething discomfort. No proof was required to substantiate the safety and effectiveness of these concoctions. Advertisements for patent medicines were widespread, appearing in newspapers, almanacs, magazines, trade cards and multiple other media forms. Many dental patent medicines contained acids, abrasive substances, alcohol and/or narcotics, such as heroin, cocaine and morphine. Sozodont Tooth Powder, the most widely promoted and successful dentifrice of this era, claimed to "harden and invigorate the gums, purify and perfume the breath and beautify and preserve the teeth from youth to old age." Early dental researchers found that this remedy contained harsh ingredients (such as acid, sharp abrasives and astringents) which could destroy tooth substance. Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, an extremely popular dental nostrum, was intended to quiet a fretful child during the teething process. However, it contained generous levels of alcohol and morphine sulfate which could cause coma, addiction or death in an infant. Although somewhat chemically altered, these two products were eventually removed from the market in the 1930s.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1997

Effects of baking-soda-containing dentifrices on oral malodor.

Oral malodor, also known as bad breath or halitosis, is an extremely common problem. Bad breath can arise from many sources in the body, but most frequently is produced in the mouth by the action of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria on sulfur-containing proteinaceous substrates in the saliva, such as debris and plaque. The primary molecules responsible for oral malodor are volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), such as hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan. Increased malodor production is related to greater bacterial numbers, reducing conditions, availability of protein substrates, and a pH above neutral. Bad breath is more common in the elderly, as well as those with unhygienic mouths, gingivitis, and periodontitis, but bad breath can also be found in some individuals who are periodontally healthy. The major source of oral malodor is the tongue. Approaches to controlling malodor have included masking, oral hygiene, antibacterial agents, conversion of VSC to nonodorous forms, oxidizing agents, and traditional approaches, including the use of backing soda. Results of controlled double-blind crossover studies, using both organoleptic (sensory) and gas chromatographic analysis of mouth air VSC, indicate that two dentifrices with high baking-soda concentrations, Arm & Hammer Dental Care and Arm & Hammer PeroxiCare, reduce oral malodor.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morphology evaluation of primary enamel exposed to antihistamine and fluoride dentifrice--an in vitro study.

This in vitro study sought to evaluate the action of a pediatric medication with low pH and high acidity in primary enamel submitted (or not) to daily applications of fluoride dentifrice. For this study, 70 blocks of primary molars (n = 10 per subgroup) were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Six subgroups (two control and four experimental) were submitted to different treatments for 10 days. Microscopically, the enamel blocks of the subgroups that received medication and fluoride demonstrated the largest areas of partially or totally conditioned superficial enamel. The opposite was observed in the subgroups that were not exposed to fluoride; erosions in the internal enamel and in the transition zone between deep enamel and dentine showed superior percentiles. It was concluded that the medication modified the morphology of the primary enamel and that the use of fluoride was able to reduce the erosive effect of the formulation.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of two clinical methods for evaluating the anti-plaque efficacy of a dentifrice.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to assess two different published methods of plaque level evaluation on human subjects, and to determine whether both methods can produce similar findings to the point that the methods can be used interchangeably. METHODOLOGY: Healthy human volunteers entered into a number of double-blind, cross-over clinical trials. Two plaque scoring methods were used: The Modified Gingival Margin Plaque Index (MGMPI) and the Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein (TMQH). With the MGMPI, plaque was evaluated 24 hours after a single product use. With the TMQH, plaque was scored after four days of product use. Three dentifrices were studied: Colgate Total, Colgate Total plus Whitening, and Colgate Regular Dental Cream. Additionally, two mouthrinses were evaluated: PerioGard and Fluorigard. In all studies conducted, there was a one-week wash-out period between each product use. RESULTS: There were no side effects observed or reported in any study. In all studies, both the plaque indices used found that the active products Colgate Total, Colgate Total plus Whitening and PerioGard produced significantly lower mean plaque scores compared to Colgate Regular Dental Cream and Fluorigard (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation indicate that the two plaque evaluation methods continue to demonstrate that an active product is significantly more efficacious than a control product. Therefore, either method can be used to investigate the anti-plaque efficacy of a product. Additionally, the MGMPI method can be used 24 hours after product use, which is a clear advantage over a four-day product use and will yield the same results.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of the antibacterial activity and plaque control benefit of colgate total dentifrice via clinical evaluation and real-time polymerase chain reaction.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed, from a combined clinical and molecular biologic perspective, the antibacterial and antiplaque efficacy of Colgate Total dentifrice (CTD). METHODOLOGY: A single-blind crossover study design utilized 11 healthy human subjects. After a one-week washout period, subjects donated dental plaque, received a dental prophylaxis, and subsequently brushed with a test product. Twenty-four hours postbrushing, dental plaque was collected and a clinical plaque score determined. Dental plaque was submitted for Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (Real-time PCR) analysis. The same procedure was repeated in accordance with a crossover design for the use of the second test product. Following a one-week washout, a plaque donation, prophylaxis, and brushing with the test product ensued for each subject. Twenty-four hours post-brushing, the subjects returned for a plaque score and plaque donation. RESULTS: Twenty-four hours after brushing, dental plaque coverage increased 17.88% +/- 8.27% with CTD, compared to 30.42% +/- 9.97% with Colgate Cavity Protection (CCP; p = 0.005). Real-time PCR found plaque collected 24 hours after brushing with CTD exhibited, on average, fewer representative periodontal pathogens (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythensis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and fewer early colonizers (Actinomyces naeslundii) than plaque collected before brushing, whereas CCP showed a moderate effect on oral bacteria. CONCLUSION: The study provides clinical and molecular biological evidence to substantiate the antibacterial and plaque control benefits of Colgate Total, and suggests the value of combining a molecular biological method with clinical research to corroborate clinical benefits.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1990

[Dentifrices: some active agents].

This article is an up to date about the most used active agents in dentifrices: cariostatic, anticalculus, antiplaque and desensitivity. The authors try a classification of them and discuss their advantages and possible side effects.

Dentifrices↗