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At least 595 records · Page 33Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Membrane cholesterol content of cholesterol/phospholipid vesicles determines the susceptibility to both damage and protection by bile salts: implications for bile physiology.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of membrane lipid composition on the susceptibility to bile salt damage and protection. DESIGN: Artificial model cholesterol/phospholipid (c/p) membranes (vesicles) with a varying cholesterol (0-15 mM) and phospholipid content (3-30 mM), and with a c/p ratio ranging up to 1.70, were prepared by sonication. We examined the effect of incubation with increasing concentrations of either tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC), taurocholate (TC) or taurodeoxycholate (TDC) alone, or with proportionally varying mixtures of TUDC and TDC. METHOD: Vesicle integrity was assessed by the change in optical absorbance at 340 nm. RESULTS: Absorption of the bile salt-vesicle mixture decreased, with increasing bile salt concentration and hydrophobicity: TUDC less than TC less than TDC. Moreover, bile salt-induced damage also depended on membrane composition: vesicles containing more than 5 mM cholesterol and with a c/p ratio greater than 0.8 were less likely to be solubilized by 30 mM bile salt. Similarly, only in cholesterol-rich vesicles (c/p > 0.5) was a protective effect of TUDC against membrane disruption by TDC revealed upon incubation with various TUDC/TDC mixtures. CONCLUSION: Apart from the bile salt concentration and hydrophobicity, the cholesterol content of vesicles is pivotal, both in the bile salt-induced solubilization of cholesterol/phospholipid vesicles and in the potency of TUDC to prevent this.

Bile↗
PubMed1988

Occurrence of cholesterol monohydrate crystals in gallbladder and hepatic bile in man: influence of bile acid treatment.

The occurrence of cholesterol monohydrate crystals was examined and related to the degree of cholesterol saturation in gallbladder bile and hepatic bile of gallstone (GS) patients (n = 34), gallstone-free (GSF) subjects (n = 33) and GS patients treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA (n = 7) or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (n = 11) for 3 weeks prior to cholecystectomy. Twenty-five untreated GS patients (74%) and four UDCA-treated patients (40%) displayed cholesterol crystals in the gallbladder bile. Only two GSF subjects (6%) and none of the CDCA-treated patients had crystals. Half of the patients with crystals in the gallbladder bile had crystals also in the hepatic bile. Cholesterol saturation of the gallbladder bile was higher in GS (142 +/- 15%, mean +/- SEM) than in GSF patients (74 +/- 5%). Saturation was also higher in GS patients with crystals (157 +/- 20%) than in those without crystals (99 +/- 12%). Gallbladder bile was unsaturated in all CDCA- and UDCA-treated patients. The results underline the importance of the degree of cholesterol saturation for the formation of cholesterol crystals. The data also give further support to the concept that the mechanism for inducing gallstone dissolution is different for CDCA and UDCA.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Cholesterol and bile salt studies on the bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones.

Gallbladder bile from patients with cholesterol stones and control patients without cholesterol stones was analysed for the relative concentrations of bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol. It was not possible to distinguish stone-forming from control biles when these were plotted on triangular coordinates. There was a significant increase in the dihydroxy: trihydroxy bile salt ratio in the patients with cholesterol gallstones. The maximum cholesterol holding capacity for the bile salts was determined and no difference could be detected in the ability of the bile salts from either cholesterol stone-containing and control bile samples to dissolve cholesterol.

Bile↗
PubMed1978

Measurement of bile acids in fasting gastric aspirates: an objective test for bile reflux after gastric surgery.

We measured the concentration of bile acids in gastric aspirates from patients who had had operations for peptic ulcer. Some patients were asymptomatic and some had postoperative symptoms of the type that have been attributed to duodenogastric reflux. Samples were obtained via a nasogastric tube when the patients were fasting, after food, after pentagastrin, and overnight. We related the concentration and amount of bile acid and the volume aspirated to the presence or absence of symptoms and compared the results with radiological and endoscopic assessments of duodenogastric reflux. The most useful index to discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was the amount of bile reflux in half an hour's aspiration from the fasting stomach; this we have termed 'fasting bile reflux' (FBR) and expressed as mumol bile acids refluxing/hour. A figure greater than 120 mumol/h was present in 17 of 22 symptomatic patients and in all who complained of bile regurgitation or bile vomiting. The FBR was less than 120 mumol/h in all of 20 asymptomatic patients, although some of them had reflux detected radiologically and endoscopically.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Bile salt dependent bile flow in the rabbit: evidence for the importance of an amiloride inhibitable pathway.

