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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of the efficacy of preservation of non-eye area water-miscible cosmetic and toiletry formulations: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was conducted to test a method developed to distinguish between adequately and inadequately preserved cosmetic formulations. Nineteen laboratories participated in the study. Samples tested included shampoos, hair conditioners, oil-in-water emulsions, and water-in-oil-emulsions. Triplicate samples of 4 adequately preserved and 4 inadequately preserved cosmetic products were tested by each collaborative laboratory. Results showed that all inadequately preserved shampoo and conditioner samples failed to meet the acceptance criteria for adequately preserved formulations. Of the 51 preserved samples, 49 shampoos and 48 conditioners met the criteria for adequate preservation. All samples of inadequately preserved water-in-oil emulsions and oil-in-water emulsions failed to meet the acceptance criteria, whereas all adequately preserved emulsion formulations met the acceptance criteria.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

[Allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics containing Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil)].

INTRODUCTION: Melaleuca alternifolia is a coniferous tree found in tropical regions, the needles contain an essential oil that is used in medical and cosmetic products. The essential oil contains turpentines (limonene, alpha-pinene, phellandrene) that are potentially allergenic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 1997, 1216 patients were patch tested in our dermatoligic unit. Fourteen of them tested because of eczema used products containing tea tree oil. The patients used creams, hair products and essential oils containing Melaleuca alternifolia for cosmetic reasons and to treat skin affections. They were patch tested for a standard panel of allergens, topical emulgators, perfumes, plants, topical medications, metal, gloves, topical disinfectants and preservatives, dental products and rubber derivatives. Products containing Melaleuca alternifolia were tested concentrated or diluted. RESULTS: We report on 7 cases of patients with an allergic contact dermatitis due to tea tree oil. Two of them also exhibited from a delayed type IV hypersensitivity towards fragrance-mix or colophony suggesting the possibility of cross reaction or an allergic group reaction caused by contamination of the colophony with the volatile fraction of turpentines. DISCUSSION: The allergic potential of low concentrations of Melaleuca alternifolia is presumed to be low on healthy skin. Photoaged Melaleuca alternifolia must be considered to be a stronger sensitizer.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Determination of sunscreen agents in cosmetic products by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].

A method for quantitative determination of eleven sunscreen agents (benzophenone-4,p-amino-benzoic acid, salicylic acid, benzophenone-3,phenyl salicylate, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, octyl dimethyl p-amino-benzoate, isopropyl dibenzoylmethane, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, octyl methoxycinnamate, octyl salicylate) in cosmetic products is described. It was based on a high performance liquid chromatographic separation under the condition of isocratic elution with a mixture solution of methanol-THF-water-70% perchloric acid (200:200:160:0.1) by using a column packed with 10 microns YWG-C15 and UV detection. The recoveries (n = 6) were 94.1%-101% and the relative standard deviations(n = 6) for all eleven sunscreen agents were less than 5%. In addition, the results of analysis of 30 samples out of 103 samples of commercial suntan cosmetics performed are reported in this paper.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2001

Determination of bronopol in cosmetic products by HPLC with electrochemical detection.

A procedure is described for the assay of bronopol in cosmetics by HPLC coupled with constant-potential amperometric detection. Samples were analysed on an Alltima C18 column with methanol-phosphate buffer as the eluent and detected at a porous graphite electrode set at a reduction potential of -0.9 V. The recovery of bronopol from different cosmetic matrices was between 96.4 and 98.8% and the precision of the method was better than 4.5% relative standard deviation.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2001

[Esthetics, cosmetics and ophthalmology].

The authors studied many aspects of the cosmetics used around the eye: composition, directions for use, risks for the eyes and their adnexa, and also practical preventive measures. In the future, the cosmetics industry should offer products designed for maximum eye safety.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2000

Cosmetic rehabilitation.

Appearance is one of the most powerful factors influencing social interactions with others. What patients with disfigurements experience from society on a daily basis is a very real stigma. Cosmetic rehabilitation is a system of cosmetic techniques devised for patients to use to assist themselves to cope constructively with the psychological and physical trauma of their disfigurements.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed2002

[Cosmetic treatments and acne].

Cosmetic products contribute to the efficacy of anti-acneic treatment. Cleaning bars without soap and lotions are to be preferred to soaps. Morning application of moisturizing creams compensate for dryness and irritation induced by topical treatment. Some of these cosmetic products may have a limited efficacy of the shiny appearance and/or acne lesions. Scrubs, abrasive sponges, masks and patches have a very limited usefulness. Make up and camouflage techniques are authorized, provided that the products have been tested non comedogenic and non acne-genic.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of consumer cosmetic products and salon preparations for alpha hydroxy acids.

