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Results for “Behavior Control”

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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Effect of behavioral variables on cooling rate of man in cold water.

Five different behaviors of man while in cold ocean water (9-10 degrees C) were assessed for their effect on rate of progress into hypothermia. With subjects wearing lifejackets, two thermally protective behaviors were studied which reduce exposure to the water of areas of body surface with high relative heat loss potential. One was huddling of three persons and the other a self-huddle behavior (HELP or Heat Escape Lessening Posture). These two behaviors resulted in significant reductions of rectal temperature cooling rate of 66 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively, of that of a control behavior. With no flotation available, two survival swimming behaviors (treading water and drownproofing) were shown to result in significant increases in cooling rate to 134 per cent and 182 per cent, respectively, of the control behavior. Potential swimming distance of subjects wearing a life-jacket was 0.85 miles in water near 12 degrees C before predicted incapacitation by hypothermia. It was concluded that behavioral variables can be of major importance in determining survival time in cold water through modulation of cooling rate associated with other variables such as fatness, body size, and clothing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[The attitude of the 11th grade school girls to their bodies and weight control].

OBJECTIVE: Of the study was to detect the girls of 11th grade attitude towards their bodies and weight control. METHODS: The girls attitude towards their bodies and weight control was determined by anonymous 48-item questionnaire. The percentage of body fat (Durnin & Womersley, 1974) of each girl was estimated as well. RESULTS: Showed that a large part of the normal weight girls (58.5%) considered their weight too high. The girls with higher body fat and those who considered their weight to be too high judged their bodies and separate body parts more negative; their weight control behavior was more negative as well. The bigger difference between actual and desirable body weight was related with more negative weight control behavior and higher fear of weight gain. The attitude of the girls involved and not involved in leisure sports activities towards their bodies showed no significant difference while more dieting cases in sport involved group was determined. CONCLUSIONS: Attitude towards body weight was a higher predictor of negative weight control aspects than the actual percentage of body fat. The problem needs future examination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Perceived control of nutrition behavior: a study of the locus of control theory among healthy subjects.

This study was conducted to gain insight into individuals' perceptions of their willingness and ability to change their nutrition behavior. As eating habits are primarily socially learned, the locus of control theory, a social learning theory, was applied to the understanding of nutrition behavior. Responses from 105 young male and female subjects to a questionnaire devised to examine individuals' beliefs about the internal and external factors which control, or determine, dietary habits and health were analyzed. Individual values and assessment of personal health and diet were measured, and demographic data were collected. Two major findings were obtained. First, the locus of control theory was too narrow a construct to explain the subjects' responses and beliefs. The data suggested six categories which differentiated between individuals' expectations about factors controlling outcomes of behavior and those controlling actual personal behaviors. Second, there were significant differences in responses to locus of control statements on the basis of certain demographic variables, especially religious affiliation. Religious/traditional Jewish subjects tended to be more internally oriented than nonreligious/nontraditional Jewish subjects, independent of other demographic variables. Subjects with greater willingness and perceived ability to change their nutrition behavior appeared to take responsibility for choosing what is "right" or "better" and had firmly established personal guidelines for what is, or is not, acceptable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1960

Control of behavior by presentation of an imprinted stimulus.

When presentation of an imprinted stimulus is contingent upon an arbitrarily chosen response, the rate of emission of this response increases. This control of responding requires a moving imprinted stimulus and does not require a following response by the duck.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the effect of nitrous oxide and hydroxyzine in controlling the behavior of the pediatric dental patient.

This study evaluated and compared the effect of three different sedation combinations on the young dental patient: hydroxyzine alone, hydroxyzine with nitrous oxide, and nitrous oxide alone. Nineteen uncooperative children with mean age of 37 months needing at least three restorative visits were selected for this study. Crying, alertness, and general behavior were evaluated during the dental procedure. The combination of hydroxyzine and nitrous oxide was more effective than the others for the majority of the sessions in terms of controlling crying and alertness. The results in the present study indicate that the sedative effect of hydroxyzine on children's behavior is enhanced by the addition of nitrous oxide.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Personal responsibility and control over our bodies: when expectation exceeds reality.

Good health has become more than a means to personal goals such as greater attractiveness and increased longevity. It symbolizes self-control, hard work, ambition, and success in life. Inherent in this symbolism is the concept that the individual controls behavior, which in turn controls health. Although control over one's life plays an important role in both physical and mental health, the concept of personal control also infers responsibility. Positive attributes are accorded to people who are healthy, but those who fall ill, or those with less than the perfect body, are blamed and are thought to be self-indulgent, lazy, or even irresponsible and immoral. There is a tendency to overstate the impact of personal behavior on health. However, biological realities shape the degree to which health is under the control of the individual. The positive effects of behavior change must be balanced with the limits imposed by biology.

Advertising↗
PubMed1995

Calcium channel blockers antagonize some of cocaine's cardiovascular effects, but fail to alter cocaine's behavioral effects.

The effects of cocaine alone and in combination with the calcium channel blockers nimodipine, verapamil and diltiazem were determined for different groups of squirrel monkeys on cardiovascular function, schedule-controlled behavior and drug self-administration. Cocaine alone (0.3 mg/kg) produced increases in both blood pressure and heart rate. All three calcium channel blockers antagonized the pressor effect, but were ineffective against the tachycardiac effect of cocaine. Nimodipine was the most potent agent in antagonizing the pressor effect of cocaine. Response rates for monkeys responding on a second-order schedule of food presentation were increased by intermediate doses of cocaine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and were primarily decreased at a higher dose (3.0 mg/kg). Quarter-life values, an index of response patterning, were only decreased by cocaine. None of the calcium channel blockers altered cocaine's effects on either response rate or response patterning. In the self-administration experiments, the training dose of 56 micrograms/kg cocaine maintained high rates of responding on a simple fixed-ratio schedule. As with schedule-controlled behavior, none of the calcium channel blockers altered cocaine self-administration even when administered before self-administration sessions during 5 consecutive days. These results suggest that the calcium channel blockers may be useful in treating cardiovascular-related complications after cocaine use, but they would not be effective as long-term treatment agents for cocaine abuse.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Predicting dentists' perceived occupational risk for HIV infection.

