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PubMed2003

Influx of calcium and chloride ions into epidermal keratinocytes regulates exocytosis of epidermal lamellar bodies and skin permeability barrier homeostasis.

In the nervous system, influx of calcium and chloride ions into neurons regulates the signaling system by excitation and inhibition, respectively. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of the ion influx into epidermal keratinocytes in the permeability barrier repair process of the skin after damage. Topical application of the neurotransmitters glutamate and nicotine, which activate the calcium channel in neurons, delayed the barrier repair after tape stripping. In contrast, the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine, which activate the chloride channel in neurons, accelerated barrier repair. Topical application of the calcium ionophore ionomycin delayed barrier recovery and chloride ionophore 1 accelerated barrier repair after barrier disruption by tape stripping and acetone treatment. Ionomycin increased the intracellular calcium concentration in cultured keratinocytes whereas the chloride ionophore 1 increased the intracellular chloride ion concentration. In vivo light microscopy and electron microscopy observation showed acceleration of the exocytosis of lipid-containing lamellar bodies by the chloride ionophore and delay of the exocytosis by the calcium ionophore. These results suggest that, like the nervous system, influx of calcium and chloride ions into epidermal keratinocytes through ionotropic receptors plays a crucial role in cutaneous barrier homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A factor V inhibitor: in vitro interference by calcium.

A patient with a factor V inhibitor resistant to all standard methods of therapy was recently reported. Because of this resistance, further investigation of the inhibitor was carried out employing the inhibitory plasma, serum, and isofocused fraction. It has subsequently been shown in vitro by use of the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and Russell's viper venom time that the activity of the inhibitor is diminished by the addition of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate to the inhibitory plasma, serum, or isofocused fraction before the addition of normal pooled plasma. This inhibitor, an IgG4 (lambda) immunoglobulin appears to have a high calcium binding affinity and is markedly potentiated in acid pH. These findings suggest that there may be a role in vivo for calcium infusion as part of the clinical management of such an inhibitor and that the metabolic acidosis associated with hemorrhagic shock may potentiate this type of inhibitor.

Calcium↗
PubMed2005

Urinary nitrite excretion and urinary variables in patients with primary nocturnal frequency of micturition: effects of indomethacin suppositories.

Urinary nitrite excretion was measured in patients with primary nocturnal frequency of micturition (PNFM) and in normal individuals. Effects of indomethacin suppository on urine volume and other urinary variables were evaluated. The study comprised seven patients with PNFM and seven healthy control (age range 30-45 years). Nitrite was assayed in spot morning urine samples; urine volume, urine osmolality and electrolytes, serum osmolality and electrolytes and functional bladder capacity (FBC) were assayed. Both groups were then given 100 mg of indomethacin suppository daily for a maximum of 10 days and urinary variables were re-evaluated during day 10. Results showed that urinary nitrite excretion of patients with PNFM was greater than that of the normal subjects (230+/-62 umol/l vs. 42+/-30 umol/l, P<0.05). The mean (SD) 24 h urine volume and osmolality, the night urine volume and osmolality, serum osmolality, FBC, creatinine clearance, fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), fractional excretion of potassium (FEK), and urinary excretion of glucose and potassium were lower in patients with PNFM as compared with normal individuals, although not statistically significantly so, except for FBC that was significantly lower in the patients. Urinary excretion of sodium, calcium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium, day-night urinary volume ratio, spot morning osmolality, nocturnal index, and nocturnal polyuria index were higher in patients with PNFM. Indomethacin decreased the 24 h urinary volume by 21%, creatinine clearance by 12%, osmolar clearance by 14% and urinary protein excretion by 38% in the patients. These variables decreased by 26, 45, 17 and 12% respectively in the healthy subjects, whereas 24 h urinary protein excretion increased mildly by 9%. Indomethacin increased day-night urinary volume ratio by 73% in the healthy subjects. It might be concluded that urinary nitrite excretion, urinary excretion of sodium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium increased and FBC decreased in patients with PNFM; Indomethacin decreased urinary volume, FENa, FEK, osmolar clearance, and free water clearance in the healthy subjects and the patients. These might explain the mechanism of action of indomethacin to reduce frequency of voiding. The possible interaction of prostaglandin and NO in the pathogenesis of PNFM is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Gastrin release from dispersed gastrinoma cells: effects of calcium and calcium ionophore (A23187).