The Food and Drug Administration has completed a survey of consumer and salon/professional cosmetic products for glycolic and lactic acids, and product pH, to determine conformity with recommended levels established by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR). In twenty-five consumer products, concentrations of glycolic and lactic acid ranged from 1.1% to 8.7%. Two products had pHs lower than the recommended minimum of 3.5. In seventeen salon/professional products, glycolic and lactic acids were found at levels ranging from 0.9% to 28.5%. Two salon products had pHs significantly lower than the 3.0 recommended by the CIR. About half of the products contained either a sunscreen or a recommendation for the use of a sunscreen.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2002

[Analysis of preservatives in cosmetics by gas chromatography].

The wide bore capillary column HP-1701(15 m x 0.53 mm i.d. x 1.0 micron) has been used to analyze benzyl alcohol, methyl-p-hydroxy benzoate, ethyl-p-hydroxy benzoate, propyl-p-hydroxy benzoate, and butyl-p-hydroxy benzoate in cosmetics. The results showed that these preservatives could be separated with the capillary column completely and their peaks were not interfered with those of other components in cosmetics. The detection limits were 13 ng, 70 ng, 70 ng, 100 ng and 100 ng respectively and the linear range was 50 ng-500 ng.

Benzoates↗
PubMed2003

[The physician and cosmetics--distorted images reflected in German medical historiography].

Physicians have been experts in cosmetics for thousands of years. Especially since the early modern period they have produced medical advice literature that included the topic of cosmetics for a general readership. Medical historians have paid scant attention to this aspect of doctors' activities, and when they did, this happened partly in a rather prejudiced manner, resulting in long-lasting misjudgements. This is illustrated with special reference to the case of the Berlin doctor and medical historian Julius Leopold Pagel (1851-1912).

Cosmetic Techniques↗
PubMed1999

[Determination of sexual hormones in cosmetics by using Re-HPLC method].

A Re-HPLC method for the determination of seven kinds of sexual hormones, such as estriol in cosmetics was established. Zorbax C18 and Methanol-water were used as solid phase and liquid phase respectively. Methanol was used to extract the hormones in samples using a ultrasonic method. In the background with cosmetic samples, the relative standard deviations of those seven kinds of added sexual hormones were 1.2%-4.4% at low concentration and 2.1%-5.8% at high concentration. The recoveries rates of those hormones were 87.7%-103.1% and 86.6%-104.4%, respectively.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Categorical evaluation of the ocular irritancy of cosmetic and consumer products by human ocular instillation procedures.

The assessment of ocular irritation potential is an important part of safety testing for cosmetic and consumer products. The purpose of this investigation was to examine ocular irritancy levels elicited in humans by various categories of a specific class of cosmetic and consumer products that have a potential to enter the eye inadvertently during use. Test materials assessed belonged to one of seven categories, which included liquid makeup, shampoo, baby wash, mascara, eye makeup remover, powder eye shadow, and facial cleanser. These test materials were evaluated by human ocular instillation, followed by examinations, for which subjective perceptions of irritation were recorded, and component areas of ocular tissues were individually examined for inflammation and for the area and density of fluorescein staining patterns at 30 seconds and at 5, 15, 60, and 120 minutes post-instillation. Subjective and objective ocular irritation scores of 410 eyes were analyzed by product classification. Average score levels were determined for subjective responses, inflammation, and fluorescein staining patterns. This investigation determined that irritation levels of the evaluated test materials varied markedly with respect to product category, type of ocular irritation, and ocular tissue, demonstrating that these factors are important considerations for the prediction of the ocular irritancy of a test material.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Combination therapy in clinical and cosmetic dermatology: the marriage of device and drug.

The first generations of lasers used in clinical and cosmetic dermatology achieved their effects by means of epidermal and dermal ablation. While effective in removing some of the stigmata of photodamage including pigmentary changes and rhytides, vascular abnormalities associated with such conditions as melasma and rosacea, were not sufficiently effective. The new generation of laser and non-laser light devices (eg, intense pulsed light or IPL) offer excellent results in the management of clinical and cosmetic conditions, including significant changes in improvement in vascular conditions such as rosacea and actinic damage and stimulating dermal collagen production, without significant injury to the epidermis. The combination of light therapies and topical agents adds to the efficacy of these procedures, particularly in post-procedural maintenance. Light-based therapies have been an important addition to the anti-acne armamentarium as they are effective and do not add to the increasing bacterial resistance problem.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stability study of lipoic acid in the presence of vitamins A and E in o/w emulsions for cosmetic application.

