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IN 1910, RENOWNED neurosurgeon Sir Victor Horsley published a description of the signs and symptoms associated with a condition he referred to as a "neglected malady." We invite readers to identify the condition, on the basis of Horsley's description.
WE STUDY HISTORY in an attempt to achieve a wide perspective of life and reality. Spinal disorders, particularly spine traumas and their complications, have been one of the most challenging problems throughout the history of medicine and, indeed, throughout the history of humanity. The pioneers and founders of scientific medicine committed much of their lives to understanding these disorders. There is a paucity of historical documentation. From the extraordinary efforts of early practitioners, we may glean insight relevant to the more effective treatment of such debilitating disorders. Ibn Sina (Avicenna), who lived in the medieval period, was one such physician. His principal book of medicine, The Canon, played a fundamental role in the practice of medicine in the Eastern and Western worlds between the 11th and 17th centuries. In this book, published in the 11th century, he provided detailed accounts of spinal disorders and strategies for their management. Here, we provide a brief review of Avicenna's most significant points concerning spinal diseases and their treatment from the chapters of the Canon. Although, there are not basic differences from Hippocratic knowledge, this book contains some original contributions.
ONE HUNDRED YEARS ago, the 24-year-old Pablo Picasso painted the masterpiece Portrait of Gertrude Stein. The portrait was a landmark and a turning point for both artist and model. The painting, completed in 1906 in Paris, marked a radical stylistic change for Picasso and was a transitional work signaling the beginnings of Cubism. Gertrude Stein, along with her brothers, was a collector of modern art at the turn of the century. Her weekly "salons" in Paris became legendary and provided a place for intellectuals of the day--writers, painters, critics, and poets--to congregate and exchange ideas. Gertrude Stein's collecting was paralleled by her writing of avant-garde prose. Her style was radical and influential, and the construction and syntax of her works was a literary analog of the Cubist artwork she was collecting in the early 1900s. Gertrude Stein became an enduring cultural icon and her portrait stayed with her in France from the time of its creation in 1906, through both World Wars, and until her death in 1946. The portrait remained with her companion, Alice B. Toklas, until its bequest to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Universally recognized as one of the classic and pivotal works of Picasso's late Rose period, Portrait of Gertrude Stein brilliantly captures the psychological character of one of the great American writers and cultural figures of the last century.
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The genetic contributions of Sewall Wright is briefly reviewed with special reference to J.B.S. Haldane's work. These include his work in population genetics, statistics, and animal breeding.
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Relying on an audience of one for their impact, the verse letters of John Donne are closer to autobiography than anything else in his poetry. Among the most tender of these lyrics are the verse letters written to a young man named Thomas Woodward, whose older brother was one of Donne's closest friends. Using sexual metaphors, the poems reflect a homoerotic undercurrent and demonstrate affection that most readers of Donne associate only with his heterosexual love poems.
Thom Gunn has relied on biblical stories throughout his writing career to carry gay-themed poems. Although he characterizes himself agnostic, it is difficult to reconcile this self-definition with the tenderness evident in his biblical poems, a tenderness that many would identify with a kind of piety. Two of these poems reflect Gunn's reaction to paintings by Caravaggio, "The Sacrifice of Isaac" and "The Conversion of St. Paul." For the former, Gunn seems to have intuited Caravaggio's fascination with the naked figure of Isaac who appears about to be sodomized by Abraham. For the Paul poem, Gunn chooses one of two Caravaggio paintings on the subject, the one which emphasizes Paul in a recumbent and vulnerable sexual position. Gunn has also written tenderly of the Virgin Mary and Christ. His poem "Lazarus Not Raised" is an unusual look at the New Testament Lazarus story from Lazarus's point of view as a dead man who is not particularly interested in coming back to life even though he is encouraged to do so by a bevy of male friends. In recent years Gunn has continued to use biblical flavors in his verse, maintaining all the time his agnosticism.
In 1860, the Danish fairy tale writer (whose fairy tales are perhaps primarily for grown-ups) met Karl Maria Kertbeny--who is supposed to have coined the term "homosexual" (first used in a private manuscript in 1868). The meeting caused immense despair in Andersen; yet what happened has remained a mystery. A careful study of Andersen's fairy tales and papers, however, provides a clue to an answer. The article deals with the horrors of being labelled; but it also discusses labelling as merely a minor part of what goes on in the making of the modern homosexual. Above all, Andersen's moods seem important and identifiable to us as homosexuals; more generally, they seem stirringly close to postmodern existence.
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This paper discusses two leading English Romantic poets- Percy Bysshe Shelley and George Gordon, Lord Byron-and three of their friends, who lived close together in Italy during the first half of 1822. Despite the censorious efforts of family, friends and biographers, ample evidence survives to establish the importance of male love in their lives and works. They were ardent hellenists, whose reference point for male love was the homoerotic ethos of Ancient Greece.
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The impact of a specially designed patient education program upon the diabetes-related knowledge and compliance of insulin dependent diabetic patients was investigated. The program consisted of an audiovisual presentation, illustrated handout material, and pharmacist-patient counseling. Based on statistical considerations, 65 eligible patients were assigned systematically to a control group (Group I) and a study group (Group II) and were evaluated for compliance following a standardized protocol. Immediately following the interview, Group II patients were instructed utilizing the patient education program. Scores for initial and final evaluations of knowledge and compliance were compared using appropriate statistical procedures. The program was successful in producing improvements in both knowledge and compliance but a need for individualization of patient education efforts was indicated. Significant improvements in compliance were not observed among patients older than the mean age for study patients and those with diabetes complicated by cardiovascular and hypertensive disease.
The work of Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887) related to probability and statistics and, in particular, to the treatment of observations is described. From a mathematical point of view his arguments were often insufficient, but his work proved to be highly fruitful, and the relevant comments of such scholars as Pearson and von Mises are presented. As the originator of psychophysics, Fechner opened up a new field for quantification. Subsequent workers rejected some of his findings, while at the same time acknowledging their debt to him.