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PubMed2006

Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of clindamycin on the morphological, biochemical and genetic characteristics of Bacteroides fragilis.

The effects of subinhibitory concentrations of clindamycin on the morphological, biochemical and genetic characteristics of species of the Bacteroides fragilis group isolated from children with diarrhea were determined. The minimal inhibitory and subinhibitory concentrations for clindamycin were determined. Minimal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.25 to 512 microg mL(-1) were observed. Cultures grown with clindamycin were used to determine the macroscopic morphological characteristics, cellular viability, ultrastructural characteristics and DNA integrity. Clindamycin did not alter colonial morphology, but after 6 h elongated cells were observed. Also, extracellular vesicles and electron-lucent areas inside the cytoplasm were observed. Bacteria treated with clindamycin also showed fragmentation of DNA as determined by electrophoresis. The alterations produced by clindamycin might be indicative of a possible modification of the structures involved in bacterial pathogenesis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Porphyromonas gingivalis heat shock protein vaccine reduces the alveolar bone loss induced by multiple periodontopathogenic bacteria.

OBJECTIVES: Heat shock protein (HSP) can be utilized as a vaccine to cross-protect against multiple pathogenic species. The present study was performed to evaluate Porphyromonas gingivalis heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) as a vaccine candidate to inhibit multiple bacteria-induced alveolar bone loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Recombinant P. gingivalis HSP60 was produced and purified from P. gingivalis GroEL gene. Rats were immunized with P. gingivalis HSP60, and experimental alveolar bone loss was induced by infection with multiple periodontopathogenic bacteria. RESULTS: There was a very strong inverse relationship between postimmune anti-P. gingivalis HSP immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and the amount of alveolar bone loss induced by either P. gingivalis or multiple bacterial infection (p=0.007). Polymerase chain reaction data indicated that the vaccine successfully eradicated the multiple pathogenic species. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that P. gingivalis HSP60 could potentially be developed as a vaccine to inhibit periodontal disease induced by multiple pathogenic bacteria.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed1985

Clearance of Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide in vivo.

The clearance of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Bacteroides fragilis was studied, using wound chambers implanted subcutaneously in rabbits. The primary skin inflammatory reaction, the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test and the haemagglutination inhibition test all demonstrated a more rapid elimination of LPS from the wound chambers after the second injection, compared to the elimination rate after the first injection given three days earlier. The clearance rate of LPS was significantly higher (0.003 greater than or equal to p greater than or equal to 0.0006) and the number of accumulated leukocytes in the inflammatory exudate significantly lower (p less than or equal to 0.05) after the second injection. Antibodies to B. fragilis LPS in the exudate before the second endotoxin injection was of the 19S IgM class. This suggests that phagocytes in the granulation tissue lining the chamber walls may be of importance in the elimination of endotoxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin in the Bacteroides fragilis group: inducible versus constitutive tetracycline resistance.

The transferability of plasmid-mediated tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin resistance was studied in 63 clinical isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Of 48 strains which were tetracycline resistant (Tcr), the regulation of both the expression of Tcr and its transferability was shown to be under inducible control by tetracycline. In 29 of the strains, Tcr was transferable; in the majority of these (26 strains), transferability was inducible (Trai) and it was constitutive (Trac) in only 3 strains. All four possible phenotypes were found (Tci Trai, Tci Trac, Tcc Trai, and Tcc Trac), which indicates independent control of both Tcr expression and its transferability. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was cotransferred with Tcr in 14 of the 48 Tcr strains and transferred independently of Tcr in only 1 strain.

Bacteroides Infections↗
PubMed1984

Synergism between penicillin, clindamycin, or metronidazole and gentamicin against species of the Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bacteroides fragilis groups.