Bile salt dependent flow and electrolyte secretion in response to two bile salts were studied in awake rabbits. It was found that sodium glycodeoxycholate had a much greater choleretic and cholioneretic efficiency than sodium taurocholate. The effect of the bile salts on flow and electrolyte secretion was not linear across the range of bile salt secretion rates studied. When amiloride was administered significant decreases in choleretic and cholioneretic efficiencies occurred, but furosemide had no effect. It is concluded that bile salts stimulate electrolyte transport via amiloride inhibitable cellular processes, and that this electrolyte transport is in part responsible for bile salt dependent bile flow.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1987

Modulation of hepatic biotransformation and biliary excretion of bile acid by age and sinusoidal bile acid load.

Pericentral hepatocytes excrete bile acids more slowly and biotransform them more than periportal cells. This may reflect adaptation to low pericentral bile acid concentration or may be intrinsic. We studied two models in which pericentral bile acid concentrations are high: the 72-h choledocho-caval shunt (CCS) rat and the 3- to 4-wk-old rat. Livers were perfused forward or backward to assess periportal or pericentral hepatocyte function. Taurodeoxycholate (TDC) was infused at 32 nmol X min-1 X g liver-1, and a bolus of [3H]TDC was given to assess metabolism and excretion of bile acids. In CCS livers perfused backward, pericentral cells resembled periportal cells of controls in that time to excrete 50% of administered [3H]TDC (t50) was reduced by two-thirds and [3H]TDC biotransformation was reduced by about half. In young livers t50 was half that of adult livers when perfused backward. Biotransformation, however, was not reduced. Young livers biotransformed more than adult controls for any given residence time of bile acid in the liver. We conclude that the difference between pericentral and periportal cells as regards bile acid processing is adaptive. Livers from young rats biotransform more bile acid than those from controls under similar conditions.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Effects of selective zonal injury on bile acid-induced bile flow in the isolated rat liver.

The importance of acinar heterogeneity in ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)-induced bile flow was assessed in isolated rat livers that underwent restricted acinar damage by antegrade (A; 50 nmol) or retrograde (R; 500 nmol) digitonin infusion, as confirmed by histological evaluation. Stability of reduced (-40%) bile flow and perfusion flow (-25%) at constant pressure and potassium and lactate dehydrogenase release indicated similar viability of A and R preparations. They also showed similar abilities to secrete increasing doses of taurocholate (TC, maximal secretion rate approximately 105 nmol.min-1.g liver-1). TC-induced bile flow was not reduced by digitonin. In contrast, UDCA-induced choleresis was sensitive to zonal injury. Moreover, increases in bile flow and bicarbonate secretion observed under UDCA infusion (1.5 mumol/min) were lower in R than in A (-33 and -51%, respectively). No significant difference was observed in UDCA amidation or glucuronation between A and R preparations. With the use of single-pass perfusion on intact isolated livers that received 1 or 10 mumol UDCA, an early peak in bile acid output was observed to occur before the appearance of the major secretory peak. This was not found when 1 mumol of chenodeoxycholic acid bolus or trace amounts of [14C]TC were given. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the early peak revealed it to be mainly due to unconjugated UDCA. This suggests the existence of a diffusional pathway for protonated bile acids and hence that the exist of lipophilic UDCA from bile during its way through the intra-acinar canaliculi across this pathway is also possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of bile and bile acids in bacterial translocation in obstructive jaundice in rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups in which group 1 received a sham operation (controls), groups 2-5 underwent common bile duct ligation and transection 14 days before the experiments. Two days prior to the studies, animals in groups 1 and 2 received saline orally, while groups 3-5 received an oral administration of either cholic acid, deoxycholic acid or whole bile. Specimens were taken for bacterial culture, and blood was collected for endotoxin assay. The rate of positive bacterial cultures from mesenteric lymph nodes in jaundiced saline-treated animals was significantly higher (p < 0.05) as compared with both controls and the other jaundiced animals treated with either bile or bile acids. Assays were positive for endotoxin in the jaundiced saline-treated group, whereas they were negative in both controls and bile- or bile-acid-treated animals. We conclude that oral administration of cholic acid, deoxycholic acid or whole bile inhibited bacterial translocation and endotoxin absorption in obstructive jaundice in the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Diurnal changes of bile lipid concentration in hepatic bile of cholecystectomized man.