The effectiveness of any cosmetic product containing a functional ingredient is determined by the skin delivery of the active molecule, which is influenced by the type of carrier and the molecule itself. Furthermore, the functional ingredient should be stable in the formulation. The purpose of this paper is to study the stability of lipoic acid in the presence of vitamins A (as palmitate) and E (as acetate) in semisolids for cosmetic use. The systems formulated were studied in regard to their aspect, pH, stability under centrifugation, and rheological behavior. The chemical analyses of lipoic acid and vitamins A and E were carried out by HPLC after studying the specificity of the method employed in each case. The quantitation of the active principles was performed by HPLC with C18 (5 microm) columns. The mobile phase was methanol for the vitamins, with spectrophotometric detection at 325 nm for vitamin A and 230 nm for vitamin E. The mobile phase for lipoic acid was methanol:water (80:20) and phosphoric acid at pH 3.0, with spectrophotometric detection at 332 nm. All systems were stable to centrifugation, and no significant modification of rheological behavior was observed in relation to the base emulsion used as control. The chemical studies performed indicated that although lipoic acid is not very stable in these formulations, the presence of vitamin A favors its chemical stability.

Centrifugation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of silicone emulsifiers on in vitro skin permeation of sunscreens from cosmetic emulsions.

The effects of different silicone emulsifiers on the in vitro permeation through human skin of two sunscreens (octylmethoxycinnamate, OMC, and butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, BMBM) were investigated from cosmetic emulsions. The formulations being tested were prepared using the same oil and aqueous phase ingredients and the following silicone emulsifiers: dimethicone copolyol and cyclomethicone (emulsion 1), cetyldimethicone copolyol (emulsion 2), polyglyceryl-4-isostearate and cetyldimethicone copolyol and hexyllaurate (emulsion 3), lauryldimethicone copolyol (emulsion 4), and cyclomethicone and dimethicone copolyol (emulsion 5). The cumulative amount of OMC that permeated in vitro through human skin after 22 h from emulsions 1-5 decreased in the order 2 approximate, equals 1 > 5 > 4 approximate, equals 3 and was about twofold higher from emulsion 2 compared to emulsion 4. As for BMBM, no significant difference was observed in regard to its skin permeation from the emulsions being tested. In vitro release experiments of OMC and BMBM from emulsions 1-5 were performed through cellulose acetate membranes using Franz diffusion cells. Emulsions 1-3 showed an initial slow release of BMBM followed by a fast release phase, while the release of OMC showed a different pattern since the sunscreen was released very rapidly at the beginning of the experiment and then a plateau was observed followed by a second step of fast release. A pseudo-first-order release rate was observed only for BMBM from emulsion 4, while emulsion 5 released very small amounts of both sunscreens during 22 h. These findings could be attributed both to changes in sunscreen thermodynamic activity in the vehicle and to modified interactions between the active ingredient and the formulation components. The results of this study suggest that the type of silicone emulsifier used to prepare sunscreen emulsions should be carefully chosen in order to prevent the percutaneous absorption of sunscreens from these cosmetic formulations.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2004

[Simultaneous determination of seven sexual hormones in cosmetics by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].

An efficient method for analyzing seven sexual hormones in cosmetics, namely, estriol, estradiol-17beta, estrone, testosterone, methyl-testosterone, progesterone and diethylstilbestrol by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was developed. Samples were saponified with 20 g/L sodium hydroxide. The sexual hormones were then extracted with dichloromethane-acetic acetate (40:1, v/v) under acidic conditions (pH 3, adjusted with 1 mol/L HCl). An XTerra RP18 column was employed and a mixture of water-methanol-acetonitrile (50:32:18, v/v) was used as mobile phase. The seven sexual hormones were detected at 230 nm. The average spiked recoveries for the seven sexual hormones ranged from 75.6% to 97.8% with relative standard deviations of 1.9% to 7.2%. The linear ranges of determination were from 5 to 50 mg/L with correlation coefficients of 0.9999, and the limits of detection were from 3.7 to 12 ng. The method is suitable to simultaneously assay the seven sexual hormones in cosmetics with simplicity and accuracy in a single injection.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

[EU-Cosmetics: timetables for the replacement of animal experiments].

According to the 7(th) Amendment of the Cosmetics Directive the European Commission had to establish timetables for the phasing out of the various animal tests for the safety evaluation of ingredients used in cosmetics. However, the published timetables do not reflect the objectives of the 7(th) Amendment but contain longer deadlines for the ban on animal experiments of several endpoints. The European Commission also had to draw up a Directive for establishing an Annex IX that should list validated alternative methods which are not already listed in Annex V of the Dangerous Substances Directive. Although various alternative methods could have been listed in this Annex IX, the Commission published an empty table. From the point of view of the German Animal Welfare Federation amendments of the timetables and the Directive establishing Annex IX are urgently required. Additionally, the Commission has to provide optimal conditions for the replacement of alternative methods.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