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PubMed1980

Oral contraceptive use and diseases of the circulatory system in Taiwan: an analysis of mortality statistics.

Whether or not increased prevalence of oral contraceptive use in developing countries is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from circulatory system diseases is a serious concern for health and family planning administrators. An analysis of Taiwan's mortality statistics to determine whether such an association existed was undertaken, taking advantage of the excellent vital statistics and medical care systems existing there. The analysis failed to demonstrate that death rates from circulatory system diseases among Taiwanese women of childbearing age have increased since the promotion of oral contraceptive use began in 1967. In fact, mortality from all forms of circulatory system diseases has generally declined since 1967 and the slopes of declines for females of childbearing age who were exposed to oral contraceptives were somewhat greater than those of males of the corresponding age groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Sexual life, problems, and attitudes of the prospective Greek physician.

A multi-item questionnaire was administered to 82 male and 48 female senior medical students; it addressed questions pertinent to their sexual life, sexual problems, and attitudes toward sex and sexuality. The results are discussed in relation to relevant studies in other countries and indicate that the prospective Greek physician, male or female, is quite liberal and permissive in his or her sexual practices and attitudes toward sexual matters. The latter might influence positively his or her attitude toward future patients' sexual problems. However, a need for specific sexual education is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Toxic shock syndrome, contraceptive methods, and vaginitis.

To elucidate further the etiology of toxic shock syndrome, we assessed the effects of certain contraceptive methods and recent history of vaginal infection on the incidence of toxic shock syndrome, with confounding effects of other risk factors controlled. We found a strong but imprecise positive association between toxic shock syndrome and tubal ligation (rate ratio = 7.9, 90% confidence interval 1.4 to 42.7). We also observed a negative association with oral contraceptives (rate ratio = 0.49, 90% confidence interval 0.22 to 1.1) and a positive association with a recent history of vaginitis (rate ratio = 2.1, 90% confidence interval 1.2 to 3.9).

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed1983

An user acceptability study of vaginal spermicides in combination with barrier methods or an IUCD.

Ninety-eight women were entered into an open study of Staycept jelly (octoxynol 1% w/w) and Staycept pessaries (vaginal suppositories) (nonoxynol-9 6% w/w) in combination with other vaginal methods of contraception. Medical problems during use of either pessary or jelly were few and were restricted to genital irritation or increased vaginal discharge. This seemed more common with the pessaries than with the jelly, but this could have been related to the types of women entered. There were no unplanned pregnancies.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed1985

A comparative study of Neo Sampoon, Ortho Vaginal Tablets and Emko Vaginal Tablets in Accra, Ghana.

Neo Sampoon is an effervescent contraceptive vaginal tablet manufactured in Japan that contains 60 mg of the spermicide menfegol. Ortho Vaginal Tablets (OVT) and Emko Vaginal Tablets (EVT), both containing 100 mg of the spermicide nonoxynol-9, were manufactured in the USA. The three products were compared in a randomized clinical trial conducted at the family planning clinics of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and the Kotobaabi Polyclinic in Accra, Ghana. Three-hundred volunteers participated. At 12 months, the life-table pregnancy rates were 9.6, 11.3 and 12.5 per 100 women in the Neo Sampoon, OVT and EVT groups, respectively (p greater than 0.10). More EVT than Neo Sampoon or OVT users discontinued because of discomfort as well as for other product-related reasons (p less than 0.01). The most common reason for discontinuation was the temporary absence of sexual partner, with more than 40% of the women overall terminating for this reason. The 12-month life-table continuation rates per 100 women were higher for the Neo Sampoon group (62.4) than the OVT group (48.6) or the EVT group (38.5) (p less than 0.01). The effectiveness of the three products seems to be similar, but Neo Sampoon and OVT appear to be more acceptable than EVT in this Ghanaian population.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Long-term use of oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia: an association confounded by other risk factors?

One-hundred-and-forty women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) found during pregnancy were compared to 280 pregnant age-matched controls. Information was obtained on obstetrical and gynecological history, sexual behaviour, contraceptive use and smoking of the female and of the male partner. Oral contraceptive use for 60 months or more was significantly associated with CIN. This significance vanished when the effect of confounding factors was controlled for in a log-linear analysis. According to these results, long-term oral contraceptive use does not seem to be a causal factor of CIN, but these women constitute a high risk group due to sexual history and smoking habits and should thus be referred for a regular cytological screening.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The acceptance of a 7-week cycle with a modern low-dose oral contraceptive (Minulet).

