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PubMed1981

Soluble and insoluble plant fiber in selected cereals and vegetables.

Certain soluble plant fibers have hypocholesterolemic effects. However, information about soluble fibers of most foods is not available. A modification of Southgate's method was used to separate plant fiber into soluble and insoluble fractions. Both fractions were hydrolyzed with dilute sulfuric acid or trifluoracetic acid. Comparison of these two hydrolysis methods was discussed. The hydrolyzed sugars were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Fiber content of selected cereals and vegetables were examined. Oat, corn, and cooked beans have greater proportions of soluble fiber than wheat and green vegetables. Soluble fractions of cereals and beans were mainly glucose whereas in green vegetables uronic acids were the major components. The differing fiber composition of various plant food sources probably is important in determining their physiological effects.

Cellulose↗
PubMed1993

Iron status and intake of older infants fed formula vs cow milk with cereal.

One hundred four infants were randomly assigned to receive whole cow milk plus iron-fortified cereal (WCM + C) in accord with the previous recommendations of the Committee of Nutrition/American Academy of Pediatrics (CON/AAP); one of two iron-fortified, follow-up formulas; or an iron-fortified infant formula. Mean iron intakes and vitamin C exceeded the recommended dietary allowance in all groups. By 12 mo of age, mean ferritin and mean corpuscular volume were lower in the WCM + C group and significantly more infants had serum ferritin concentrations < 12 micrograms/L. We conclude that infants 6-12 mo of age fed whole cow milk and iron-containing table food are at risk of developing depleted iron stores but not anemia. The iron insufficiency in these infants is not due to inadequate intake of iron or vitamin C, but probably to relatively poor bioavailability of iron in infant cereal.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Absorption of folate from fortified cereal-grain products and of supplemental folate consumed with or without food determined by using a dual-label stable-isotope protocol.

The absorption of folic acid in fortified white and whole-wheat bread, rice, or pasta or in solution was evaluated in human subjects with use of a single-dose, dual-label, stable-isotope protocol that did not involve prior loading of subjects with nonlabeled folate. In each of five sequential trials, 14 adults received a single oral dose of [13C5]folic acid in one of the four fortified cereal-grain products or in water concurrently with an intravenous injection of [2H2]folic acid. In two additional trials, subjects received oral [13C5]folic acid with or without a light breakfast meal. In all trials, urine was collected 24-36 h postdosing and the isotopic labeling of urinary folates determined. Isotope excretion ratios of urinary folates (% [13C5]folate dose/% [2H2]folate dose), which were used as criteria of absorption, indicated no significant differences among the various fortified foods and the control (P = 0.607). Because statistical power was sufficient to have detected a 50% difference from the control, these results suggest that [13C5]folic acid in these fortified cereal-grain foods was highly available. This study also suggests that fortification will contribute effectively to the folate status of the population. Consuming [13C5]folic acid after a light breakfast meal led to a small reduction in absorption relative to the control without food (P < 0.085). Between-subject variation in this protocol exceeded that observed in previous studies conducted using prior saturation of subjects with nonlabeled folic acid. We recommend that either prior saturation or multiple doses be used in future applications of this technique to improve precision.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Copper, iron, zinc, and manganese in dietary supplements, infant formulas, and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals.

High intakes of iron, zinc, or manganese can interfere with copper absorption. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the amounts and chemical forms of iron, zinc, manganese, and copper added to food products and nutritional supplements might pose a threat to copper status. More than 25% of the vitamin and mineral supplements examined contained no copper, 40% contained the poorly absorbed cupric oxide, and < 30% contained a highly bioavailable form of copper such as cupric sulfate or cupric chloride. Nearly 40% of the prenatal supplements examined contained both iron and zinc without a nutritionally significant amount of copper. More than 80% of the infant formulas examined had ratios of iron to copper exceeding 20:1, which is higher than the recommended ratios of 10-17:1. None of the 40 ready-to-eat breakfast cereals examined were fortified with copper or manganese although 50% of these cereals contained > or = 25% of the reference daily intake for both iron and zinc. Copper availability could be improved by reformulation of several food products and supplements.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2003

Different glycemic indexes of breakfast cereals are not due to glucose entry into blood but to glucose removal by tissue.

