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PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of Panus tigrinus fungi for production of pressed materials from cotton plant waste].

Changes in the chemical composition of cotton plant stems used as a substrate for solid-phase cultivation of the fungus Panus tigrinus were studied as well as the effect of these changes on properties of the pressed materials made of these stems. During the first 3 days of growth, the fungus better consumed cellulose; then, the rate of cellulose consumption was comparable with that of lignin. Intensity and pattern of these changes depended on the age of inoculum. The rate of cotton plant waste biodegradation was higher when a 3-day-old incoculum was used. The pressed materials made of the raw stuff treated with a 3-day-old inoculum of P. tigrinus for 2-3 days displayed better characteristics. Annually, large amounts of lignocellulose stuff is lost while processing of agricultural waste: straw, awn, plant stems, etc. In the countries with developed cotton growing, the annual amount of only guza-paya (dry cotton plant stems) reaches several million tons. To solve this problem, bioconversion of these wastes is studied to manufacture useful products and materials.

Fungi↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of application of a new molecular marker SRAP on analysis of F2 segregation population and genetic diversity in cotton].

SRAP (Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism), a new marker system, was applied in cotton genome analysis. We developed an efficient PCR reaction system for detecting SRAP that showed reliable, effective and reproductive. SRAP marker was used to detect the polymorphisms between 'Pima90' (G. barbodense) and ' Handan208' (G. hirsutum) and showed comparatively high polymorphism. Among the 30 primer pairs, 29 pairs generated 149 polymorphic bands with an average of 5.14 polymorphic bands per primer pair. The primer pair showing most polymorphism was the combination of me3 and em2, which produced 13 polymorphic bands. The SRAP marker was also tested among 11 upland cotton cultivars, 15 of the tested 30 primer pairs showed polymorphism yielding 22 polymorphic genetic loci, which is relatively high among upland cotton cultivars. The results showed that SRAP marker could be widely used in molecular genetic map construction and germplasm evaluation of cotton.

Genetic Variation↗
PubMed2004

[AFLP analysis of cotton with fusarium and verticillium wilts from the Huanghe and Changjiang valleys].

Genetic diversity among 101 cottons varieties, including 72 cultivars from the Huanghe valley and 29 cultivars from the Changjiang valley, was investigated using AFLP markers. In total, 20 primer combinations revealed 200 polymorphic bands among the Huanghe valley cottons and 127 polymorphic bands among the Changjiang valley, respectively. Euclidean distance values were calculated using SPSS (11.0) software. Average Euclidean distance value was 4.356 (the Huanghe valley) and 4.391 (the Changjiang valley), respectively. When the value was 15.2, 72 varieties from the Huanghe valley were divided into four groups (the Huanghe valley groups, abbrevate HVGs), including HVG1 (27), HVG2 (19), HVG3 (10) and HVG4 (16). 29 varieties from the Changjiang valley were classified into four groups (the Changjiang valley groups, abbreviate CVGs), including CVG1 (14), CVG2 (4), CVG3 (5) and CVG4 (6). Compared with Euclidean distance matrices and frequency distribution of pairwise Euclidean distances of cottons from the Huanghe and Changjiang valleys, it was showed that there was similar genetic diversity between the cotton cultivars from Huanghe valley and those from Changjiang valley.

Fusarium↗
PubMed2004

Influence of the nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist, tebufenozide, on certain biological and physiological parameters of the cotton leaf-worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in Egypt.

In Egypt, cotton represents the most economical and important field crop. Cotton plant is the target of different pest species from cultivation until harvest. The Egyptian cotton leaf-worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera), is an important polyphagous insect pest attacking cotton, several cultivated crops and ornamentals worldwide. The integrated pest management (IPM) programs create the need for novel insecticides having more selective modes of action. So, the no steroidal ecdysteroid mimic, tebufenozide (RH-5992) was studied on some parameters of Spodoptera littoralis. This compound exhibits, in spite of its nonsteroidal structure, a high affinity for the ecdysteroid receptors (EcRs) through a lock-and key principle just like the natural insect molting hormone 20, hydroxyecdysone (20E). The present investigation was performed to throw more light on the following objectives: (1) the toxicity of tebufenozide against the fifth larval instar of a laboratory strain of S. littoralis, (2) the effect of this compound on some biological parameters, i.e. weight of mature larvae, mortality and percentages of larval malformations, (3) the action on some haematological parameters such as blood volume, total haemocyte counts (THCs), absolute haemocyte counts, differential haemocyte counts, and (4) the characterization of haemolymph proteins in treated as well as in the untreated larvae, using the electrophoresis technique on acrylamide gel expressed in the electrophoretic mobility. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: (1) the treated larvae reached their maximum weight after 48 h from treatment with tebufenozide; while the untreated ones reached the maximum weight after 72 h (2) the highest mortality (73%) occurred by applying tebufenozide at the concentration of 18 ppm. In addition, the deduced percentage of larval malformations, indicated that the maximum rate of malformed larvae was attained using the concentration of 36 ppm (3) the blood volume of the 5th instar larvae reached its maximum after 72 h from treatment; while in the untreated ones blood volume increased gradually and reached the maximum rate after 96 h (4) the total haemocyte counts (THCs) decreased in comparison with the control. The maximum value of THCs occurred at 72 h, resembling a lower rate (50%) than that of the untreated ones. (5) The absolute counts reached their maximum rates after 72 h from treatment. It was lower (80.7%) than the untreated larvae. (6) Tebufenozide cause the induction of (10.7 & 14.3 Kda) polypeptide in the haemolymph after 24 h of application. These bands were absent in that time in the untreated larvae (control). Later on, these bands were formed in the control larvae after 72 h of treatment. Induced synthesis of these transcript resulted in precocious molting.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The use of natural bio-agents for the control of cotton phytopathogens.

