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PubMed1981

Topical treatment of alopecia areata.

It has been shown previously that alopecia areata can be treated with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and other contact allergens. Whether these agents work by inducing immunologic stimulation or simply a nonspecific inflammatory reaction has not been definitively demonstrated. To test the relative importance of these two mechanisms, we have randomly studied 22 patients with alopecia areata to whom either DNCB or croton oil was applied topically. Sixty-three percent of patients without spontaneous regrowth of hair regrew hair after DNCB application. None of those treated with croton oil regrew hair when treated later with DNCB. Therefore, a proved contact allergen was shown to be required for therapeutic success. Patient acceptance of the induced contact dermatitis was excellent. In light of recent data on the mutagenicity of DNCB to bacteria, other contact allergens for topical immunotherapy are being sought.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Diarrhea associated with intestinal inflammation increases the potency of mu and delta opioids on the inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in mice.

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of intestinal inflammation induced by croton oil on the antitransit action of systemically administered receptor-specific opioids. Our hypothesis was that inflammation would "sensitize" opioid receptors in peripheral and/or central terminals of myenteric and submucous plexus neurons and enhance the effects of exogenously administered opioids. Diarrhea was induced by p.o. administration of croton oil and was demonstrated by weight loss and increased gastrointestinal transit. Histologically, an increased number of clear vesicles in the cytoplasm of jejunal epithelial cells and enlarged spaces filled with fine granular material in the extravascular compartment were observed. Subcutaneous morphine and fentanyl produced dose-related inhibitions of gastrointestinal transit in saline-treated controls with ED50 values of 1.24 +/- 0.06 and 0.036 +/- 0.010 mg/kg, respectively. In animals with diarrhea, dose-response curves were parallel and shifted to the left with a significant decrease in ED50 values of 2.95 times for morphine and 1.89 for fentanyl. The effects of the delta agonist Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen, but those of U50,488H [trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolydynil)cyclohexyl) benzeneazetamine] also were increased significantly during diarrhea associated with inflammation. Naloxone (0.1 mg/kg), MR-2266 [(-)-a-5,9-diethyl-2'-hydroxy-2-(3-furylmethyl)-6,7-benzomorphan] (3 mg/kg) and naltrindole (1 mg/kg) antagonized the effects of the receptor-specific opioid agonists used in the study. Our results show that the potency of s.c. mu and delta opioids is increased during inflammation of the gut and that the effect is mediated by the same type of opioid receptors present in the noninflamed tissue. These results support the view that a sensitization of opioid receptors occurs during acute inflammation of the gut.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

[Anti-promoting and anti-mutagenic actions of G9315].

G9315, a complex extracted from Glycyrrhizae inflata Bat (III), consists of 6 flavonoids with significant antioxidant effects. At 1 mg dose it inhibited the mouse ear edema induced by croton oil, and showed strong anti-promoting effects on two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin induced by DMBA plus croton oil. The TPA enhanced 32Pi-incorporation into phospholipid fraction in HeLa cells was inhibited, and the micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells induced by cytoxan was also depressed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute and subacute dermal toxicity of Break-Free CLP: a weapons cleaning and maintenance compound.

Break-Free CLP((R)) is a commercial cleaning, lubricating and preserving compound used in both the military and civilian sectors for maintenance of small- and large-caliber weapons. Like many commercial mixtures, there is very little information available on the toxicity of Break-Free CLP. Studies were conducted to characterize the biological effects of single or repeat dermal application of Break-Free CLP to the clipped backs of CD-1 mice. Break-Free CLP was applied neat, 50 microl three times of week for up to 2 weeks. Foci of epithelial ulceration were observed in skin sections from 22% of Break-Free CLP-treated animals in conjunction with markedly thickened epithelium suggesting that robust epithelial regeneration was occurring in these animals. Skin histopathology of Break-Free CLP-treated animals closely matched the histopathology from mice treated repeatedly with 2% croton oil in acetone (dermal irritation positive control). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for mice treated with Break-Free CLP, 2% croton oil or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) compared with negative and vehicle control mice. Skin nitric oxide (NO) levels were not significantly elevated for mice treated with Break-Free CLP but were significantly elevated for mice treated with dermal irritation positive control compound DMBA. The cumulative skin changes in Break-Free CLP-treated animals support conducting a subchronic dermal application study. The observed decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase activity suggest that future studies should include the liver and bone as possible target organs. Additionally, dermal penetration studies could provide key health risk assessment information for characterizing the potential health risks associated with chronic dermal exposure to Break-Free CLP.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Gas-phase reactivity of the O=P(OCH3)2 + phosphonium ion towards alpha,beta-unsaturated esters in a quadrupole ion trap.