Diurnal variations of bile lipid concentration were studied in ten patients with a tube in the main bile duct following a cholecystectomy. 5-6 bile samples per 24 h were collected from each patient during 3-40 days. The enterohepatic cycle was not significantly modified since total bile samples did not exceed 40 ml/day. Significant diurnal variations were observed in cholesterol concentration. Changes in lecithin concentration seemed to be similar in seven patients but did not reach the level of significance in any individual patient. Maximal values were observed between 4 and 8 a.m. and minimal values at 4 p.m. Bile salt concentration varied without any circadian periodicity. Mean bile lipid concentration was calculated for each patient. The patients with highest cholesterol concentrations have also the highest mean lecithin concentration. Mean bile salt concentration does not differ much from one patient to another.

Adult↗
PubMed1972

Metabolism of steroid and amino acid moieties of conjugated bile acids in man. II. Glycine-conjugated dihydroxy bile acids.

Chenodeoxycholyl-2,4-(3)H-glycine-1-(14)C and deoxycholyl-2,4-(3)H-glycine-1-(14)C were synthesized and administered orally to 10 healthy subjects. Distribution of radioactivity among bile acids and specific activity of steroid and amino acid moieties were determined in bile samples. (3)H and (14)C were measured in feces. (14)C in breath was calculated from interval (14)CO(2) specific activity determinations. The daily fractional turnover of the glycine moiety of chenodeoxycholyl and deoxycholylglycines was more than three times that of the steroid moiety. Pool size of chenodeoxycholylglycine was about twice that of deoxycholylglycine, but similar fractional turnover rates of steroid and amino acid moieties suggested that intestinal absorption of the two conjugated bile acids was equally efficient (about 95%). The amount of unlabeled deoxycholic acid (newly formed by bacterial 7alpha-dehydroxylation) absorbed from the intestine approximated 30% of the cholic acid that was lost. (3)H radioactivity remained predominantly in administered bile acid implying that, normally, secondary bile acids derived from chenodeoxycholic acid are not appreciably absorbed from the intestine and that deoxycholic acid is not hydroxylated by the liver. Approximately 25% of administered (14)C was recovered in the breath in the first 24 hr and less than 8% in the feces in 8 days; (14)CO(2) excretion correlated highly with fractional turnover of the glycine moiety. (3)H appeared predominantly in feces, and the rate of excretion correlated highly with the fractional turnover of the steroid moiety of bile acids. From the results in this paper plus previous measurements on the metabolism of cholylglycine, we calculated that about 6 mmoles/day of glycine is used for bile acid conjugation in health.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Cholesterol solubility in bile. Evidence that supersaturated bile is frequent in healthy man.

The development and validation of a direct method for measuring maximum cholesterol solubility in bile is described. Application of this method to five large mammalian species, including man, produced a micellar zone significantly smaller than that previously reported. Further studies on in vitro model solutions patterned after bile confirmed this new micellar zone. Thus, direct evidence demonstrates that the micellar zone boundary derived in vitro from model solutions is applicable to human gallbladder bile. Using the present criteria, normal human bile, in contrast to bile from other mammalian species, is commonly supersaturated with cholesterol. A male-female difference in bile composition is not demonstrable despite the well-established female preponderance of cholelithiasis. Bile from patients with cholesterol cholelithiasis has a micellar zone similar to normals but differs compositionally in that there is a greater excess of cholesterol above saturation. We conclude that cholesterol supersaturation may be a necessary but not solely sufficient cause for gallstone formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A study on the dissolution and disintegration of calcium bilirubinate stones, with special reference to effects of litholytic agents in human bile and to irrigation of bile duct in dogs.

