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PubMed1990

Pathogenic and non-pathogenic zymodemes of Entamoeba histolytica in a rural area of Mexico. Concordance with serology.

OBJECTIVES: a) to describe the frequency of pathogenic and nonpathogenic zymodemes of E. histolytica in asymptomatic carriers in rural Mexico, b) to identify the isoenzymatic pattern of the zymodemes and c) to measure the concordance of pathogenic zymodemes and positive serology. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional survey. Reference population: rural communities of the mexican highlands. STUDY UNITS: 2048 individuals from 341 families of 5 rural communities. METHODS: From the local census of each community, 70 to 100 families were selected by random sampling. All members of each family were studied. After obtaining the consent the following activities were done: a) filling of a questionnaire about housing and sanitary condition and structure of the family; age, sex, literacy and digestive symptoms and illness during the previous 4 weeks, in each individual; b) a blood sample for serology (CEIP and IHA) and c) a stool sample for coproparasitoscopic analysis (CPS) and zymodemes identification, in each individual. Statistical evaluation was done by kappa index and receiving operating curves (ROC). MAIN RESULTS: there were 122/1730 (7.1%) CPS studies positive to E histolytica cysts, 100/1730 (5.8%) zymodemes isolated and 137/1886 (7.3%) positive serologic studies. Of the 100 zymodemes 30 had a pathogenic pattern, three had a mixture (pathogenic/nonpathogenic) and 67 had a non-pathogenic patterns. There were two (XVII, XVIII) patterns described for the first time in Mexico. Concordance between pathogenic zymodemes and positive serology (IHA greater than 1:128) was very low, Kappa = 0.05. ROC curves for IHA in pathogenic and non-pathogenic zymodemes showed little relationship between positive serology and pathogenic pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Although the frequency of positive serology, coproparasitoscopic studies and zymodemes identification was similar, the concordance between serology and the coprologic studies was very low. This disagrees with other reports, and deserves further investigation using methodologic standards in design.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An approach to community assessment in medical practice.

An ethnographic model for community based medical practice is proposed. Its goal is to anticipate areas of value and expectation conflict between the physician and his or her practice community setting. Three types of ethnographic information gathering are outlined: (1) desk assessment, based on the ethnographic use of newspapers, maps, census records, (2) informant methods, and (3) participant observation. It is argued that these lead to an understanding of the community's health-related beliefs and practices and to the ability to deliver community oriented health care. Examples of this ethnographic approach are given from the authors' experiences. A method to represent graphically the process of community analysis is provided.

Attitude↗
PubMed1986

Chronic illness and functional limitation in Ontario children: findings of the Ontario Child Health Study.

The Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS) was based on interviews of 1869 Ontario families who were selected by means of a stratified, multistaged sampling method from the 1981 census of Canada. Its primary purpose was to determine the prevalence and distribution of mental health problems in Ontario children aged 4 to 16 years and their families, but it also allowed an estimate of other significant medical conditions and provided an overview of these children's use of health care, education and social services. Our results are based on questionnaire responses concerning 3294 children. Limitation of function without a chronic illness or medical condition was reported in 1.9%, the converse in 14.0%, and a chronic illness or medical condition with limitation of function in 3.7%. When the three groups are considered together, 19.6% of Ontario children had a chronic health problem. Children of lower socioeconomic status were much more likely to have chronic health problems. Overall, children with chronic health problems were more likely to use physician, special education, social and mental health services. These findings have implications for those who provide services for children, plan community programs or train professionals in caring for children.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence rate of hypertension among recent Southeast Asian refugees to northern California.

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding the prevalence rate of hypertension among recent Southeast Asian refugees to the United States. METHODS: In this randomized, prospective study, four northern California counties with large Southeast Asian refugee populations were screened for the prevalence rates of hypertension and borderline hypertension. A population density method based upon 1988 census data was used to screen a representative sample of subjects from each county. Criteria for hypertension came from the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. RESULTS: In all, 964 subjects were screened. We found a prevalence rate of 4.8 percent for hypertension and 10.9 percent for borderline hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively low prevalence rates of this disease can be explained by the youth of this refugee population, mean age 37.6 +/- 0.36 years, as the presence of hypertension increases with chronological age.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiology of suicide in Mexico, 1970-1984].