This study posed two questions: what is the level of perceived occupational risk among American general practice dentists (GPDs)? What factors influence perception of occupational risk for HIV infection among GPDs? In data obtained from a national mail survey of 1351 GPDs (response rate, 88%) 31% of American GPDs expressed disagreement with the statement that HIV+ individuals can be safely treated in their office settings. Of the 16 variables entered into a multiple regression equation, 9 variables had a statistically significant influence on dentists' assessment of occupational risk. In order of their influence they were (1) concern re the economic viability of the practice, (2) ethical obligation to treat patients at risk, (3) certainty of having treated patients with HIV infection, (4) risk attributed to four accidental occupational exposures, (5) concern re treatment of homosexuals, (6) relevant continuing education exposure, (7) personal worry re transmission of HIV infection from patients, (8) implementation of infection control behaviors, (9) number of patients seen per week. Statistically nonsignificant predictors of interest included age, knowledge level re HIV transmission routes, practice location in a high prevalence area, and perceived effectiveness of infection control behaviors. Results argue for intervention programs with less focus on delivery of factual information regarding the transmission of the disease and the effectiveness of infection control techniques, and more emphasis on the themes of practice economic viability, professional ethics, and structured educational encounters involving dentists' knowing exposure to HIV-infected patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Neural control of behavioral responses in the nudibranch mollusc Phestilla sibogae.

The tropical aeoliacean nudibranch Phestilla sibogae, has a number of large and reidentifiable neurons in its centrally located cerebral-pedal-pleural ganglion complex. In studies involving nearly intact animal preparations, neurons were identified which control specific movements of the dorsal cerata, the oral veil tentacles, and the margins of the foot. Responses of neurons to mechanical vibrations in the environment, and responses to light not mediated by the eyes are described. Finally, a pair of large cerebral neurons are identified that are superficially similar in structure, location, and function to the metacerebral giants found in several other opisthobranchs. These neurons are electrically coupled and control stereotyped movements of the mouth. These anatomical and neurophysiological features, when coupled with the fact that the generation time of Phestilla (30 days) is comparable to that of Drosophila suggests that this nudibranch may prove useful in combined studies of neurophysiology, behavior and genetics.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Conflicting processes in the extinction of conditioned taste aversion: behavioral and molecular aspects of latency, apparent stagnation, and spontaneous recovery.

The study of experimental extinction and of the spontaneous recovery of the extinguished memory could cast light on neurobiological mechanisms by which internal representations compete to control behavior. In this work, we use a combination of behavioral and molecular methods to dissect subprocesses of experimental extinction of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Extinction of CTA becomes apparent only 90 min after the extinction trial. This latency is insensitive to muscarinic and beta-adrenergic modulation and to protein synthesis inhibition in the insular cortex (IC). Immediately afterwards, however, the extinguishing trace becomes sensitive to beta-adrenergic blockade and protein synthesis inhibition. The subsequent kinetics and magnitude of extinction depend on whether a spaced or massed extinction protocol is used. A massed protocol is highly effective in the short run, but results in apparent stagnation of extinction in the long-run, which conceals fast spontaneous recovery of the preextinguished trace. This recovery can be truncated by a beta-adrenergic agonist or a cAMP analog in the insular cortex, suggesting that spontaneous overtaking of the behavioral control by the original association is regulated at least in part by beta-adrenergic input, probably operating via the cAMP cascade, long after the offset of the conditioned stimulus. Hence, the performance of the subject in experimental extinction is the sum total of multiple, sometimes conflicting, time-dependent processes.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Physical aggression and control in heterosexual relationships: the effect of sampling.

This study investigated the proposition by Johnson (1995) that there are distinct patterns of physical aggression within relationships, characterized as common couple violence and patriarchal terrorism. The present samples comprised students (N = 113), women from a domestic violence refuge (N = 44), and male prisoners (N = 108). Participants completed measures of physical aggression, controlling behavior, fear of injuries, and injuries. Reports of these measures were entered into a Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). With the exception of self-reported use of controlling behavior, the variables showed univariately significant differences between the groups. The DFA produced two significant functions which together correctly classified 75% of cases. These results support the view that there are distinct patterns of aggressive relationships corresponding to those identified by Johnson (1995).

Aggression↗
PubMed1975

Use of classical conditioning procedures to control aggressive behaviors in children: a preliminary report.

This experiment tested the effectiveness of classical conditioning procedures in reducing children's aggressive behaviors in a classroom setting. As hypothesized, 11 boys and 14 girls who were shown pictures of aggressive scenes paired with the presentation of negatively evaluated words subsequently displayed significantly fewer aggressive responses than controls who had not experienced these conditioning procedures. A significant teacher/classroom effect was also found, which appeared to be a function of the level of the 3 teachers' permissiveness. Specifically, children's aggressive behaviors occurred more frequently in the classroom where a permissive atmosphere prevailed than in the classroom where a more restrictive atmosphere was maintained. In those classrooms where a permissive atmosphere prevailed, the children who were the same sex as their teacher tended to display more aggressive responses than those children who were the opposite sex from their teacher.

Adolescent↗