Ion-molecule reactions between the O=P(OCH3)2 + phosphonium ions and eight alpha,beta-unsaturated esters (methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl crotonate, ethyl crotonate, methyl 3,3-dimethylacrylate, ethyl 3,3-dimethylacrylate, methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate) were performed in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The O=P(OCH3)2 + phosphonium ions, formed by electron ionization from neutral trimethyl phosphite, were found to react with alpha,beta-unsaturated esters to give an adduct [RR'C=CR''COOR''', O=P(OCH3)2]+, which lose spontaneously a molecule of trimethyl phosphate (R'''=CH3) or dimethyl ethyl phosphate (R'''=C2H5). An ion corresponding to a protonated trialkyl phosphate is also observed when substituent R''=H. To confirm the experimental results, and to elucidate the mechanism for the formation of the ionic species, a theoretical study using the density functional theory (DFT) approach was carried out. The potential energy surface obtained from B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculations for the reaction between O=P(OCH3)2 + and methyl acrylate is described.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Synthesis of potential metabolites of ethyl (E)-4-[2-(3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-1-propenyl] benzoate.

Potential metabolites of ethyl (E)-4-[2-(3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-1-propenyl] benzoate were synthesized. The new compounds include ethyl 3-[3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl]crotonate, 3-[3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-1H-1-benzopyran-6-yl]crotonic acid, 3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carboxylic acid, 4-[3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl]delta 2-butenolide, ethyl (E)-4-[3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-3-hydroxy-1- propenyl]benzoate, ethyl (E)-4-[2-(3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-2-propenal] benzoate, and ethyl (E)-4-[2-(3,4-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-2-propenoic+ ++ acid]benzoate. Stereospecific oxidizing reagents and/or conditions were developed for these sensitive systems and include the use of SeO2, Clorox bleach, activated MnO2, and NaClO2 in the presence of resorcinol as a chlorine scavenger.

Benzopyrans↗
PubMed2004

Pesticides in surface water runoff in south-eastern New York State, USA: seasonal and stormflow effects on concentrations.

Samples from two streams (Kisco River and the Middle Branch of the Croton River) in the Croton Reservoir system in south-eastern New York State, USA were sampled from May 2000 through to February 2001 in order to document the effect of land use, streamflow and seasonal patterns of application on pesticide concentrations in runoff from developed watersheds. Many of the pesticides detected most commonly in this study are generally used in developed areas, and particularly on turfgrass. Pesticide concentrations were generally higher, and the numbers of compounds were generally larger, in samples from the Kisco River than in samples from the Middle Branch, probably because the Kisco River drainage has a greater population density and is more extensively developed. Four pesticides (2,4-D, 2,4-D-methyl, dicamba and metalaxyl) were detected in at least one sample from the Kisco River at a concentration >1 microg litre(-1), and no pesticides were detected at concentrations >0.4 microg litre(-1) in Middle Branch samples. No human-health-based water-quality standards were exceeded by samples from either site in this study, but samples from the Kisco River contained four insecticides (carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and malathion) and one herbicide (2,4-D) in concentrations that exceeded water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life. The highest concentrations of most compounds occurred during stormflows in both streams in June, September and December, 2000. The lowest concentrations of most compounds at both sites occurred during baseflows from October 2000 through February 2001, even though the concentrations of many compounds increased substantially at the Kisco River site during stormflows in November and December. Detailed data on the variability of pesticide concentrations during stormflows indicate that there may be two sources of pesticides in the Kisco River watershed: (1) elevated concentrations of pesticides during peak flows that occur early in stormflows likely reflect runoff from paved areas, and (2) elevated concentrations during peak flows that occur later in stormflows from areas with lesser amounts of pavement. Data from the Kisco River indicate that the relation between storm discharge and pesticide concentrations varies among compounds, in part because of variation in seasonal application patterns. These variations in the timing of application result in not all stormflows producing increased concentrations of pesticides. Overall, these results indicate the importance of stormflow sampling throughout the year in assessing pesticide fate and transport in urbanized, developed areas.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities of ethanol extract of the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum occurring in South India.