BACKGROUND: The glycemic index (GI) of a food is thought to directly reflect the rate of digestion and entry of glucose into the systemic circulation. The blood glucose concentration, however, represents a balance of both the entry and the removal of glucose into and from the blood, respectively. Such direct quantification of the postprandial glucose curve with respect to interpreting the GI is lacking in the literature. OBJECTIVE: We compared the plasma glucose kinetics of low- and high-GI breakfast cereals. DESIGN: On 2 occasions, plasma insulin concentrations and plasma glucose kinetics (by constant-rate infusion of [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose) were measured in 6 healthy males for 180 min after they fasted overnight and then consumed an amount of corn flakes (CF) or bran cereal (BC) containing 50 g available carbohydrate. RESULTS: The GI of CF was more than twice that of BC (131.5 +/- 33.0 compared with 54.5 +/- 7.2; P < 0.05), despite no significant differences in the rate of appearance of glucose into the plasma during the 180-min period. Postprandial hyperinsulinemia occurred earlier with BC than with CF, resulting in a 76% higher plasma insulin concentration at 20 min (20.4 +/- 4.5 compared with 11.6 +/- 2.1 micro U/mL; P < 0.05). This was associated with a 31% higher rate of disappearance of glucose with BC than with CF during the 30-60-min period (28.7 +/- 3.1 compared with 21.9 +/- 3.1 micro mol. kg(-)(1). min(-)(1); P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The lower GI of BC than of CF was not due to a lower rate of appearance of glucose but instead to an earlier postprandial hyperinsulinemia and an earlier increase in the rate of disappearance of glucose, which attenuated the increase in the plasma glucose concentration.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Functional genomics of abiotic stress tolerance in cereals.

Abiotic stresses such as extreme temperatures, low water availability, high salt and mineral deficiencies or toxicities severely diminish productivity of cereal crops. These stresses are becoming increasingly important because of the declining availability of good quality water, land degradation and community pressures to move away from chemical intervention in agriculture. Of the major cereals, wheat and barley are grown in the most hostile and consequently lowest yielding environments. Extensive genetic studies and surveys of landrace and wild germplasm have indicated extensive variation for abiotic stress tolerance but this has been difficult to exploit due to the relatively poor background knowledge of the molecular basis for stress in these species. Interconnected signal transduction pathways that lead to multiple responses to abiotic stresses have been difficult to study using traditional approaches because of their complexity and the large number of genes and gene products involved in the various defensive and developmental responses of the plant. Functional genomics is now widely seen as providing tools for dissecting abiotic stress responses in wheat and barley, through which networks of stress perception, signal transduction and defensive responses can be examined from gene transcription, through protein complements of cells, to the metabolite profiles of stressed tissues.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

Detailed comparative mapping of cereal chromosome regions corresponding to the Ph1 locus in wheat.

Detailed physical mapping of markers from rice chromosome 9, and from syntenous (at the genetic level) regions of other cereal genomes, has resulted in rice yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contigs spanning parts of rice 9. This physical mapping, together with comparative genetic mapping, has demonstrated that synteny has been largely maintained between the genomes of several cereals at the level of contiged YACs. Markers located in one region of rice chromosome 9 encompassed by the YAC contigs have exhibited restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using deletion lines for the Ph1 locus. This has allowed demarcation of the region of rice chromosome 9 syntenous with the ph1b and ph1c deletions in wheat chromosome 5B. A group of probes located in wheat homoeologous group 5 and barley chromosome 5H, however, have synteny with rice chromosomes other than 9. This suggests that the usefulness of comparative trait analysis and of the rice genome as a tool to facilitate gene isolation will differ from one region to the next, and implies that the rice genome is more ancestral in structure than those of the Triticeae.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2002

Cereal seed storage proteins: structures, properties and role in grain utilization.

Storage proteins account for about 50% of the total protein in mature cereal grains and have important impacts on their nutritional quality for humans and livestock and on their functional properties in food processing. Current knowledge of the structures and properties of the prolamin and globulin storage proteins of cereals and their mechanisms of synthesis, trafficking and deposition in the developing grain is briefly reviewed here. The role of the gluten proteins of wheat in determining the quality of the grain for breadmaking and how their amount and composition can be manipulated leading to changes in dough mixing properties is also discussed.