Clinical isolates of the Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bacteroides fragilis groups were tested for in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to penicillin, clindamycin, and metronidazole, used singly or in combination with gentamicin. The in vitro tests consisted of determinations of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) carried out with or without constant amounts of gentamicin. When used alone, gentamicin had negligible effects on the bacteria but significantly reduced the MICs of penicillin, clindamycin, and metronidazole against 11, 10, and 3, of the 15 strains of the B. melaninogenicus group, respectively. The 15 strains of the B. fragilis group were all beta-lactamase producers and were highly resistant to penicillin or the combination of penicillin and gentamicin. However, gentamicin reduced the MICs of clindamycin and metronidazole against 1 and 7 strains of this group, respectively. The in vivo tests were carried out in mice and consisted of measurements of the effects of the antimicrobial agents on the sizes and bacterial content of abscesses induced by subcutaneous injection of bacterial suspensions. The results of the in vivo tests were generally consistent with those obtained in vitro with strains of the B. melaninogenicus group. Synergism between gentamicin and penicillin, clindamycin, or metronidazole was shown in 13, 10, and 3 strains of this group, respectively. In vivo synergism was not clearly demonstrated with the strains of the B. fragilis group, possibly because clindamycin and metronidazole used alone were highly efficacious. We suggest that the synergistic effect of gentamicin is due to its increased transport into the bacterial cell in the presence of penicillin and, possibly, other antimicrobial agents. The newly recognized in vitro and in vivo synergism between penicillin and other antimicrobial agents and an aminoglycoside in B. melaninogenicus may have clinical implications that deserve to be investigated.

Abscess↗
PubMed1984

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1,292 isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group in the United States: comparison of 1981 with 1982.

A susceptibility survey of 537 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group from eight centers in the United States was continued at the Tufts New England Medical Center in 1982. The results were compared with those of 755 organisms analyzed in 1981. Nine antimicrobial agents were tested by an agar dilution method. The respective percentages of resistance for 1981 and 1982 were as follows (%): cefoxitin, 8 and 10; moxalactam, 22 and 12; cefotaxime, 54 and 48; cefoperazone, 57 and 54; piperacillin, 12 and 7; clindamycin, 6 and 3; metronidazole, 0 and 0; chloramphenicol, 0 and 0; and tetracycline, 63 and 59. Regional differences in resistance rates were found. Declines in resistance to moxalactam, piperacillin, and clindamycin were noted at the participating hospitals. An outbreak of cefoxitin resistance was noted at the Tufts New England Medical Center, where the rate increased from 14 to 30%. The various species of the B. fragilis group had differing patterns of resistance; B. fragilis was the most susceptible species. Significant cross resistance among the beta-lactam agents was found. These data indicate the need to determine the susceptibility patterns of the B. fragilis group organisms within each hospital.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1985

Nationwide study of the susceptibility of the Bacteroides fragilis group in the United States.

A nationwide susceptibility survey of the Bacteroides fragilis group was continued at New England Medical Center in 1983. A total of 555 strains were obtained from eight centers in the United States. In addition to the nine antimicrobial agents studied in the two previous years, three other agents were added to the evaluation: cefamandole, cefuroxime, and cefonicid. The results for the strains tested with the original nine drugs in 1983 were compared with those for 1,292 isolates tested in 1981 and 1982. The most active beta-lactam drug was piperacillin, which had an 8% resistance rate. Cefoxitin resistance increased from 10% in 1982 to 16% in 1983. High rates of resistance to cefotaxime, cefoperazone, cefamandole, cefonicid, and cefuroxime were encountered. No metronidazole- or chloramphenicol-resistant isolates were found during the 3 years of the study. Susceptibility patterns varied at the eight hospitals: the outbreak of cefoxitin resistance reported in 1982 at New England Medical Center remitted, while a high clindamycin resistance rate was documented at one hospital in 1983. These data indicate the need for determining the susceptibility patterns for the B. fragilis group of organisms at each hospital.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

Therapeutic evaluation of difloxacin (A-56619) and A-56620 for experimentally induced Bacteroides fragilis-associated intra-abdominal abscess.

Difloxacin (A-56619) and A-56620, two novel fluoroquinolones, were tested in comparison with ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, and combined clindamycin and gentamicin in the treatment of experimentally induced intraabdominal abscess associated with Bacteroides fragilis. Difloxacin was found to be as effective as clindamycin-gentamicin. A-56620, despite achieving subtherapeutic levels in serum, was found to be as effective as cefoxitin. Both difloxacin and A-56620 were effective in vivo against experimentally induced intra-abdominal abscess in rats.

Abscess↗
PubMed1987

Activity of newer beta-lactam agents against clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis and other Bacteroides species.

The in vitro activities of beta-lactam antibiotics against Bacteroides fragilis and B. fragilis group isolates are presented. Clinical isolates from 1986 were compared with strains from 1979 to 1982. Imipenem, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, and ceftizoxime were the most active agents. Cefotetan was equivalent to cefoxitin against B. fragilis but less active against B. fragilis group isolates. Enhancement of cefotaxime by its desacetyl metabolite was minimal.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of in vitro antibiograms of Bacteroides fragilis group isolates: differences in resistance rates in two institutions because of differences in susceptibility testing methodology.