Free radical mediated genetic instability is widely thought to be a major etiological factor for initiation of carcinogenesis. Mushrooms represent a largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. In the present study, we examined the antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities of the ethanol extract of the mycelium of a medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, occurring in south India. Antiperoxidative activity was evaluated using Fe(2+)-ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate and a phorbol ester (croton oil)-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse skin. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated against carrageenan-induced acute and formalin-induced chronic inflammatory paw edema in mouse and phorbol ester-induced mouse skin inflammation. Antimutagenic activity was determined by the Ames mutagenicity assay using histidine mutant of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA100, and TA102. Sodium azide (NaN(3)), N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) were used as the mutagens. The extract showed significant inhibition of Fe(2+)-induced peroxidation of lipid in rat liver (IC(50) 510 +/- 22 microg/ml) and 37% inhibition of croton oil-induced peroxidation on the mouse skin at 20 mg/0.1 ml/skin. Carrageenan-induced acute and formalin-induced chronic inflammatory edema were inhibited by 56 and 60%, respectively, by the extract at 1,000 mg/kg body wt (i.p). The extract at a concentration of 5 mg/plate showed inhibition of mutagenicity elicited by direct acting mutagens, NaN(3) (55.5 and 75.7%) and MNNG (50.0 and 57.5%) for S. typhymurium strains TA100 and TA102, respectively. The extract at the same concentration also inhibited mutagenicity elicited by NPD (52.4 and 64.2%) and B[a]P (60.7 and 59.6%) for TA98 and TA100 strains, respectively. The B[a]P was activated in the presence of rat liver microsomal (S9) fraction. The results of our study revealed that ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium possessed significant antiperoxidative, antiinflammatory, and antimutagenic activities. The findings suggest a medicinal use for the ethanol extract of the mycelium of G. lucidum occurring in South India.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Developmental toxicity of dinocap in the mouse is not due to two isomers of the major active ingredients.

Technical-grade dinocap, a complex-mixture fungicide, is teratogenic in the CD-1 mouse, causing cleft palate and otolith defects. In this study we compared the developmental toxicities of 2,4-dinitro-6-(1-methylheptyl)phenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4-(1-methylheptyl)phenyl crotonate, model isomers of the major active ingredients of technical dinocap, to the known teratogenicity of the technical compound. Individual isomers, both isomers combined, or technical dinocap were administered to pregnant mice on days 7-16 of gestation. Some dams were killed at term and litters were removed, dead fetuses and resorptions were counted, and live fetuses were weighed and preserved in Bodian's fixative for examination for cleft palate. Other treated dams were allowed to give birth: postnatal viability and growth, development of swimming behavior, and otolith formation were evaluated. As in previous studies, technical-grade dinocap caused cleft palate and weight deficits in fetuses at term and increased neonatal mortality and abnormal swimming behavior, torticollis, and deficient otolith formation in surviving pups. Neither of the purified isomers exhibited any developmental toxicity when administered under identical conditions. Thus, it is concluded that these isomers are not the active teratogenic component(s) in technical-grade dinocap.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Appearance and regression of rat pouch tissue.

