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Demographers have anticipated some of the results of the 1990 Census. MetLife estimated that the U.S. population will total 250.2 million persons. Between 1980 and 1990, as a result of the trend in births since World War II, there was a rapid increase in the number of persons aged 35-44 but a large decline in the total aged 15-24. For virtually all age categories, the relative gains among men outpaced those for women.
A census of all Listeria monocytogenes isolates was made in 1986 by the microbiologists of 75% of the French hospitals. 811 cases were registered giving a yearly incidence rate of 14.7 cases/million population instead of 11.3 cases/million population registered in 1984. The cases are classified in perinatal cases (positive culture for L. monocytogenes from the mother, the child or the placenta) and non perinatal cases (all the others). The increase between 1984 and 1986 is mostly due to the fact of the non perinatal cases. A seasonal increase was observed in May-June-July of 1986. Case fatality rate observed was 29%; therefore the two classes have basically the same rate.
The 1976 New Zealand Census included information about 2 201 178 persons over 15 years. Thirty-eight percent of men and 31 percent of women smoked cigarettes regularly. The peak age for male smoking is from 45-49 years and in men aged 35 to 39 years more than half (55 percent) smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day. In the youngest age group (15 to 19 years) more girls than boys are cigarette smokers. Sixteen percent of the population (353 627) stated that they have given up regular cigarette smoking. Smoking is least prevalent in Nelson, Marlborough and Canterbury, while the greatest percentage of smokers are found in the East Coast of the North Island and Southland. Except for Southland, there are significantly more smokers in the younger age groups (16 to 24 years) in the North Island than in the South Island. Cigarette smoking in New Zealand is probably less prevalent than in the past and the figures compare favourably with those of other countries. However, the high levels of smoking among young people, particularly women, is a major health problem.
One hundred and eighty premises in each of three distinct economic income levels within the urbanized area of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana were inspected for artificial containers producing mosquitoes. Census tracts, and their accompanying descriptive statistics were used to objectively quantify each of the income levels studied. Differences, presumably due to living conditions associated with income level, were found for the amount, type and condition of the containers encountered in each area, as well as between species composition and the extent of production. Overall, low income areas produced more mosquitoes than either of the other two areas, mainly as a result of the types of containers present.
Analysis of 1980 U.S. Census data reveals that a sizeable percentage of adult females employed full-time (working more than 2080 hours in 1979) worked in female-dominated service, sales and factory occupations and had family incomes which placed them in poverty or impoverishment status. Workers' compensation data on women in these occupations, drawn from the 27-state Supplemental Data System, show that they filed approximately 250,000 claims for compensation in 1980. Analysis of the claims by nature of injury and body part affected is consistent with the published medical literature. Injury to the back is the leading complaint filed and large numbers of hand and wrist injuries are also reported. Compensation data, however, are usually reflective of acute conditions, especially traumatic injury, not of chronic illnesses and injuries. Additional data are therefore drawn from the medical and scientific literature. This review shows the presence of cancer-causing agents, infectious agents, reproductive toxins, safety hazards and social stressors in these occupations. Recommendations for future programs and needs are presented.
Infant mortality in England and Wales only began its secular decline at the beginning of this century, although mortality among those aged 1-4 began to decline earlier. The 1911 Census of Fertility provides the basis for estimates of infant mortality among occupational groups. A diagrammatic model of decline is elaborated, using fertility decline, social class, income, and urban/rural distribution as explanatory variables. Results of the analysis suggest that infant mortality decline, whose average value was 35 percent from a peak of 132 per 1,000, was increased by improvements in the urban environment and advanced by high or regular income, whereas fertility decline had only a small effect.
Computerized census data are described in relation to a general practice population. The previously published methods for scoring deprivation - underprivileged areas score and material deprivation score - are applied to the data. Wards and enumeration districts within a single practice area are ranked by both methods and examples show the wide variation in deprivation scores for enumeration districts within single wards. The value of these data to a general practice is discussed with particular reference to developing a profile of the practice and to planning prevention and anticipatory care.
The description of a set of programs running on a HP-1000 mainframe computer is outlined. They allow easy census data input, storage and handling according to the growing needs of an academic anesthesia department of about twenty physicians, delivering more than 8000 anesthetic procedures a year. Various kinds of reports can be generated that are useful not only for the department as a whole or for the anesthesiologists independently, but also for the optimization of the use of the operation theatres. Special attention has been given to the respect the medical secrecy: identification of the patient's records is under direct control of a physician, is impossible without a deciphering routine and is not performed unless really needed.
The reported diseases and health problems of 1,276 persons over the age of 65 interviewed in the 1978 census of the elderly in Kiryat Ono are presented here. More than half of the respondents reported having either heart disease, hypertension or diabetes, and one in five indicated that they had more than one. A strong relationship was found between the total number of conditions reported, drug-taking and the subjective feeling of health.
A census taken in April 1965 revealed that there were 3162 residents training in Canadian hospitals approved by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Thirty-one of the 151 approved hospitals had no residents in training, and another 43 hospitals each having 20 or more residents accounted for 85% of all residents training in Canada. Fifty-seven per cent of the residents in Canada were Canadian citizens, 19% were landed immigrants, and 24% were foreign trainees. Major teaching hospitals contained 65% of all residents; 70% of Canadian graduates and 60% of non-Canadian graduates were training in major teaching hospitals. Hospitals approved for full training in the specialty of the trainee contained 57% of all residents; 64% of Canadian graduates and 48% of foreign graduates were in such hospitals.