Consensus Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Hepatic lipid metabolism in domestic fowl as influenced by dietary cereal.

The influence of dietary cereal on hepatic lipid metabolism was studied in adult Japanese quail and mature female chickens fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous corn-soy and wheat-soy diets ad libitum. Hepatic lipid accumulation and rate of biosynthesis were significantly higher in birds fed the corn-soy diet. The differential response to the cereals was seen in ovipositing females but not in mature male quail. There were no significant concomitant changes in body composition, egg production, egg weight, body weight, feed, and energy intake. Results of sequential changes in hepatic lipid metabolism showed that reduction in liver fat was significant 2 to 3 weeks after feeding the wheat diet and was due to a significant reduction in rate of lipogenesis and the amount of triacylglycerols deposited. Plasma levels of free fatty acids and glucose were not significantly altered by the dietary regimes in laying hens. In Japanese quail fed the corn-soy diet, plasma glucose was elevated and there was evidence of impaired glucose tolerance. In vitro rate of oxidation of labeled palmitate was significantly higher in liver homogenates from birds fed the corn-soy diet. Addition of carnitine to the incubation mixtures resulted in an increase of equivalent magnitude for both treatments. Liver hemorrhages were observed in laying hens but not in Japanese quail. Addition of myo-inositol to the corn diet for Japanese quail failed to significantly alter hepatic lipid accumulation. These studies show that differences in liver lipid accumulation due to corn and wheat diets are related to changes in rate of lipogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Nutritive value of globin-amino acid and complementary globin-cereal mixtures.

Protein efficiency ratios (PER) were determined using male weanling rats fed diets containing bovine globin alone and with wheat and corn gluten. Simultaneous equations and graphical methods were devised for selecting combinations of globin and cereal proteins to provide optimal and suboptimal profiles of limiting amino acids. Supplementation of the globin with amino acids established isoleucine and methionine as limiting amino acids. Addition of globin, whose amino acid pattern is complementary to that of the cereal proteins, markedly improved the PER values of the proteins. However, growth rates of rats fed various combinations of proteins were not identical, even though PER values differed only slightly. The PER of combined proteins were not predictable from amino acid composition or from correlations between PER and chemical score based on National Research Council (NRC) requirements for essential amino acids. The inability of the optimal mixtures to meet expected nutritional performance clearly indicated that other factors affecting availability of amino acids are implicated. Nevertheless, mutual improvement of two incomplete proteins such as globin and wheat or corn gluten was demonstrated. Addition of globin to widely used diets consisting mainly of corn or wheat can be nutritionally beneficial.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1988

Cereal fructans: in vitro and in vivo studies on availability in rats and humans.

The bioavailability of cereal fructans (fructooligosaccharides) was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies indicated very slow hydrolysis by human gastric juice and by homogenate of the intestinal mucosa (rat). After intubation of fructans into the stomachs of rats, the recovery of fructans in the small intestine and colon was approximately the same as that of an unabsorbed marker (polyethylene glycol), indicating no or very low disappearance of fructans in the small intestine. In vivo studies of the small intestine in rats showed that the rate of disappearance of fructans was lower than that of mannose, which is known to be absorbed through passive diffusion. In addition the cariogenic effect of cereal fructans was compared to that of glucose. Acid formation from low molecular-weight fructans was found in human dental plaque in vitro. A mouth rinse with unfractionated fructans, containing some quantities of sucrose, fructose and glucose, resulted in relatively low pH values in human plaque in vivo, even if the decrease in pH was somewhat less pronounced when compared with a mouth rinse with glucose.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Use of an oral/intravenous dual-label stable-isotope protocol to determine folic acid bioavailability from fortified cereal grain foods in women.