Fibrosis, a consequence of tissue repair, can become a final common pathway to organ failure, if progressive. Prevention and regression of organ fibrosis represent targets of considerable interest. The natural fate of fibrosis differs among various tissues being either persistent, progressive or regressive. Cellular and molecular responses involving myofibroblasts (myoFb), a phenotypically transformed fibroblast-like cell of considerable functional diversity, is involved in collagen turnover at sites of repair, where they govern the fate of fibrosis. Insights gained from the natural regression of established fibrous tissue may offer strategies to remove unwanted fibrosis in failing organs. In the present study, we addressed the temporal sequence to various components of collagen synthesis and degradation involved in the appearance and subsequent regression of pouch tissue induced in the rat by subcutaneous injection of air followed by instillation of the phorbol ester croton oil. Pouch tissue was collected on day 2, 4, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 35 (n=6 at each time point). Activities of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1) were determined by zymography and reverse zymography, respectively; collagen accumulation by hydroxyproline concentration; gene expression of TIMP-1 or tissue inhibitor of MMP-1, type I collagen and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) by in situ hybridization; TGF-beta1 concentration by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA); and myoFb and its phenotypes by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), vimentin or desmin. During pouch tissue formation, we found: (1) pouch weight increased progressively from day 2 to day 14 and then declined progressively thereafter; (2) type I collagen mRNA expression, barely detectable at day 2, increased at day 4, together with tissue hydroxyproline concentration (P<0.05) reaching a peak on day 10, and gradually decreased thereafter in association with declining tissue hydroxyproline concentration; (3) mRNA expression and concentration of TGF-beta1, detectable at day 2, significantly (P<0.05) increased at day 4, reached a peak at day 10, and gradually declined thereafter; (4) MMP-1 activity, low at day 2, increased continually over the course of 35 days; (5) TIMP-1 mRNA, detectable at day 2 and significantly (P<0.05) increased at day 4, gradually decreased thereafter; (6) activity of TIMP-1 increased continuously from day 2 to day 14 and then was markedly reduced thereafter; and (7) myoFb were first observed in pouch tissue at day 4 and became more extensive thereafter with their phenotype changing over time. Early appearing myoFb (day 4, 10, 14, and 21) expressed alpha -SMA and vimentin (VA phenotype), while later appearing cells (day 28 and 35) additionally expressed desmin (VAD phenotype). Thus, in croton oil-induced rat pouch model, the subcutaneous accumulation of pouch tissue hydroxyproline over the course of 10 days is initially associated with a VA-positive myoFb phenotype and its transcription of TGF-beta1, type I collagen and TIMP-1. Beyond day 10, a regression of pouch tissue collagen begins in association with the appearance of a VAD-positive myoFb phenotype and progressive increase in MMP-1 activity as the expression of TIMP-1 and TGF-beta1 are withdrawn. Regression of established fibrosis in failing organs may, therefore, be attainable through manipulation of myoFb phenotype and/or enhanced collagen degradation relative to collagen synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Anti-inflammatory activity of Elsholtzia splendens.

Elsholtzia splendens Nakai has been used in North-East Asia as an ingredient of folk medicines for treating cough, headache and inflammation. The present investigation was carried out to establish its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using several animal models of inflammation and pain. The 75% ethanol extract of the aerial part of E. splendens significantly inhibited mouse croton oil-induced, as well as arachidonic acid-induced, ear edema by oral administration (44.6% inhibition of croton oil-induced edema at 400 mg/kg). This plant material also showed significant inhibitory activity against the mouse ear edema induced by multiple treatment of phorbol ester for 3 days, which is an animal model of subchronic inflammation. In addition, E. splendens exhibited significant analgesic activity against mouse acetic acid-induced writhing (50% inhibition at 400 mg/kg), while indomethacin (5 mg/kg) demonstrated 95% inhibition. E. splendens (5-100 microg/mL) significantly inhibited PGE2 production by pre-induced cyclooxygenase-2 of lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition might be one of the cellular mechanisms of anti-inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Allergic reaction after contact with Hura crepitans (sandbox tree)].