The use of natural antagonists as means of pre-sowing seed treatment showed high biological efficacy by improving seed germination, growth and productivity of cotton plants, and by decreasing infection by major cotton pathogens: Xanthomonas malvacearum, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Verticillium dahliae. Studies of anti-microbial properties of antagonists revealed significant inhibitory activity of Bacillus subtilis strains and their metabolites against cotton pathogens. Obtained results prove the prospective from the use of B. subtilis for developing complex, ecological products for biological control of cotton and other agricultural plants.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2005

Cotton honeydew (Gossypium hirsutum L.) extract offers very interesting properties for hair cosmetics and care products.

Cotton honeydew extract is composed of a unique combination of oligosaccharides, including fructose, glucose, inositol, melezitose, saccharose, trehalose and trehalulose. Studies have shown that these oligosaccharides exhibit a protective effect. Therefore, we were interested in studying the effect of these oligosaccharides on normal and damaged human hair. Both clinical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were performed. Standardized human hair samples were used to determine the effect of a rinse-off mask with 1% cotton honeydew extract on the ultrastructure of hair. In addition, hair samples were submitted to different aggressions, following various experimental protocols. SEM showed that, without extra aggression, the cuticle scales appeared to lie more smoothly in the hair in cotton honeydew extract-treated samples than in untreated samples. The extract-treated hair samples were also less prone to chipping. In contrast, the control, untreated hair samples retained a dry and damaged appearance and were prone to chipping and progressive splitting. In a clinical study, 15 volunteers had half of their hair treated with a formula with 1% honeydew extract and the other half was left untreated as a control. Pictures and visual evaluation of the hair showed that the honeydew extract formula left the hair with a smoothness that was far superior to the control side and this result was confirmed by SEM. In addition, mRNA studies on epidermal cells were performed and confirmed the stimulating effect of honeydew extract on keratin synthesis. These results demonstrate that cotton honeydew extract can be of great use in hair care products and cosmetics.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Bt toxin distribution in transgenic Bt cotton and soil system].

This study showed that the amounts of Bt toxin expressed in transgenic Bt cotton leaves and stems (103.5 - 134.1 ng x g(-1)) were rather higher than those expressed in transgenic Bt cotton roots (44.7 - 21.2 ng x g(-1)), indicating that total amount of soil Bt toxin introduced by transgenic Bt cotton could be decreased through treating its above-ground biomass. In comparing with the amount of Bt toxin expressed in transgenic Bt cotton plant, that expressed in its root exudates was rather lower, showing that the effects of plant Bt toxin on soil ecosystem would be limited if other sources of Bt toxin introduced into soil were controlled.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1990

Increased blood monocyte procoagulant activity in cotton mill workers.

Blood monocyte procoagulant activity has previously been related to delayed type hypersensitivity. In this study, cotton workers exposed to cotton dust containing endotoxin and subjects not exposed to organic dusts, were examined. Blood mononuclear cells from the two groups were incubated with and without endotoxin and the recalcification time was measured. Mononuclear cells from cotton workers had a decreased baseline procoagulant activity but an increased response to endotoxin, suggesting cellular sensitization to the endotoxin present in cotton dust.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗
PubMed1990

Airborne endotoxin concentrations in various work areas within two cotton textile mills in the People's Republic of China.