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports data of suicide as a cause of death in Mexico from 1970 to 1994. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Death certificates and census data were used as the main sources for this study. RESULTS: In 1970 554 suicide deaths were reported for both genders. In 1994 there were 2 603 deaths. During this period the suicide death rate increased from 1.13 per 100 000 inhabitants to 2.89 per 100 000 inhabitants, which represents an increase of 156% in 24 years. Nevertheless, a higher increase was seen among males; 169% for this period as compared to 98% among females. In 1970 the proportional suicide mortality rate was 0.11% of total deaths; in 1994, an increase to 0.62% was observed. During the study period, the highest increase in the suicide rate was seen in the older groups (65 years and over). Nevertheless, an increase was also seen among the younger population (those aged under 19 years). In 1994, the last year of the series, the highest rates were found among males, especially among those aged 65 and over. Differences were found also in the suicide rates among the states of the Mexican Republic. In 1994 the State of Tlaxcala and the State of Mexico reported the lowest rates. The highest rates were found in Tabasco and Campeche. Thus, the highest suicide rates were seen in the southeast and the lowest rates in the central part of the country. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide is a growing problem in Mexico, mainly occurring among male older adults. Nevertheless, growing rates among young adults call for suicide prevention and care programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Geography of genetic processes in human populations: gene migration in Northern Eurasia (European region)].

A method of transformation of census data on population migration into data on gene migrations is proposed. Based on the 1970 Population census of the former Soviet Union, coefficients of effective direct migration m in 91 population of the oblast size in the European part of Russia were estimated. Each coefficient was calculated as the geometric mean of effective values for the island and stepping-stone models of population structure. A map of the geographic distribution of gene migrations was constructed. Low rates of gene migrations were shown to be associated with steppe-forest and deciduous forest zones. Mean coefficients of gene migration estimated from the observed data for the European region and from the map data weighted by the area sizes were respectively m = 0.0156 +/- 0.0011 and m = 0.0232 +/- 0.0011. In view of the fact that the census data were collected simultaneously, all m values were multiplied by 2.8 in order to estimate gene migration rate per generation. Correlation analysis of gene migration coefficients m and genetically effective population sizes Ne demonstrated that these population parameters are independent. This analysis showed the reverse relationship between the rate of gene migration into a population and population density, in particular, density of settlements within the population area.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1992

Is magnitude of co-payment effect related to income? Using census data for health services research.

This study: (1) describes and evaluates a method for estimating household income using home addresses in conjunction with census data, and (2) uses this method in a study designed to determine if the introduction of copayments caused primary care office visit rates to decrease more for lower income enrollees than for higher income enrollees of a large health maintenance organization (HMO). Each step in the process of linking income estimates for small census units (block groups) to specific home addresses is described and the validity and precision of these estimates is assessed through comparisons of estimated income with self-reported income for residents of the Puget Sound area of Washington state. Although subject to considerable measurement error, this approach provided valid income estimates. This method was then used to estimate the incomes of over 20,000 households of HMO enrollees in a controlled study of the relationship between copayment effect on visit rates and enrollee income. Copayments were found to have a similar effect on higher and lower income enrollees.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[The processing of population censuses in Latin America for the 1990 decade: a view into the future].

"The purpose of this paper is to define the data processing methods that will be used in the 1990 population censuses in the different countries of Latin America.... The countries are divided into four groups, and procedures and methodologies are suggested for each of the main eight stages of a census processing." In general, microcomputers are recommended at the initial stages of processing census data, with the exception of data entry for populations over 10 million, for which the utilization of optical readers is recommended. For the final stages of consistency, tabulation, and data base management, microcomputers are recommended only for populations less than a million. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1988

Research policy and review 23. The view of academic social scientists on the 1991 U.K. Census of Population: a report of the Economic and Social Research Council Working Group.

This is a report on the survey conducted for the United Kingdom Census Office by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) concerning the 1991 census. "The primary task was to solicit views on the priority which [academic social scientists] attached to the proposed topics to be covered by the Census and to ascertain their views on the changes in question wording which are under consideration.... Views were also sought on different methods for giving academics access to individual-level data from the 1991 Census."

Attitude↗
PubMed1998

Reducing costs of censuses in Norway through use of administrative registers.

"For some years it has been the policy of Statistics Norway to collaborate with various governmental agencies in order to use administrative registers in statistics production. This policy has been supported politically, and a new Statistics Act has been useful in these efforts. The purpose of this paper is to present the strategy and methodology used to produce statistics in general, census statistics in particular, when based on a combined use of administrative registers and directly collected data. Experiences from Norwegian censuses since 1960 will be presented."