We describe a 36-year-old female patient with angioedema-like swellings and rhinoconjunctivitis for 1 year occurring exclusively at her home. The clinical history revealed no correlation with foods, food additives, drugs, or aeroallergens. The complaints always started immediately after contact with the sandbox tree (Hura crepitans) placed in her apartment. Scratch testing resulted in a two-fold positive reaction towards leaves and stem, while five controls remained negative. Thus we suggest the reaction of the patient to be allergic in nature. Hura crepitans belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae, whose largest genera are Euphorbia and Croton. The toxic reactions to the milky sap, the so-called latex, of these plants are caused by ingredients such as phorbol esters, croton oil, lectins, and terpens. Various terpens are also well known as allergens. Phytotoxic and phytoallergic reactions are growing increasingly important and should therefore be included in the differential diagnosis in dermatology.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Syntrophus aciditrophicus sp. nov., a new anaerobic bacterium that degrades fatty acids and benzoate in syntrophic association with hydrogen-using microorganisms.

Strain SBT is a new, strictly anaerobic, gram-negative, nonmotile, non-sporeforming, rod-shaped bacterium that degrades benzoate and certain fatty acids in syntrophic association with hydrogen/formate-using microorganisms. Strain SBT produced approximately 3 mol of acetate and 0.6 mol of methane per mol of benzoate in coculture with Methanospirillum hungatei strain JF1. Saturated fatty acids, some unsaturated fatty acids, and methyl esters of butyrate and hexanoate also supported growth of strain SBT in coculture with Desulfovibrio strain G11. Strain SBT grew in pure culture with crotonate, producing acetate, butyrate, caproate, and hydrogen. The molar growth yield was 17 +/- 1 g cell dry mass per mol of crotonate. Strain SBT did not grow with fumarate, iron(III), polysulfide, or oxyanions of sulfur or nitrogen as electron acceptors with benzoate as the electron donor. The DNA base composition of strain SBT was 43.1 mol% G+C. Analysis of the 16 S rRNA gene sequence placed strain SBT in the delta-subdivision of the Proteobacteria, with sulfate-reducing bacteria. Strain SBT was most closely related to members of the genus Syntrophus. The clear phenotypic and genotypic differences between strain SBT and the two described species in the genus Syntrophus justify the formation of a new species, Syntrophus aciditrophicus.

Base Composition↗
PubMed2003

Regeneration niche partitioning in neotropical pioneers: effects of gap size, seasonal drought and herbivory on growth and survival.

Adaptive trade-offs underlie the specialisation that permits habitat partitioning in species rich plant communities. We investigated the influence of the trade-offs that determine differences in growth and survival among six species of neotropical pioneer trees in gaps in semideciduous forest in Panama. Seedlings of Miconia argentea, Cecropia insignis, Luehea seemannii, Trema micrantha, Ochroma pyramidale and Croton bilbergianus were planted into artificial small (25 m(2)), medium (64 m(2)) and large (225 m(2)) gaps in secondary forest in the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. Trema and Ochroma suffered >/=50% mortality across all gap sizes, while Cecropia had high mortality only during the dry season and in the small gaps, and Miconia and Croton suffered low to zero mortality across all environments. The highest growth rates in large gaps were attained by Cecropia seedlings and in the smaller gaps by Miconia seedlings, although there were indications that Trema and Ochroma required gaps that were larger than any used in this study. Variation in growth and mortality could not be attributed to differences in foliar herbivore damage. Instead, there was strong evidence of a trade-off between maximum growth in the wet season and the ability to survive seasonal drought, particularly in small gaps. We conclude that variation in allocation in response to multiple limiting resources may be as important as allocation to growth and defence in determining the habitat preferences of neotropical pioneers.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Arbuscular mycorrhizas in coastal sand dunes of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Venezuela.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization was measured in the most abundant plant species of the Paraguaná Peninsula, northwestern Venezuela. These plant species included: Acacia tortuosa, Argusia gnaphalodes, Croton punctatus, Croton rhamnifolius, Egletes prostrata, Melochia tomentosa, Panicum vaginatum, Scaevola plumieri, Sporobolus virginicus, Suriana maritima, Leptothrium rigidum, and Fimbristylis cymosa. Mycorrhizal colonization was assessed using the Trouvelot et al. (1986) method that allows for simultaneous evaluation of frequency of colonization (%F), intensity of colonization (%M), and the proportion of arbuscules (%A) and vesicles (%V) present in the roots. Average frequency of colonization was 69%. The highest frequency of colonization was around 92% in C. rhamnifolius and A. tortuosa; in the other species, it varied from 49 to 86%. L. rigidum and F. cymosa were considered nonmycorrhizal because its colonization was very scarce and at all times appeared without arbuscules. Average intensity of colonization was 7%. The highest intensity of colonization was 18% in C. rhamnifolius. In the other species, it varied from 3 to 15%. Paspalum vaginatum, A. gnaphalodes, M. tomentosa, and S. maritima had their fungal structures tightly packed in modified little ovoid roots. In general, frequency of AM colonization was high and similar to those reported for other tropical ecosystems, whereas the intensity of AM colonization was low and similar to values obtained in analogous studies in disturbed ecosystems.