Folic acid fortification, mandatory in the United States, is currently being considered by the UK. The hypothesis that the matrix of some cereal-product vehicles may result in low fortificant bioavailability was tested using a dual oral/intravenous (i.v.) isotopic-label approach, which was evaluated concurrently. Fifteen women received 225 microg oral folate (capsules, fortified white bread and fortified branflakes), mainly as folic acid labeled with (13)C on 6 carbons of the benzoyl ring ((13)C(6)-PteGlu), followed by i.v. injection of 100 microg folic acid labeled with (2)H on 4 hydrogens of the glutamic acid group ((2)H(4)-PteGlu). The urinary excretion ratio (UER) in intact folate of the percentage of labeled oral dose excreted divided by the percentage of i.v. dose excreted was used as the primary index of absorption. The geometric mean (95% confidence interval) UER for folic acid capsules was 3.68 (1.90, 7.14) at 24 h and 2.18 (1.24, 3.83) at 48 h. Because these were significantly in excess of 1.0, indicative of 100% absorption of the oral dose, it was concluded that oral and i.v. labeled folic acid are handled differently by the body and that "absolute" absorption cannot be calculated. Compared with the 48-h UER for folic acid capsules, the "relative" 48-h UER for white bread and branflakes was 0.71 and 0.37, respectively, indicating that some cereal-based vehicles may inhibit absorption of fortificant. However, even the validity of this "relative" approach is questioned.

Absorption↗
PubMed2003

Maize phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase catalyse a poly-Z desaturation pathway: implications for genetic engineering of carotenoid content among cereal crops.

Carotene desaturation, an essential step in the biosynthesis of coloured carotenoids, has received much attention (1) as a target of bleaching herbicide action, (2) as a determinant of geometric isomer states of carotenoids and their metabolites, and (3) as a key modulator of accumulation and structural variability of carotenoids. Having previously isolated and functionally characterized the cDNA encoding the first enzyme in maize carotene desaturation, phytoene desaturase (PDS), the isolation and functional characterization of the second desaturase, a maize endosperm cDNA (2265 bp) encoding zetacarotene (zeta-carotene) desaturase (ZDS) is reported here. Functional analysis of the concerted actions of maize PDS and ZDS ex situ showed these enzymes to mediate a poly-Z desaturation pathway to the predominate geometric isomer 7,9,7',9'-tetra-Z-lycopene (poly-Z-lycopene or prolycopene), and not the all-trans substrate required of the downstream lycopene cyclase enzymes. This finding suggests a rate-controlling isomerase associated with the carotene desaturases as a corollary of a default poly-Z carotenoid biosynthetic pathway active in planta for maize. Comparative gene analysis between maize and rice revealed that genes encoding PDS and ZDS are single copy; the Zds cDNA characterized here was mapped to maize chromosome 7S and vp9 is suggested as a candidate locus for the structural gene while y9 is ruled out. Classical genetic resources were used to dissect the desaturation steps further and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase was linked to the vp2 locus, narrowing candidate loci for an obligate isomerase in maize to only a few. Since the first functional analysis of the paired carotene desaturases for a cereal crop is reported here, the implications for the genetic modification of the pro-vitamin A content in cereal crops such as rice and maize, are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

CSRDB: a small RNA integrated database and browser resource for cereals.

Plant small RNAs (smRNAs), which include microRNAs (miRNAs), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and trans-acting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs), are emerging as significant components of epigenetic processes and of gene networks involved in development and in homeostasis. Here we present a bioinformatics resource for cereal crops, the Cereal Small RNA Database (CSRDB), consisting of large-scale datasets of maize and rice smRNA sequences generated by high-throughput pyrosequencing. The smRNA sequences have been mapped to the rice genome and to the available maize genome sequence and these results are presented in two genome browser datasets using the Generic Genome Browser. Potential RNA targets for the smRNAs have been predicted and access to the resulting smRNA/RNA target pair dataset has been made available through a MySQL based relational database. Various ways to access the data are provided including links from the genome browser to the target database. Data linking and integration are the main focus for this interface, and internal as well as external links are present. The resource is available at http://sundarlab.ucdavis.edu/smrnas/ and will be updated as more sequences become available.

Databases, Nucleic Acid↗
PubMed2002

Whole chloroplast genome comparison of rice, maize, and wheat: implications for chloroplast gene diversification and phylogeny of cereals.

