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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Detection and stimulus-detection electromyography (EMG), blink-reflex and trigeminal (V2 and V3) somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) in peripheral facial paralyses induced by cold. Importance of the systematic use of V SSEP in facial paralyses induced by cold].

Thirty-six patients afflicted with cold-induced peripheral facial paralysis were examined by classical detection and stimulus-detection E.M.G. methods (Blink Reflex) complemented by V (V2, V3) S.E.P. These examinations were carried out 4 to 7 weeks after the deficiency set in. Detection and stimulus-detection E.M.G. is the best method of confirming clinical diagnosis of peripheral facial paralysis. If there is the slightest sign of Charles Bell, the Blink-Reflex is an excellent confirmation test. S.E.P. of the V allows infra-clinical damage to the nerve to be discerned in 45% of the cases. The cause of this damage is a subject of debate.

Blinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blink reflex in Parkinson's disease with levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

We have studied the electrically evoked blink reflex (R1 and R2 components) in 40 parkinsonian patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia (15 with facial dyskinesia, 13 with limb-truncal dyskinesia and 12 with mixed dyskinesia). R2 latencies (both ipsilateral and contralateral) were significantly prolonged in dyskinetic patients. These findings are indicative of decreased excitability of brainstem interneurones in the dyskinetic parkinsonians. We found no correlation between the neurophysiological pattern of blink reflex and the localization of dyskinesia.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

[Identification of location of electrode tip during percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol injection (PRGI) with blink reflexes elicited by direct stimulation of trigeminal complex (DBR)].

In order to identify the location of the electrode tip during percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol injection (PRGI), the blink reflex (DBR) following direct stimulation of the trigeminal complex (the gasserian ganglion, trigeminal rootlets, or the 3rd division of the trigeminal nerve) was obtained from 6 patients with trigeminal neuralgia. 1) The waveform of the DBR was very similar to that of the blink reflex (BR) elicited by percutaneous stimulation of the 1st division of the trigeminal nerve. However, the latency of early reflex (R1) as well as late reflex (R2) of the DBR was approximately 2 msec shorter than that of the conventional BR. 2) When the electrode tip was introduced into the gasserian ganglion, the DBR showed the largest response under the same recording condition, whereas the DBR was not recorded when the tip of the electrode was placed into either the arachnoid space or the subdural space. The each DBR response, however, showed the same configuration when the electrode tip was situated at the territory of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd division of the trigeminal nerve within the gasserian ganglion or the trigeminal cistern. 3) The DBR always appeared under the anesthesia with the intravenous administration of 10 mg diazepam and 30 mg pentazocine. 4) Based on the present study, the DBR proved to be an usuful parameter in determining whether the electrode tip is introduced into the trigeminal complex or not, particularly in the case of patients having no reliable sensory response to electrical stimulation.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blink reflex in 57 parkinsonian patients with correlation between the clinical and electrophysiological parameters.

An electrophysiological study of the blink reflex was undertaken in 25 control subjects and in 57 patients with Parkinson's disease. An increase in the ipsilateral and contralateral late response was the most evident finding. The excitability cycle of recovery of the R2 component of the blink reflex after a prior conditioning shock was enhanced in the patients. A statistically significant correlation was established between the increase in the late response and the severity of akinesia and rigidity.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Chronological changes in the blink reflex and MRI in a patient with lateral medullary infarction].