As part of a multidisciplinary longitudinal approach to assess the roles of airborne cotton dust and endotoxins in affecting the respiratory health of cotton textile workers, this study was designed to quantify the endotoxin contamination of airborne vertically elutriated and total dusts. Yarn preparation areas (opening through fine spinning) were studied at two cotton textile mills which had been studied 5 years previously in Shanghai. People's Republic of China, Filter, with vertically elutriated (VE) or total dusts were mailed to the United States and endotoxin analyses were performed for each filter in duplicate with the quantitative chromogenic modification of the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Dusts from all areas of the textile mills contained endotoxins. Endotoxin burdens in VE dusts from the carding area were similar in both milk while the endotoxin contamination of total dust from carding in Mill 1 was over threefold greater than that of total dust from carding in Mill 2. All other areas differed between milk in both VE and total dust endotoxin burdens. Mean endotoxin levels in VE dusts from all areas of both mills were well above the reported threshold of 90 EU/m3 for acute pulmonary function effects in humans. Comparison of selected areas of both mills from the present study with the same work areas from the previous study showed that, in general, the airborne endotoxin burden was higher than levels found 5 years ago in these two mills. The data suggest that even with reduced or unchanged gravimetric dust levels in these two cotton textile mills, airborne endotoxin levels were higher and provided an increased potential for adverse respiratory response in exposed workers.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1983

Morphological study of the pathogenesis of retinal cotton wool spot.

To investigate the true structural changes in retinal cotton wool spots, serial sections of several blocks of retinal corresponding to cotton wool spots obtained from two hypertensive cases were studied by light and electron microscopy. Occlusion of the feeder arteriole and capillaries, and numerous vacuoles of various sizes in the inner retinal layer were the constant histological features in cotton wool spots. Cytoid body was another change in these areas but it was not a constant feature. Increase of membranous structure resembling endoplasmic reticulum was thought to be incorporated in the formation of the pseudonucleus in the cytoid body. Phagocytosis by macrophages led to the disappearance of the cytoid body. It was concluded that the true feature of the cotton wool spot is nothing but vacuolation, an edematous change of the inner retinal layers due to ischemia following occlusion of the feeder arteriole, and that the cytoid body is only a nonspecific and transient alteration of nerve fibers in the early stage of the ischemic lesion in the retina.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Mortality from byssinosis among New England cotton mill workers, 1905-1912.

Little was known about mortality from byssinosis among American cotton mill workers until recent times. Between 1912 and 1919, the Labor Department published two detailed investigations of mortality by cause of death among cotton mill workers and other residents of several New England mill towns. Statistical tests reveal no significant difference in mortality rates from nontubercular respiratory diseases between cotton textile workers and other mill town residents. Even when ex-mill workers who may have died from mill-related respiratory ailments are added to work-related deaths and subtracted from the control group, mortality rates do not differ significantly. Finally, when mortality rates for workers in the most dusty areas of the mills--picking and carding--are compared with those of other Fall River, Mass., residents, the differences are still not statistically significant. Apparently byssinosis was not a cause of excess mortality among New England cotton mill workers at the turn of the century.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Problems of science in the development of cotton growing in the USSR.

This article considers the development of cotton growing in the USSR as one of the leading branches of agriculture. The production of raw cotton and the yield of cultivated varieties of cotton reached a high level. Further increase in yield and increase in production of raw cotton are accompanied by the need to resolve a number of problems. In resolving them, a leading role will be played by science. The author enumerates the principal problems to which efforts of scientific-research institutions will have to be addressed.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cervical cytology after cryosurgery, laser ablation and conization. A comparison of the cotton swab and endocervical brush.

Obtaining an adequate Papanicolaou smear, as evidenced by the presence of endocervical cells, is paramount in following patients after treatment for cervical dysplasia. A randomized, prospective trial was done in which 203 patients with a history of cryosurgery, laser ablation or cone biopsy were randomized into two groups: 114 patients had cervical smears done with a cotton swab and 89 patients with an endocervical brush. The presence or absence of endocervical cells was noted on the cytology report. Overall, the endocervical brush produced significantly more adequate smears than did the cotton swab (86% vs. 74%, P = .0389). Within each subgroup the endocervical brush consistently produced a higher number of adequate smears than did the cotton swab: after cryosurgery, 86% vs. 82%, P = .7242; after laser ablation, 95% vs. 88%, P = .61; after conization, 76% vs. 47%, P = .0675. The difference was most notable in the conization group. The endocervical brush is superior to the cotton swab in obtaining satisfactory Papanicolaou smears after cryosurgery, laser ablation and conization.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Bioburden and theoretical sterility dose calculation for radiation sterilization of surgical cotton and bandages.

The initial bioburden, count of colony forming unit (CFU) was determined on the locally manufactured non-sterilized surgical cotton and bandages. In all 489 tests were conducted on 163 cotton samples and 246 tests on 82 bandage samples. The surgical cotton showed an average of 198 microbes with a maxima of 287 and minima 94 whereas bandages showed an average of 179 microbes with a maxima of 268 and minima of 89. In the 20% samples subjected to identification no anaerobic microorganism was isolated while the aerobic microorganisms isolated were all bacilli. The sterilization dose (SD) for sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10(-6) was 2.23 Mrads and 2.21 Mrads, whereas the device verification dose (DVD) was 0.6 and 0.59 Mrads for cotton and bandages respectively as calculated by the method proposed by the Sterilization Standard Committee, Association of Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI).