Censuses↗
PubMed1986

A multinomial model for estimating the size of a whale population from incomplete census data.

This paper adapts the removal method of population size estimation to the problem of estimating the size of the western Arctic stock of bowhead whales. The whales are counted during their spring migration as they pass two census camps located near Point Barrow, Alaska. Whales seen at the first camp are "removed" from the population of concern to the second camp, where only whales missed by the first camp are counted. If both camps were in operation throughout the migration and if the probability of missing a whale were constant, the removal method would provide a population size estimate based on a trinomial model in which the size of the population would be the number of trials, whales counted by each camp would provide the observed cell totals, and whales missed by both camps would represent an unobserved cell total. Since the probability of missing a whale depends on visibility, we model the population size as the sum of the number of trials of several independent trinomial distributions, each of which represents a particular visibility condition occurring during the census. To account for the fact that watch cannot be maintained at both camps throughout the migration, we derive a confidence interval estimate of the number of trials under a more general model allowing for incomplete observation of totals within particular cells as well as for completely unobserved cells.

Alaska↗
PubMed1983

Federal statistics in a complex environment: the case of the 1980 census.

A discussion of the 1980 U.S. census is presented. The authors suggest that the taking of a national census is not just a statistical exercise, but an exercise involving ethics, epistemology, law, and politics. They contend that conducting a national census can be defined as an ill-structured problem in which the various complexities imposed by multidisciplinarity cannot be separated. "The 1980 census is discussed as an ill-structured problem, and a method for treating such problems is presented, within which statistical information is only one component."

Americas↗
PubMed2004

Who cares in England and Wales? The Positive Care Law: cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The inverse care law proposing that medical services are distributed inversely to population health needs, and that this law operates more completely where medical care is most exposed to market forces, was first suggested by Tudor Hart in 1971. This paper considers whether an inverse care law can be observed for the provision of informal care as well as for medical care. AIM: Using data from the 2001 census we sought to investigate the contemporary relevance of the inverse care law. DESIGN OF STUDY: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: England and Wales. METHOD: Data from the 2001 census for the population of England and Wales were analysed at the county, unitary, or former metropolitan authority level. The prevalence of the conjunction of general health status and limiting long-term illness was correlated with the percentage of the local population who were working as qualified healthcare workers (nurses, qualified medical practitioners, dentists, and other health professionals and therapists) and with the percentage of the population providing 50 or more hours of unpaid care per week. RESULTS: In 2001, 7.6% of people reported that their health was not good and that they had a limiting long-term illness (the need for care). Over one million people reported providing 50 or more hours of unpaid care per week. An inverse care law was found at the ecological level between the need for care and the proportion of the population who were working as qualified medical practitioners, dentists, and other health professionals. Informal care was almost perfectly positively correlated with the need for care (r = 0.97). These relationships were more marked for areas in the north of the country compared with the south. In the north more people provide unpaid care as more people need that care and because there are fewer working qualified medical professionals, other than nurses, providing such care per head. CONCLUSIONS: Medical care is distributed inversely to need, whereas the provision of informal care is positively related to need--where care is most needed, informal care is most likely to be provided. The greater the market forces that are allowed to intervene in the relationships between the need for care and its provision, the more likely the inverse care law is to be found to apply. Where no market forces apply, where people give up their time for free to provide care, an almost perfectly positive care law is found to apply.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Examination of the generalized age distribution.

The formula for the age distribution and other relationships that follow from it for any (non-stable) population presented by Preston and Coale are significant contributions to demography. The formulas summarize the relationships among various demographic measures precisely, and are formally analogous to the relationships that hold for stable populations. The significance of these formulas cannot be overstated; they allow us to understand clearly the relationships among demographic measures in any arbitrary population. However, when it comes to using them for estimating demographic measures when census data are defective, the method of estimation is still affected by defective data. The reason is that the series of age-specific growth rates reflects the observed census age distributions exactly so that any defects in the census data are summarized in the growth rates. This paper begins with the formulation of the discrete version of the "new synthesis" developed by Preston and Coale. With the discrete formulation, the three kinds of errors introduced when the continuous time formulas are applied to real data can be avoided. Then it is pointed out that when two accurate census data are available, the Preston-Coale procedure of "estimating" the age distribution at the second census is equivalent to checking the identity of the age distribution formula. Also "estimating" mortality by the procedure of Preston-Coale is shown to be equivalent to obtaining mortality directly from intercensal survival rates. That the procedure which involves the age-specific growth rates is equivalent to those that involve the intercensal survival rates may have escaped notice because there are no a priori constraints for patterns of age-specific growth rates to follow. The irregularity in growth rates due to defective data are not distinguishable from true irregularity that exists in the population, contrary to the well-known regularity in the pattern of survival rates in human populations.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1998

Using census data to investigate the causes of the ecological fallacy.