The fully sequenced chloroplast genomes of maize (subfamily Panicoideae), rice (subfamily Bambusoideae), and wheat (subfamily Pooideae) provide the unique opportunity to investigate the evolution of chloroplast genes and genomes in the grass family (Poaceae) by whole-genome comparison. Analyses of nucleotide sequence variations in 106 cereal chloroplast genes with tobacco sequences as the outgroup suggested that (1) most of the genic regions of the chloroplast genomes of maize, rice, and wheat have evolved at similar rates; (2) RNA genes have highly conservative evolutionary rates relative to the other genes; (3) photosynthetic genes have been under strong purifying selection; (4) between the three cereals, 14 genes which account for about 28% of the genic region have evolved with heterogeneous nucleotide substitution rates; and (5) rice genes tend to have evolved more slowly than the others at loci where rate heterogeneity exists. Although the mechanism that underlies chloroplast gene diversification is complex, our analyses identified variation in nonsynonymous substitution rates as a genetic force that generates heterogeneity, which is evidence of selection in chloroplast gene diversification at the intrafamilial level. Phylogenetic trees constructed with the variable nucleotide sites of the chloroplast genes place maize basal to the rice-wheat clade, revealing a close relationship between the Bambusoideae and Pooideae.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMed1985

Toxicity mechanisms of wheat and other cereals in celiac disease and related enteropathies.

This paper is a critical appraisal of current theories on the mechanisms of toxicity of wheat and other cereals in celiac disease and some related enteropathies. The "peptidase deficiency," "primary immune defect," and "gluten-lectin" theories on celiac disease are examined and critically discussed on the basis of the relevant data available in 88 references. Special attention has been paid in this review to the nature of the cereal components triggering the appearance of toxic symptoms and signs in celiac disease as well as to underlying action mechanisms. The gluten-lectin theory is the one best able to explain, in addition to celiac disease, some secondary intolerances that may occur in temporarily predisposed individuals as a consequence of several causes, including viral hepatitis and intestinal infections, as well as the occurrence of intestinal lesions in healthy subjects administered very high amounts of gluten.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Relative importance of predators and parasitoids for cereal aphid control.

Field experiments with manipulations of natural enemies of plant-feeding insects may show how a diverse enemy group ensures an important ecosystem function such as naturally occurring biological pest control. We studied cereal aphid populations in winter wheat under experimentally reduced densities of: (i) ground-dwelling generalist predators (mostly spiders, carabid and staphylinid beetles); (ii) flying predators (coccinellid beetles, syrphid flies, gall midges, etc.) and parasitoids (aphidiid wasps), and a combination of (i) and (ii), compared with open controls. Aphid populations were 18% higher at reduced densities of ground-dwelling predators, 70% higher when flying predators and parasitoids were removed, and 172% higher on the removal of both enemy groups. Parasitoid wasps probably had the strongest effect, as flying predators occurred only in negligible densities. The great importance of parasitism is a new finding for aphid control in cereal fields. In conclusion, a more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of natural pest control would help to develop environmentally sound crop management with reduced pesticide applications.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Cold-regulated cereal chloroplast late embryogenesis abundant-like proteins. Molecular characterization and functional analyses.

Cold acclimation and freezing tolerance are the result of complex interaction between low temperature, light, and photosystem II (PSII) excitation pressure. Previous results have shown that expression of the Wcs19 gene is correlated with PSII excitation pressure measured in vivo as the relative reduction state of PSII. Using cDNA library screening and data mining, we have identified three different groups of proteins, late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) 3-L1, LEA3-L2, and LEA3-L3, sharing identities with WCS19. These groups represent a new class of proteins in cereals related to group 3 LEA proteins. They share important characteristics such as a sorting signal that is predicted to target them to either the chloroplast or mitochondria and a C-terminal sequence that may be involved in oligomerization. The results of subcellular fractionation, immunolocalization by electron microscopy and the analyses of target sequences within the Wcs19 gene are consistent with the localization of WCS19 within the chloroplast stroma of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale). Western analysis showed that the accumulation of chloroplastic LEA3-L2 proteins is correlated with the capacity of different wheat and rye cultivars to develop freezing tolerance. Arabidopsis was transformed with the Wcs19 gene and the transgenic plants showed a significant increase in their freezing tolerance. This increase was only evident in cold-acclimated plants. The putative function of this protein in the enhancement of freezing tolerance is discussed.

Acclimatization↗