Dispersed single-cell suspensions of human gastrinoma tissue were incubated for 15, 60, and 120 min in a calcium-containing medium, (0.1, 2, 10 mM) in calcium-free medium and in calcium-free medium containing the calcium ionophore A23187 (0.01, 1, and 100 micrograms/ml). Supernatant and pellet (intracellular) gastrin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Supernatant gastrin levels remained stable over 120 min in calcium chloride or calcium gluconate containing medium, while intracellular pellet gastrin approximately tripled during the same incubation period. Total gastrin (supernatant plus pellet) approximately doubled during the 2-hr incubation in calcium. However, calcium (0.1, 2, or 10 mM) failed to produce a dose-dependent rise in supernatant, pellet, or total gastrin when compared to calcium-free incubates. Contrary to the expected gastrin response to calcium, supernatant and pellet gastrin levels were higher in incubates in calcium-free medium than in calcium-containing incubates. A23187 (0.01 or 1 mcg/ml) in a calcium-free medium decrease supernatant gastrin while high dose ionophore (100 mcg/ml) increased supernatant gastrin. All doses of ionophore stimulated pellet and total gastrin levels. Thus, it appears that the clinical augmentation of gastrin levels, seen with calcium challenge in vivo may not be solely due to changes in serum calcium.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The effects of N-B transition of human serum albumin on the specific drug-binding sites.

In the pH range 6-9, human serum albumin undergoes a conformational change termed the neutral-base (N-B) transition. Recently, it has been shown that the N-B transition causes enhanced binding at the warfarin-binding site (site I). The present study used fluorescence and equilibrium dialysis to investigate the effects of the N-B transition, chloride, calcium and fatty acids on the specific binding sites I and II on human serum albumin. The effect of the N-B transition of human serum albumin provides a further distinction between site I and II binding characteristics. The N-B transition of albumin caused a change in conformation at site I which resulted in increased binding of drugs and fluorescent probes at this site, whereas there was no effect on acidic drug binding at site II. These effects on site I and II are qualitatively similar to those induced by fatty acids (increased drug binding at site I and no change at site II). However, the effects of increasing pH and fatty acids were additive, showing that they were caused by two different conformational changes. The effect of Cl- on site I binding was pH-dependent and was abolished by the presence of fatty acid. Ca2+ reduced the fluorescence of site I probes but had no effect on a site II fluorescent probe. Effects of pH were also investigated with drugs not binding to site I or II. Increasing pH caused a decrease in binding to indomethacin, increases in binding of L-tryptophan, tolmetin and quinidine and no change in the binding of salicylic acid, diflunisal and phenytoin.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2004

Pectin/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) composite matrices for biomedical applications.

The aim of the research was to develop matrices for the delivery of biologically active substances for tissue regeneration. To this end, a new biodegradable matrix composed of a hydrophobic porous poly(lactide-co-glycolide), p(LGA), network entangled with another network of hydrophilic pectin was fabricated in the presence of calcium chloride. The calcium salts function as both a pore forming reagent and cross-linker for the formation of pectin networks; the method combines creating pores and cross-linking polymers in one step. Microscopic imaging and dynamic mechanical analysis revealed a double-network structure of the composite matrices. The pectin enables the composite to carry signal molecules. This is accomplished by linking signal molecules to pectin by physical adsorption or by chemical reaction. The p(LGA) networks in the composite impart mechanical properties comparable to p(LGA) alone. The mechanical properties of the composite are far superior to matrices containing only pectin. Furthermore, the pectin-containing matrices improved cell adhesion and proliferation when compared to plain p(LGA) matrices, as determined in vitro by osteoblast culture.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Management of severe hyperkalemia without hemodialysis: case report and literature review.

PURPOSE: To report a case of severe hyperkalemia successfully managed without the use of hemodialysis and to provide a review of the literature regarding the management of severe hyperkalemia. METHODS: A clinical case report from the medical-surgical intensive care unit of a teaching hospital and a literature review are presented. The case involves a 59-year old man with diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension, and gout, who presented to hospital with severe hyperkalemia (K(+) = 10.4 mEq/L) and normal renal function. He was treated with intravenous fluids, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, insulin, calcium resonium, and furosemide. RESULTS: The hyperkalemia resolved with conservative treatment within 8 hours, and dialytic therapy was not required. The literature review supported an initial conservative management approach in stable patients with intact renal function. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodialysis is not necessary for all cases of severe hyperkalemia and should be reserved for patients with acute or chronic renal failure or those with life-threatening hyperkalemia unresponsive to more conservative measures.