1) Slices of calcium bilirubinate stones were readily soluble in bile added with tetrasodium salt of ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA.4Na). 2) Bile added with 3 agents, EDTA.4Na, ursodeoxycholate (Urso), and heparin could dissolve calcium bilirubinate stones more easily than, or comparably to, the bile added only with EDTA.4Na. 3) The pH of the bile added with the combination of EDTA.4Na-Urso-heparin was 8.72 +/- 0.15, which was slightly more neutral than the bile added with EDTA.4Na alone. 4) In dogs, the bile duct was dilated and irrigated with an EDTA solution for 4 weeks. This irrigation resulted in no abnormalities in hepatic function, the serum calcium level, or the histology of the gallbladder or the common bile duct. In conclusion, the combined solution of EDTA.4Na-Urso-heparin is effective for the dissolution and disintegration of calcium bilirubinate stones with little disturbance of human bodies.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Bile duct hamartomas (von Mayenburg complexes) mimicking liver metastases from bile duct cancer: MRC findings.

We present a case of a 72-year-old man with a common bile duct cancer, who was initially believed to have multiple liver metastases based on computed tomography findings, and in whom magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) revealed a diagnosis of bile duct hamartomas. At exploration for pancreaticoduodenectomy, liver palpation revealed disseminated nodules at the surface of the liver. These nodules showed gray-white nodular lesions of about 0.5 cm in diameter scattered on the surface of both liver lobes, which were looked like multiple liver metastases from bile duct cancer. Frozen section of the liver biopsy disclosed multiple bile ducts with slightly dilated lumens embedded in the collagenous stroma characteristics of multiple bile duct hamartomas (BDHs). Only two reports have described the MRC features of bile duct hamartomas. Of all imaging procedures, MRC provides the most relevant features for the imaging diagnosis of bile duct hamartomas.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adherence of bile-isolated bacteria to the bile ducts mucosa as a pathogenic factor in the development of inflammatory lesions.

Bacterial infection of the bile system appears to be an important factor in the formation of stones. In view of the hypothesis that strains of E. c. form an essential factor in infections of the bile ducts, an attempt has been made to determine the connection between infections of the bile ducts and the adherence of E. c. to the epithelium of the gallbladder. The research covered 148 patients operated electively for cholecystolithiasis (121), cholecystocholedocholithiasis (26) and recurrent lithiasis (1). In bile collected from the gallbladder in the course of the operation, E. coli strains were isolated. Cholangioscopy performed in 26 patients enabled the macroscopic evaluation and grading of inflammatory lesions of bile duct mucosa. The mucosa of the gallbladder was evaluated histologically. The adherence test was performed using homologous and heterologous strains of E. c. isolated from the bile of gallstone patients. The adherence occurred most frequently in the neck of the gallbladder (71-100%) in those patients in whom an infectious process of the bile ducts mucosa was endoscopically diagnosed. The adherence of bacteria to the epithelium of the gallbladder did not depend on the type of inflammation (acute, chronic).

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2002

[Features of composition of bile acids in duodenal bile in patients with chronic pancreatitis].

A number of conditions contributing to changes in metabolism of bile acids (BA) appears in case of chronic pancreatitis (CP). There was a study of particular features of the BA composition in the bile of 20 patients with CP and 10 donors with the help of the thin-layer chromatography method. The first group consisted of patients with alcoholic pancreatitis (AP) at the acute stage of the disease, and the second one consisted of patients with chronic biliary pancreatitis. A substantial increase in the content of conjugated BA was recorded in the bile of AP patients. The dependence of changes of bile secretion and its content on the duration of the disease was established. A reduction of bile secretion and decrease in the content of conjugated BA and cholesterol therein were recorded in the second group of patients. A particular feature of the BA composition was a decrease in the percentage of conjugates of cholic acid and glycodioxicholan acids. Cholic acid prevailed among free BAs. The lithocholic acid content increased depending on the duration and severity of the disease. Possible reasons of cholesterol deficit and high free cholic acid content in the bile of CP patients were noted. The findings indicate a colloidal stability of the bile in case of CP. An abnormal conjugation of BAs with glycine and especially with taurine can be not only the reason for changes in the qualitative BA composition but can also lead to changes in absorption of exogenous cholesterol. These changes are most apparent in patients with biliary-dependent forms of pancreatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Bile acids in bile during long-term chenodeoxycholic acid treatment.