Recently, the brainstem pathways of bilateral late reflexes (R2) of electrically elicited blink reflex have been well established. An afferent delay or block of the late reflexes is closely related to a lesion of the lateral medullary portion. The chronological alteration of blink reflex (BR) was studied to compare with radiological abnormalities on MRI in a patient with lateral medullary infarction on the right side. A diagnosis of Wallenberg syndrome was made clinically and location of the lesion was identified in detail by MRI. The infarcted region which was well demonstrated as an increased intensity area on SE images obtained 52 days after the onset of symptoms was much smaller than that on SE as well as on IR image 21 days after the onset of symptoms. Therefore, it was concluded that more than half of the increased intensity area on the SE images obtained 21 days after the onset of symptoms recovered from the condition of being extremely damaged by ischemia on the right lateral medullary portion in this patient. On the other hand, in the initial BR 26 days after the onset of symptoms, the late reflexes (R2) were consistently absent bilaterally when the affected side (right) was stimulated and normal when the normal side (left) was stimulated. This type of BR abnormality is compatible with an afferent block of late reflexes (R2). The early reflex (R1) was normal on either side. Whereas in the second BR at 55 days after the onset of symptoms, the late reflexes turned to be normal in latency when the right side was stimulated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blinking↗
PubMed1986

[Contribution of visual evoked potentials, electronystagmography and the blink reflex to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis].

One hundred and forty six cases of multiple sclerosis were investigated and classified according to McAlpine's criteria into 3 group: probable (40 cases), possible (51 cases) and definite (55 cases). In every patient visual evoked potentials, electronystagmography and blink reflex were performed in the same session. Percentages of abnormal findings were 66 p. cent for VEP, 63 p. cent for ENG and 53 p. cent for blink reflex. These 3 methods can detect subclinical lesions and in reveal new sites of demyelination. Since in only 14 cases (10%) were the results of all 3 methods normal, it is concluded that simultaneous examination by these methods can contribute to the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Blink reflex and stimulus detection by the facial nerve in 21 diabetics. Testing before and after precise blood sugar normalization by the artificial pancreas].

Study of the blink reflex and stimulodetection of the facial nerve in 21 diabetics with chronic hyperglycemia (HbA1C: 12.17 +/- 2.34%) shows normal or slightly prolonged R1, R2 and M latent periods in most cases. Forty-eight hour metabolic correction by artificial pancreas produces an overall improvement in the latent periods of the blink reflex, while the motor latent period of the facial nerve remained unchanged. The improvement, also observed in studies of limb responses, points towards a metabolic process directly related to the hyperglycemia.

Blinking↗
PubMed1981

[Comparative study of the effects of diazepam and fentanyl on the blink reflex threshold in the normal, conscious human (preliminary study)].

The search in man for experimental techniques suitable for study of the neurospecificity of anaesthetic drugs led us to use the blink reflex. Thirteen female volunteers undergoing gynaecological surgery received as a double-blind basis either 0.2 mg/kg of diazepam (7 cases) or 3 X 10(-1) mg/kg of fentanyl (6 cases) intravenously. The thresholds of the two components of the reflex R1 + R2, of respectively tactile and painful natures, were sought before and for three minutes after the injection of the drugs. The threshold of R2 rose to four times its initial value (P less than 0.001) after diazepam, whilst R1 remained unchanged. Fentanyl was not associated with any change in the thresholds. Study of the blink reflex may be used to dissociate and analyse the effects of two drugs on precise nervous functions. The nature of these functions and of their controls are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Function of early and late components of the blink reflex--study of discharge behavior of single motor units].

The discharge pattern of single motor units in the early (R1) and late (R2) component of the electrically evoked trigemino-facial blink reflex was investigated by means of selective EMG-recording techniques. At low rate stimulation (0,1 Hz) the stimulus threshold of motor unit discharges in R1 was clearly above that in R2. Higher stimulation rates (1 Hz) were associated with an attenuation of motor unit discharges in R2 according to the well known habituation. The same motor units, however, revealed stable discharges in R1 or even signs of facilitation. These differences of motor unit recruitment in the two components indicate that R1 cannot be simply interpreted as a protective reflex like R2. At higher stimulus intensities, the characteristical firing pattern consisted of single discharges in R1 followed by high frequency multi-discharges of the same motor units in R2. This means that the motor unit discharges in R1 do not only evoke a single twitch of the eyelids but initiate a vigorous tetanic contraction with short latency. Thus, R1 yet reveals a protective function shortening the latency of the reflex blink upon stronger stimuli on the side of the affected eye.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Electrically elicited blink reflex in children.