Bradycardia↗
PubMed1991

Bulimia nervosa. Its effect on salivary chemistry.

Erosion of the dental hard tissues and enlarged parotid and submandibular saliva glands are commonly associated with bulimia nervosa. In 15 patients and controls, no significant difference was detected in the concentrations of potassium, chloride, calcium, urea nitrogen or albumin. There was also no evidence of olfactory dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effect of diamide on isolated guinea pig atria.

Diamide [(diazinedicarboxylic acid-bis (dimethylamide)] 50 micrograms/ml induced a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect on spontaneously beating atria from normal and reserpine pretreated guinea pigs and a positive inotropic action on electrically driven left atria. Cumulative addition of diamide 600 micrograms/ml caused a systolic standstill of atria. D(-) INPEA 2 micrograms/ml, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, antagonized the positive chronotropic action of diamide 50 micrograms/ml while it did not affect the positive inotropic action caused by diamide. In isolated atria perfused with Ca2+ free medium and recovered by stepwise addition of calcium chloride, the calcium level required to restore normal activity was 1.04 mmol/1 while it was 0.52 mmol/l in the presence of diamide. Ruthenium red 10 micrograms/ml, a specific inhibitor of calcium transport in mitochondria, antagonized diamide-induced recovery of the cardiac activity in calcium poor medium. Two different mechanisms, that involve calcium movements and beta-receptor, have been proposed for diamide action on heart muscle.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hazardous air pollutants formation from reactions of raw meal organics in cement kilns.

Thermally induced chlorination, condensation, and formation reactions of raw meal organic surrogates were investigated on different types of surfaces. The System for Thermal Diagnostic Studies provided a powerful tool to study these reactions under defined reaction conditions, which were related to typical conditions in the preheater zone of cement kiln. Experiments were conducted with benzene and benzene/myristic acid (C6H6/C13H27COOH) mixtures in a quartz reactor containing different chlorinating catalysts/reagents over a temperature range of 300-500 degrees C. Reaction products were trapped in-line and analyzed by GC-MS. A mixture of chlorides of calcium, potassium, aluminium and iron was highly effective for chlorination/condensation reactions of benzene and benzene/myristic acid mix at temperatures above 300 degrees C. The same behavior was observed only when calcium chloride and potassium chloride were used as chlorinating catalyst/reagent. This result showed that transition metal chlorides like FeCl3 are not necessary for chlorination/condensation of organics under post-combustion conditions. Methylene chloride was the major chlorinated product followed by chloroform and various other C1, C2 and C6 chlorinated products. Yields of chlorinated aliphatics were highest at 400 degrees C for both benzene and benzene/myristic acid mix. C6 products were mainly mono- to hexa-chlorinated benzenes with trace amounts of chlorinated phenols. The major chlorinated products observed in this study (i.e., methylene chloride, chloroform, chloroethanes and monochlorobenzene) were also present as major chlorinated hydrocarbons in the cement kiln field emission data.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Calcium supplementation and iron status of females.

Iron balance is regulated in part by the level of iron absorption, which is influenced by iron stores and the level of erythropoietic activity. In short-term absorption studies, dietary calcium and supplemental doses of calcium chloride or calcium carbonate inhibited iron absorption from concomitantly consumed meals. In contrast, several long-term intervention studies of the effect of calcium supplementation on iron status in populations at potentially high risk for compromised iron status failed to show reductions in various indicators of iron status including serum ferritin levels. The evidence suggests that long-term consumption of calcium supplements does not affect overall iron status. An adaptive response, possibly involving an upregulation in the efficiency of iron absorption, has been suggested as a possible explanation for the disparity between the results from short- and long-term studies.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2004

Bioaccumulation of chromium from tannery wastewater: an approach for chrome recovery and reuse.