Relative concentrations of conjugated and sulfated bile acids in duodenal bile were measured in 5 patients before and during treatment with 0.50-0.75 g of chenodeoxycholic acid per day for 3-4 months. Lithocholic acid constituted 0.8-3.3% (mean 1.8%) of total conjugated and sulfated bile acids before and 0-5.4% (mean 2.6%) during treatment. Lithocholic acid was the predominant bile acid in the sulfate fraction in three patients and chenodeoxycholic acid in two. Sulfated bile acids constituted less than 1% of total bile acids and did not increase during treatment. Ursodeoxycholic acid, the other major metabolite of chenodeoxycholic acid, was found in higher amounts during therapy. The unsaturated bile acid 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-cholenic acid, which was found exclusively as its sulfate ester, showed a slight fall. The average G/T conjugation ratio rose from 2.2 to 4.5.

Bile↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of bile and bile acids on monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase activity in the jejunum of rabbits, guinea pigs and swine].

The studies were carried out in vitro on the jejunum of 10 pigs, 10 rabbits and 10 guinea pigs. The activity monoaminooxidase (MAO) was determined manometrically in Warburg's apparatus, that of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) spectrophotometrically after Ellman's method modified by urek and Syrowatka. The obtained results were statistically analysed. It was shown that in the animals studied the bile acids exerted a considerable effect on the activity of enzymes metabolising neurohormones. Under the influence of bile the activity of monoaminooxidase was inhibited. Stimulating, but less distinctly, bile effected the activity of acetylocholinesterase. Significant differences in the action of bile on the activity of these enzymes were found in the jejunum of the animal species studied. The highest decrease in the activity of MAO under the influence of bile was found in the jejunum of the rabbit (by about 65%), a weker in the pig (by 37.5%) and guinea-pig (by 18.5%). However, the highest increase in the activity of AChE under the influence of bile occurred in the pigs (by about 21.6%), a weaker in the rabbit (by 16.4%) and guinea-pig (by about 11.5%). Among the bile acids, the strongest action on both the activity of MAO and AChE was exerted by lithocholic acid, desoxycholic, weaker by cholic and chenodesoxycholic acid. MAO activity under the influence of lithocholic acid decreased (in the pig by about 63%, rabbit by 55.7% and guinea pig by 34.8%). After incubation of the jejunum in desoxycholic acid a decrease in MAO activity occurred (in the rabbit by 43.8%, pig by about 39.4% and guinea-pig by 15.7%). AChE activity under the influence of lithocholic acid increased (in the pig on average by 62.2% rabbit by 21.8 and guinea-pig by about 10.2%). After incubation of the jejunum in desoxycholic acid an increase in the activity of acetylcholinesteras occurred (in the pig by about 13.5%, guinea-pig by 7.7% rabbit 7.3%).

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1986

[Histopathological studies on congenital dilatation of the bile duct--with special reference to the regurgitation of pancreatic juice into the bile duct].

Clinical and experimental studies on congenital dilatation of the bile duct (CDBD) were performed histologically as related to the regurgitation of pancreatic juice into the biliary tract. In all of the 40 patients, resected bile duct showed two characteristic findings such as grandular formation near the epithelial layfer with inflammatory cell infiltration and thickening of the wall occupied with increased collagen fibers. Twenty two of 26 patients (84.6%) who had abdominal pain showed both findings and 11 of 15 cases (73.3%) who had jaundice showed only thickening of the wall (p less than 0.01). Total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels in serum were higher in latter patients and amylase level in bile was higher in the former (p less than 0.05). Grandular formation was shown in all of the 9 patients of which bile duct dilated cylindrically. A canine model in which total pancreatic juice passed via intact common bile duct was made in 10 mongrel dogs. Common bile duct showed cylindrical dilatation and grandular formation with inflammatory cell infiltration histologically. In conclusion, regurgitation of pancreatic juice into the bile duct was thought to take part in grandular formation with inflammatory cell infiltration shown in CDBD.

Adolescent↗