Environmental Microbiology↗
PubMed2006

PCR-based detection and partial genome sequencing indicate high genetic diversity in Bangladeshi begomoviruses and their whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci.

The population diversity of Bangladeshi begomoviruses and their vector, Bemisia tabaci was analysed by PCR-based detection and partial genome sequencing. B. tabaci adults and plants expressing symptoms of virus infection were collected from locations representing diverse agro-ecological regions of the country. Universal and species-specific primers were used to detect begomoviruses in seven crops (chilli, okra, papaya, pumpkin, sponge gourd, tomato and yardlong bean) and two common weeds (Ageratum conyzoides and Croton bonplandianum). At least five distinct species of tomato leaf curl viruses infected tomato and other host-plants. Phylogenetic analyses of their nucleotide sequences ( approximately 530 bases) from the intergenic region and capsid protein of DNA-A indicated the existence of five distinct clusters of begomoviruses. Begomoviruses infecting tomato, chilli and dolichos have been reported previously, and those infecting Ageratum, Croton, okra, papaya, pumpkin and yardlong bean are described for the first time. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences of 21 B. tabaci from Bangladesh and other reference sequences grouped them into at least two independent clusters. Some sequences from different countries, e.g., Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand were almost identical while others collected from plants within the same field diverged by as much as 15%, indicating high diversity even at the local level. None of the B. tabaci from Bangladesh grouped with the reference B- and Q-biotype sequences, thus these two aggressive biotypes were apparently absent from Bangladesh.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of ethnobotanically selected Benin medicinal plants for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity.

Twenty extracts from nine Benin medicinal plants, traditionally used to treat malaria, were screened for in vitro antiplasmodial activity towards Plasmodium falciparum K1 chloroquine resistant and 3D7 chloroquine sensitive strains. All plants showed antiplasmodial activity below 10 microg/ml. Nine extracts exhibited IC50 values below 5 microg/ml towards one or both of the two strains. The most active extract towards the sensitive 3D7 strain was the methanolic extract of Croton lobatus aerial part, with an IC50 value of 0.38 microg/ml. The best inhibition of the growth of Plasmodium falciparum resistant K1 strain was observed with the methylene chloride extract of Hybanthus enneaspermus and with the methanolic extract of Croton lobatus roots (IC50=2.57 and 2.80 microg/ml, respectively).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of the n-BuOH subfraction of mushroom Phellinus linteus.

This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory and related activities of mushroom Phellinus linteus. The results show that the EtOH extract of Phellinus linteus (PLE) dose-dependently inhibited the mouse ear edema induced by croton oil. Among PLE subfractions, the n-BuOH subfraction showed highest anti-inflammatory activity in croton oil-induced ear edema test. The n-BuOH subfraction also showed highest inhibitory activity on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. PLE could significantly reduce the number of writhing induced by acetic acid in mice, indicating that PLE possesses potent antinociceptive effect mediated by its anti-inflammatory activity. Mycelial extract of six different Phellinus strains were found to contain anti-angiogenic activity in the CAM assay. These results suggest that Phellinus linteus has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, in addition to its anti-angiogenic activity.

Agaricales↗