The presence of chromium in the effluent is a major concern for the tanning industry. Currently, chemical precipitation methods are practiced for the removal of chromium from the effluent, but that leads to the formation of chrome-bearing solid wastes. The other membrane separation and ion exchange methods available are unfeasible due to their cost. In this study, the removal of chromium from tannery effluent has been carried out using abundantly available brown seaweed Sargassum wightii. Simulated chrome tanning solution was used for the standardization of experimental trials. Various factors influencing the uptake of chromium, viz., quantity of seaweed, concentrations of chromium, pH of the chrome-bearing wastewater, and duration of treatment, have been studied. Chemical modification of the seaweed through pretreatment with sulfuric acid, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride showed improved uptake of chromium. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms have been fitted for various quantities of seaweed. The dynamic method of treatment of protonated seaweed with simulated chrome tanning solution at a pH of 3.5-3.8 for a duration of 6 h gave the maximum uptake of about 83%. A similar uptake has been established for commercial chrome tanning wastewater containing the same concentration of chromium. The Sargassum species exhibited a maximum uptake of 35 mg of chromium per gram of seaweed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and flame photometry studies have been carried out to understand the mechanistic pathway for the removal of chromium. The potential reuse of chromium-containing seaweed for the preparation of basic chromium sulfate (tanning agent) has been demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Hypocalcemia associated with bone metastases in a patient with salivary-gland carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: A 70-year-old man presented with a smooth lump on his buccal mucosa and right-sided cervical lymphadenopathy. Staging investigations revealed extensive sclerotic bone metastases and the patient subsequently underwent palliative radiotherapy to the right face and cervical region. Seven months later he presented with a 4-day history of fatigue, muscle cramps, ataxia, paraesthesia, and blurred vision. INVESTIGATIONS: Physical examination, biopsy of abnormal buccal mucosa, routine biochemistry, electrocardiogram, bone scan, CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, and MRI of the brain. DIAGNOSIS: Undifferentiated carcinoma of the salivary gland with sclerotic bone metastases and hypocalcemia. MANAGEMENT: Palliative radiotherapy to the right face and cervical region, infusions of calcium gluconate and calcium chloride, oral calcium carbonate, vitamin D and magnesium, palliative chemotherapy (carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil), and whole brain radiotherapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1967

The 'compartmentation' of choline acetyltransferase within the synaptosome.

1. Choline acetyltransferase may be isolated in either a bound or soluble form after hypo-osmotic treatment of a crude synaptosome fraction, depending on the conditions. 2. In the bound form, the enzyme appears to be associated with the larger membrane fragments rather than with synaptic vesicles. 3. The bound form is predominant at slightly acid pH values and low ionic strength, the soluble form under more physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength. 4. Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride at similar ionic strengths solubilize the enzyme. 5. Choline acetyltransferase was found to be soluble under these conditions after release from synaptosomes from rat and pigeon cerebra, guinea-pig cortex and rabbit cortex, caudate nuclei, diencephalon and midbrain. 6. Certain isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase behaved similarly.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1989

The role of dietary electrolytes in hypertension.

The possible contribution of dietary electrolyte intake as a cause of or contributor to the development of hypertension has been intensively investigated for over 50 years. Evidence from various sources suggests a role for sodium-salt, chloride, calcium, and magnesium. In this article, we will review the evidence supporting a role for each of these electrolytes in human hypertension.

Calcium↗
PubMed2003

Effect of pH and ionic environment changes on interparticle interactions affecting activated sludge flocs: a rheological approach.

The rheological behaviour of activated sludge was investigated through the determination of sludge suspension equilibrium viscosity (micro(eq)) while varying the pH, sodium chloride and calcium chloride concentrations over a wide range. Micro(eq) was used to investigate the influence of environmental changes on the rheological behaviour of activated sludges, on the basis that it is representative of interparticle interactions affecting sludge flocs. Micro(eq) was shown to increase with increasing pH and to decrease with cation addition. The surface charge presented by sludge flocs was shown to be a factor that greatly affects micro(eq), as demonstrated by the linear correlation with zeta-potential (zeta-potential). A decrease in electrostatic charge was supposed to decrease repulsive effect between particles that facilitate flow and to promote a compaction of flocs that lower viscosity. Cation addition was shown to generate a viscosity decrease, in the same proportion, independent of the valency of the cation. The decrease in the particles double layer thickness coupled to the decrease in surface charge were supposed to induce a decrease in interparticle interactions which leads to lower viscosity values.

Flocculation↗