Given the present climate concerning hospital costs, it has become imperative for hospitals to take steps to ensure that they provide care in the most efficient possible manner. Donald N. Sharp Memorial Community Hospital has developed a system that allows it to respond with unusual precision to changing patient workloads. Both staffing and other operations can be altered to meet a changing patient census.
Age-adjusted incidence rates for males and females for 36 cancer sites across 29 census sub-divisions of the province of Alberta were correlated with one another. It was hypothesized that cancers which vary together across geographical areas may have common aetiological factors. The correlations were measured by the Pearson product moment coefficient, r, and illustrated by scatter graphs and regression lines. For males moderate correlations were found between prostate and skin cancer and between prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Also moderately correlated were male stomach and small intestine cancers and cancers of the bladder and the buccal cavity and pharynx. Specific site correlations for cancers in females were generally higher than for cancers in males. The highest correlations were found between cancer of cervix (invasive) and cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung, between multiple myeloma and cancer of brain and nervous system, between acute lymphatic leukemia and cancer of the bone and connective tissue, and between melanoma and cancer of bone and connective tissue. Although all these correlations are moderate they nevertheless indicate substantial relationships. Possible common aetiologic factors for correlating pairs of cancers are discussed.
The schedule of mortality by age for Philadelphia's 1880 population classified by sex and race showed aberrations from Coale and Demeny West, South, and North model life tables. Deviations from standard age patterns of mortality were especially pronounced for the black population. The question addressed in this paper is whether the alternative age patterns of mortality are produced by underenumeration in the 1880 census or by actual variations in the age-specific mortality experience. The conclusion was reached that the underenumeration of the urban population, especially the blacks, exceeds estimates for the national population. In addition, the results indicated that the black population faced risks of dying that genuinely differed from standard age patterns. An attempt to use a Brass logit model to generalize the black mortality experience met with success for females but not for males.
Implementation of and experience with a temporary reduction in hours worked at a large teaching hospital in California are described. During a period of reduced patient census, the hospital administration ordered a 20% reduction in the number of hours worked by employees in all departments for three months. Employees were required to take one extra day off per week as paid vacation or holiday time or as leave without pay. During this period, pharmacy staff members averaged seven extra days off. Pharmacy personnel were unable to complete some routine responsibilities, and their involvement in interdisciplinary patient rounds and inservice education decreased. The temporary cutback in work hours allowed the work force to be preserved. Departmental managers should keep staff members informed about potential changes in staffing patterns that may be required for cost containment.
In the 1976 New Zealand population Census, 3584 male and 505 female doctors aged 25 years and over responded to a question on cigarette smoking. Twenty percent of men and 17% of women doctors smoke cigarettes regularly compared with 40% of men and 30% of women in the general population over 25 years. Cigarette smoking by male doctors has fallen from 37% in 1963 to 20% in 1976. There has been a minor increase by women doctors since 1972. Obstetricians smoke more heavily (27%) than other specialty groups but have reduced their smoking since 1972. Male physicians have the lowest rate of smoking (16%). About one in four of those in other professions are cigarette smokers compared with about half those in other occupational groups such as labourers, transport and service workers.
In the 1976 New Zealand population census, 25,641 female and 1682 male nurses responded to a question on cigarette smoking. Thirty-six percent of all female and 49% of all male nurses were cigarette smokers compared with 32% of women and 39% of men in the general population of 15 years and over. The highest rate of smoking was among psychiatric nurses of whom half were regular smokers. Two-thirds of psychiatric male nurse smokers smoked more than 20 cigarettes a day and 51% of the females. Those whose nursing duties were among pregnant women, infants and children smoked less than average, while nurses under 20 years of age smoked more than older or registered nurses. In contrast to those in other professional occupations, there are more smokers among nurses than the average for the New Zealand community.
The paper reviews the U.S. experience with items from the OECD long-term disability questions. The OECD questions have not yet been used in their entirety in this country, but several surveys, including the National Health Interview Survey, 1977, the Survey of Income and Program Participation, 1978, and the Social Security Disability Study, 1978, have used selected items or ones similar to the OECD items. A number of methodological issues addressed in the Bureau of the Census pretest of the Postcensus Disability Survey, planned for 1980, will be discussed in this paper, and estimates of the percentage of persons with OECD type disability by age, based on several U.S. surveys, will be also presented.
Cardiosurgical patients were selected in Novosibirsk during medical census of persons suffering from valvular disease; 2244 (81.2%) patients with congenital valvular diseases and 3979 (51.5%) those with acquired valvular diseases were chosen for operative treatment. Among patients with congenital valvular diseases, 12.1% underwent operation, surgery was indicated in 32.5%, and a follow-up of the pathological process was recommended in 36.6% of patients. In the group of acquired valvular diseases, 7.0% of patients were operated on, operation was indicated in 27.6%, and a follow-up recommended in 51.5% of patients.