Blink reflex was studied in 12 neurologically intact infants and children aged 2 weeks to 3 years. A coaxial needle electrode inserted in the outer lower quadrant of the orbicularis oculi muscle was used for recording. Responses were elicited by a 50-100V current delivered through a stimulating electrode placed on the supraorbital groove. Absence of contralateral R2 response was a consistent finding. Ipsilateral R2 responses were elicited in 50% of the cases. R1 response was present in all instances and showed latency values similar to adults. The amplitudes of both R1 and R2 were lower than reported in adult population. The blink reflex may be an indication of the degree of myelination of the brain stem, facial and trigeminal pathways in children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Effect of blinking on the level of oxygen beneath hard and soft gas-permeable contact lenses.

The oxygen tension, which can also be stated as the equivalent oxygen percentage (EOP), was measured beneath a variety of hard and soft gas-permeable contact lenses following static and dynamic wearing conditions. The significant increases in EOP beneath rigid lenses upon blinking were to be expected in view of the tear pumping mechanisms known to exist with such lenses. However, blinking was found to have a minimal effect on the EOP beneath hydrogen lenses, confirming earlier predictions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

The blink reflex in hydrocephalic infants and children.

The blink reflex (orbicularis oculi reflex) was studied electromyographically in 5 children ranging in age from 2 months to 15 years and in 5 age-matched children with advanced hydrocephalus. All the hydrocephalic children demonstrated: (a) prolonged reflex response latencies compared with mean values for the age-matched controls; (b) a decrease in the response latencies following a shunting procedure and habituation of the reflex postoperatively; and (c) failure of the reflex to habituate for the shunting procedure. Study of the blink reflex in hydrocephalic infants at risk of cerebral damage can be a useful way of detecting dysfunction and monitoring response to therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Blink reflex and jaw reflex in neurinoma of the acoustic and trigeminal nerves (author's transl)].

The blink reflex was studied in four patients with neurinoma of the acoustic nerve and in two patients with trigeminal neurinoma. It was abnormal in all cases except in one neurinoma of the acoustic nerve inside the canal. The jaw reflex, studied in four cases, showed unilateral impairment in two cases of trigeminal neurinoma and one case of acoustic neurinoma; it was normal in the case of acoustic neurinoma in the canal. The blink reflex and jaw reflex merit inclusion among the further tests conducted in cases of suspected neurinoma of the trigeminal or acoustic nerves. However, they are of less interest than oto-vestibular tets in the early diagnosis of neurinoma of the eighth nerve. These techniques deserve a place of choice in investigations of atypical facial neuralgia in general and suspected neurinoma of the trigeminal in particular.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Evoked potential, cardiac, blink, and respiration measures of pilot workload in air-to-ground missions.

Brain evoked potentials were successfully recorded from F-4 pilots during air-to-ground training missions. They were recorded during two flight segments. During one the pilot was flying, and during the other, the weapon systems officer was flying the aircraft. The P2 component of the brain-evoked potential evidenced reduced amplitude during the pilot-flying segment, while the N1 component was reduced during both flight tasks compared to ground-based tasks. These data indicate that the P2 amplitude is sensitive to the level of pilot workload. These results were further substantiated using simultaneously recorded physiological data and subjective workload measures. For example, cardiac inter-beat intervals decreased during flight segments relative to those recorded when performing a tracking task, and further reduced for the pilot-flying vs. the weapon systems officer-flying segment. Eye blink measures were sensitive to the visual demands of the various tasks. These data show that evoked potentials can be recorded during flight, and that, together with cardiac and eye blink data, they provide a composite picture of operator state.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1994

The excitability of blink reflexes in patients with neurologic and psychiatric disorders.