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative multiple synthesis of fifty linear peptides: evaluation of cotton carrier vs. T bag-benzhydrylamine resin.

Parallel simultaneous synthesis of fifty linear peptides has been carried out in order to compare in detail two promising methodologies of simultaneous multiple peptide synthesis (SMPS): the "T bag" method, utilizing 4-methyl-benzhydrylamine resin (MeBHA), and synthesis on derivatized Fmoc-Gly-O-cotton fabric strips. The basic set of experiments, which utilizes identical Fmoc/Bu(t) strategy for both approaches, shows that the peptides synthesized on cotton are superior in purity to those synthesized using T bags. In experiments utilizing Boc/Bzl strategy in T bags, the purities of peptides were higher than in the case of peptides synthesized in T bags by Fmoc/Bu(t) strategy, and comparable with the purities achieved in synthesis performed on cotton. The lower yields on cotton are caused by mechanical losses in the given experimental arrangement.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

[Regional differences in the pineal gland of the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus. Light and electron microscopic observations].

The determination of volumes of the distal and proximal halves of the pineal glands of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that the volume of the proximal half was far larger in cotton rats than in Sprague-Dawley rats. Light and electron microscopic examination of the distal, middle and proximal pineal regions in the cotton rat revealed the presence of regional differences in parenchymal cells, capillary endothelial cells and pericapillary spaces. Nuclear sizes of pinealocytes were larger in the distal region than in the middle and proximal regions. The diameter of granulated vesicles and the contents in lysosome-like bodies in pinealocytes in the distal and middle regions were different from those in the proximal region. Interstitial cells and astrocytes surrounded pericapillary spaces; the former was localized in the peripheral area of the distal and middle regions, whereas the latter was found throughout the organ. Astrocytes were more abundant towards the proximal region. The capillary endothelium was often fenestrated in the distal region, whereas the fenestrae were few in the middle region and absent in the proximal region. Pericapillary spaces were large in the distal and middle regions, but narrow in the proximal region. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers were distributed throughout the organ, whereas myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, survived after superior cervical ganglionectomy, were found in the distal and middle regions, but not in the proximal region. Sympathetic and non-sympathetic nerve fibers lay adjacent to interstitial cells and astrocytes. These regional differences may reflect functional differences in various pineal regions of the cotton rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Neonatal cotton rats do not exhibit destructive immune responses to adenoviral vectors.

Recombinant adenoviruses are being considered for treatment of cystic fibrosis lung disease. The utility of this vector system in adult recipients is limited by the formation of destructive humoral and cellular immune responses to the vector and vector-infected cells. We hypothesized that the host immune responses could be avoided by administering the vector early in development when the immune system is naive. This was evaluated in the context of newborn and adult cotton rats administered E1-deleted recombinant adenoviral vectors into the trachea. The results with adult cotton rats were consistent with previous studies in that gene expression was extremely high in the conducting airway when evaluated 3 days after administration of the vector. However, expression diminished to undetectable levels within 2 weeks and was associated with substantial inflammation and formation of neutralizing antibodies. The level of expression achieved in newborn cotton rats was equally high with reporter gene expression detected in both the conducting airway and alveolar cells. The immune response in the newborn cotton rats was substantially blunted with diminished CD4+ T cell activation, based on in vitro studies, as well as essentially no formation of neutralizing antibody. This translated to a substantially improved outcome with transgene expression persisting for over 6 months. The window of optimal immune tolerance was within 3 days of birth. Vector was readministered into animals 8-10 weeks after they had received the neonatal challenge of the initial vector. This second delivery of vector was efficient, consistent with the low neutralizing antibody in these animals. However, the animals mounted a full T cell response which correlated with extinction of the transgene from the vector administered at birth, as well as that of the second vector. Neutralizing antibodies did eventually develop following the second vector administration. These studies indicate that immune responses can be avoided if gene therapy is administered early in development. However, this so-called "tolerance' is broken when the animal receives a second vector after the immune system matures.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1997

[A prospective study on respiratory symptoms and functions in new employees exposed to cotton dust].

Sixty new employees in a cotton textile mill were followed up for five years to study their occurrence of byssinosis and its natural history. Results showed that the workers complained more cough, expectoration and other respiratory irritation symptoms at their early exposure to cotton dust, and the frequency of chest tightness in them reached the peak one year after exposure and remained at higher level later. Stratified analysis showed that all the respiratory symptoms did not correlate with their smoking habits, specific body constitution, etc. Forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) after shift declined with length of exposure and appeared a tendency to exacerbate gradually, especially in workers with a positive skin test of cotton antigen. Smoking had no influence on it. It suggests that exposure to cotton dust and idiosyncracy of the workers play important roles in damage to lung function.

Adolescent↗