"The authors show how data from the 2% Sample of Anonymised Records (SAR) can be combined with data from the Small Area Statistics (SAS) database to investigate the causes of the ecological fallacy in an Enumeration District (ED) level analysis. A range of census variables are examined in three ¿SAR districts'...in England. Results of comparable analyses from the 1986 Australian census are also given. The ecological fallacy arises when results from an analysis based on area-level aggregate statistics are incorrectly assumed to apply at the individual level.... A methodology is introduced which allows aggregate-level statistics to be adjusted by using individual-level information on those variables that explain much of the within-area homogeneity."

Australia↗
PubMed2006

Play Across Boston: a community initiative to reduce disparities in access to after-school physical activity programs for inner-city youths.

BACKGROUND: In 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded Play Across Boston to address disparities in access to physical activity facilities and programs for Boston, Mass, inner-city youths. CONTEXT: Local stakeholders worked with the Harvard School of Public Health Prevention Research Center and Northeastern University's Center for the Study of Sport in Society to improve opportunities for youth physical activity through censuses of facilities and programs and dissemination of results. METHODS: Play Across Boston staff conducted a facility census among 230 public recreational complexes and a program census of 86% of 274 physical activity programs for Boston inner-city youths aged 5 to 18 years during nonschool hours for the 1999 to 2000 school year and summer of 2000. Comparison data were collected from three suburban communities: one low income, one medium income, and one high income. CONSEQUENCES: Although Boston has a substantial sports and recreational infrastructure, the ratio of youths to facilities in inner-city Boston was twice the ratio found in the medium- and high-income suburban comparison communities. The low-income suburban comparison community had the highest number of youths per recreational facility with 137 youths per facility, followed by Boston with 117 youths per facility. The ratio of youths to facilities differed among Boston neighborhoods. Boston youths participated less in school-year physical activities than youths in medium- and high-income communities, and less advantaged Boston neighborhoods had lower levels of participation than more advantaged Boston neighborhoods. Girls participated less than boys. INTERPRETATION: Play Across Boston successfully developed and implemented a rigorous needs assessment with local relevance and important implications for public health research on physical activity and the environment. Boston Mayor Thomas M. Menino called the Play Across Boston report a "playbook" for future sports and recreation planning by the city of Boston and its community partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Nationwide survey of occupational health activities in small-scale enterprises in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: In order to clarify the real condition of occupational health (OH) activities in small-scale enterprises (SSEs) at the nationwide level, we conducted a questionnaire study sent to SSEs. We selected SSEs according to their employee numbers published in the in "Census of Workplaces in 1999". SUBJECTS AND METHODS: About 2000 establishments were selected from the list in the "Census" describing the names and addresses of enterprises with 5 or more employees. The questionnaire included type of business, number of employees, independence, OH competent person, conduction of health examination, potential hazardous works and countermeasures (chemicals handling, computer work, etc), committee or other types of organizations for OH, and others. RESULTS: Two hundred eleven establishments with 1-4 employees, 779 establishments with 5-9 employees, 681 establishments with 10-49 employees, 300 establishments with 50-99 employees, and 57 establishments with more than 100 employees, a total of 2,029 establishments responded to the questionnaire. The types of businesses (the number of establishments) were construction (216 establishments), manufacturing (604), transportation and communication (216), wholesale and restaurants (390) and services (602). The rate of independent enterprises was 54.1% and branches 45.9%. Indicators of OH activities including selection of OH competent person, enforcement of OH guideline for computer work, OH education about the occupational health risks, enforcement of special health examinations and general health examinations in SSEs with 1-4 and 5-9 employees were worse than SSEs with 10 or more employees. CONCLUSIONS: The differences of OH activities by scale of number of employees were clarified at a nationwide level. However, OH activities in SSEs with 1-4 employees were not clarified sufficiently. Various policies and methods should be established and implemented to improve the low level of OH activities in SSEs.

Commerce↗