Cycle control and tolerance were studied in a group of 55 female volunteers, who took during 42 consecutive days a modern low-dose oral contraceptive: gestodene 75 micrograms/ethinylestradiol 30 micrograms (Minulet). During these 42 days, 96% of the women experienced no breakthrough bleeding and 81% of the women experienced no spotting or breakthrough bleeding. When the findings of this study are compared with the findings of an earlier study with also a seven-week cycle but with other oral contraceptives, it can be concluded that Minulet offered an excellent cycle control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A comparative study of Norinyl 1/35 versus Lo-Ovral in Ile-Ife Nigeria.

A comparative analysis of those women on Norinyl 1/35 versus those on Lo-Ovral showed those on Norinyl 1/35 were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) older than women in the Lo-Ovral group. There were no significant differences (P greater than or equal to 0.05) between the groups for other characteristics at admission. There were no significant differences (P greater than or equal to 0.05) between the groups at follow-up in the number of women reporting serious complications, menstrual complaints or other pill-related problems. The continuation rates at 12 months were 79.4 for the Norinyl 1/35 group and 76.7 for the Lo-Ovral groups. There were no pregnancies reported during the study period.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Adolescent contraception: nonhormonal methods.

A comparison of the advantages, disadvantages, and costs of each method is presented in Table 1. Barrier methods of contraception offer adolescents protection against both pregnancy and STDs, but innovative approaches are needed to enhance availability and acceptability. Condom use in conjunction with a vaginal spermicide would provide optimal protection. The "female condom" may prove to be an effective alternative. Diaphragms and cervical caps can be prescribed for well-educated, highly motivated adolescents comfortable with insertion and removal. The vaginal contraceptive sponge provides many of the advantages of the diaphragm and cap without the need for an examination and fitting and also may be used as a backup method with the condom. Vaginal spermicides used alone are significantly less effective than in combination with a mechanical barrier. The IUD is not considered appropriate for most adolescents due to its association with an increased risk of pelvic infection. Periodic abstinence requires accurate identification of the fertile period, extensive education, and partner cooperation. Sterilization is rarely considered an option in adolescents. Alternate forms of sexual expression are available to adolescents who choose to abstain from intercourse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Clinical experience with a triphasic oral contraceptive ('Trinordiol') in young women.

Seven hundred and fifty cycles of treatment with a new triphasic oral contraceptive (WL-49(50). 'Trinordiol') containing the lowest quantity of steroids of all available preparations were evaluated in 75 healthy young women (mean age 19.6 years), 70% of whom had regular, normal cycles. Sixty-five percent had not used contraception before; the others had previously been on combined or progestagen-only oral contraceptives or had an IUD. The mean length of treatment with the triphasic preparation was 10 cycles. No pregnancy was recorded during the 750 cycles of treatment. Fifteen (20%) women dropped out of the study for medical reasons, essentially breast tenderness, weight increase, spotting and nausea, in decreasing order of frequency. Mastalgia was present in 21% of the women (8.9% of the cycles) during triphasic oral contraception, but this symptom disappeared in more than half of the cases within 3 months of continued use. Other side-effects were less frequent: vaginal discharge (4.4% of the cycles), nausea (3.7%), abdominal and leg cramps (2.8%), headaches (3.2%) and weight increase (3%). Spotting and breakthrough bleeding were reported during only 1.9% of the cycles, a remarkably low frequency. No absence of withdrawal bleeding was noted. Weight and blood pressure changes were minimal and never reached statistical significance. Hypertension developed during triphasic medication in 1 predisposed individual. Complaints of oestrogen-related symptoms such as breast tenderness and digestive disorders were probably due to the reduced progestagen content of the preparation compared with combined low fixed daily dose oral contraceptives. However, no increases in dysmenorrhoea and/or premenstrual tension were noted. It is concluded that the triphasic preparation provides effective contraception with excellent cycle control and minimal side-effects, which should help to increase the acceptability of low-dose combined oral contraceptives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Contraception after heart transplantation].

It was observed that fertility and menstrual function in heart-transplanted women, impaired before the operation, become normal with a new heart. The restoration of reproductive function is also confirmed by many cases of pregnancy in heart-transplant recipients, reported in the literature. Twenty-four cases were published worldwide up to 1997, out of which eighteen had a positive result. Also a case personally treated was successful. The outcome of a pregnancy after heart transplantation is, then, generally positive. Nevertheless, such a pregnancy involves important maternal and fetal risks. Thus, the gynecologist has to provide correct information about both such risks and the most suitable contraceptive methods, for these patients. Oral contraceptives are very effective and, in the new low-dose formulations, free from serious adverse effects. No adverse effects have been observed in our patient, who represents the only case, reported in the literature, in which an estroprogestinic contraception was utilized before a pregnancy. In conclusion, during an oral contraception or after a tubal sterilization, pregnancy is really unlikely to occur. Thus, when the couple either has completed the familial nucleus or does not desire offspring, a doubt is at least justified as to whether these safer methods of contraception are advisable in such women.

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal↗