The blink reflex and its recovery curve were studied in 12 patients with neurologic and psychiatric disorders, i.e., juvenile Parkinson's disease (case 1), Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (case 2), anorexia nervosa (case 3), mild developmental delay (cases 4 and 5), a meningomyelocele with winking spasms (case 6), Parkinson's disease (cases 7-10) and OPCA (cases 11 and 12). The cases were divided into 4 groups on the basis of the results, (1) hyperexcitability of facial motoneurons only (case 6), (2) hyperexcitability of facial motoneurons and brainstem interneurons (case 1 and 2), (3) hyperexcitability of brainstem interneurons only (cases 4, 5 and 7-12) and (4) hypoexcitability of both sides (case 3). Therefore, as to the excitability an abnormal pattern of blink reflexes could be a neurophysiologic marker of some neurologic and psychiatric disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[The blink reflex in severely handicapped patients with dysphagia].

We investigated the blink reflex in 27 severely handicapped patients. 15 males and 12 females, from 5 to 60 years old. They were divided into three groups; the tube-feeding group (9 patients), the oral-feeding group (9 patients), and the mixed-feeding group (9 patients). Seven normal subjects also were included in this study. There was a significant difference in the late ipsilateral component (R2) between the tube-feeding and oral-feeding groups. The average R 2 time were 43.0 msec. in the tube-feeding group and 36.7 msec. in the oral feeding group. The auditory brainstem response (ABR) showed no significant difference between the two groups. These results suggested that the swallowing function in the patients needed for tube feeding was affected by not only the cortical lesions but also the brainstem ones. Furthermore, it is speculated that the degree of brainstem dysfunction in the tube-feeding group was more severe than in the non-tube-feeding group. The blink reflex is one of the useful electrophysiological parameters for evaluating the brainstem function in severely handicapped patients with dysphagia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effect of photic conditioning on blink reflex recovery function in blepharospasm.

Patients with blepharospasm may have selective sensitivity to photic stimuli, for their symptoms are often aggravated after exposure to brightness. To investigate the pathophysiology underlying this phenomenon, we compared the effects of electric and photic conditioning on electrically-evoked blink reflex in 21 patients with blepharospasm and 11 age-matched control subjects. With electric conditioning, R1 was facilitated at inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) of up to 100 ms in both groups. R2 was inhibited at all ISIs longer than 20 ms in the normals, but to a much lesser extent in the patients, suggesting increased excitability of the multi-synaptic reflex pathway. Compared to electric conditioning, photic conditioning was less potent in inhibiting R2 in the normals. In contrast, photic conditioning in the patients produced R2 inhibition as powerful as electric conditioning. These findings indicate that, in patients with blepharospasm, photic input has a relatively more profound inhibitory effect on the test blink reflex than electric conditioning as compared with normal subjects. The greater susceptibility of the brainstem interneurons to photic conditioning in blepharospasm may be related to the clinically-observed light sensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Preservation of photic blink reflex in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

PURPOSE: To examine whether the early response of photic blink reflex (PBR) is spared in patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). METHODS: Twenty-six patients with bilateral optic neuropathy (visual acuity < or = 0.1) and central scotomata were divided into LHON group with one of three mitochondrial DNA mutations at nucleotide position of 3460, 11778, or 14484 and non-LHON group without them. Latencies of the PBR early response and those of the electrically evoked blink reflex (EBR) response were compared among the 26 patients and 20 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: In controls, average latency of the PBR response was 50.3 +/- 2.4 msec and was in accordance with previous reports. Ten of eleven patients with LHON had normal PBR responses, whereas 12 of 15 controls without LHON had abnormal responses (P = 0.0005). Latencies of EBR responses were normal in all but one patient with LHON. CONCLUSIONS: The afferent fibers of the PBR early response, as well as those of the light reaction, are reported to terminate presumably in the pretectum. Together with the reported evidence of the preserved light reaction in patients with LHON, we presume that W retinal ganglion cells may project common afferent fibers of these two neuronal pathways and may be preferentially spared in patients with LHON.

Adolescent↗