With 120 clinical isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group, a comparison of rates of resistance to selected antimicrobial agents by using two susceptibility tests was performed in two medical institutions. The broth microdilution method produced MICs significantly lower than those determined by the agar dilution method. With ceftizoxime and cefoxitin, 88 and 18%, respectively, of the MICs were greater than or equal to 2 twofold dilutions apart. These differences in MIC results produced major interpretive discrepancies for ceftizoxime and cefoxitin, whereas no significant differences in resistance rates were noted for clindamycin and metronidazole.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

Survey of Bacteroides fragilis group susceptibility patterns in Canada.

The in vitro activities of penicillin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, metronidazole, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefoxitin, ceftizoxime, cefotetan, moxalactam, and imipenem against 348 Bacteroides fragilis group isolates collected from six Canadian cities during 1990 were determined by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) agar dilution technique. All isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, metronidazole, piperacillin-tazobactam, and imipenem. For the other antibiotics tested, the following resistance rates were observed: penicillin, 97%; clindamycin, 9%; piperacillin, 19%; ticarcillin, 31%; ticarcillin-clavulanate, 0.28%; ampicillin-sulbactam, 0.85%; cefoxitin, 26%; ceftizoxime, 15%; cefotetan, 53%; and moxalactam, 17%. Susceptibility profiles to beta-lactam antibiotics varied among the different species tested: B. fragilis and Bacteroides vulgatus demonstrated lower resistance rates than Bacteroides distasonis and indole-positive Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides ovatus. Ceftizoxime results should be interpreted cautiously, because the MICs obtained with the recommended NCCLS control strain were lower than expected.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Bacteremia due to Bacteroides fragilis group: distribution of species, beta-lactamase production, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

A retrospective analysis of susceptibility data on 542 blood isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group tested from 1987 to 1999 by the same NCCLS-recommended broth microdilution method throughout is presented. Metronidazole, beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, carbapenems, and trovafloxacin were the most active agents (susceptibility of >or=93%). Among the cephalosporin-cephamycins, the order of activity was cefoxitin > ceftizoxime > cefotetan = cefotaxime = cefmetazole > ceftriaxone. All isolates were resistant to penicillin G, and 22% were resistant to clindamycin. The susceptibility rates to piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, and meropenem were affected least among isolates resistant to cefoxitin or clindamycin. Except for piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, and meropenem, the B. fragilis species was more susceptible than were the non-B. fragilis species. These data underscore the importance of susceptibility testing of the B. fragilis group and can serve as a guide in the choice of empirical antimicrobial therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1974

Proposed standardized method for testing and interpreting susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis to tetracycline.

One hundred twenty-four strains of Bacteroides fragilis were examined for susceptibility to tetracycline disks and by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations. MIC values and zone sizes around 30-mug tetracycline disks were determined by using selected test conditions which included Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with sheep blood, vitamin K, and hemin and an incubation temperature of 35 C in an atmosphere of 80% N(2), 10% H(2), and 10% CO(2). Strains were separated into two distinct populations by geometric mean MIC and dis tests. Of the 124 strains, 78 were resistant and 46 were susceptible. The resistant strains had geometric mean MIC's of 8 mug/ml or greater, whereas the geometric mean MIC's of sensitive strains were 5 mug/ml or less. The disk test proved to be more reproducible than the MIC test and completely separated the resistant and susceptible populations. An interpretive scheme for B. fragilis to tetracycline was statistically derived on the basis of the distribution of zone sizes of susceptible and resistant strains: resistant, 18 mm or less; indeterminant, 19 to 20 mm; and susceptible, 21 mm or greater. These zone sizes compared closely with the Kirby-Bauer criteria for aerobic bacteria.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

Treatment of anaerobic infections with metronidazole.

The results of treatment of 10 patients with anaerobic infections with metronidazole are presented. Six patients were cured, three showed initial good response but circumstances required a change to another drug, and one patient did not respond. The unique spectrum of the drug, its pharmacology, and limitations are discussed. The results indicate that further clinical trials to determine the efficacy of metronidazole in the treatment of anerobic infections are indicated.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1976

Antibiotic susceptibility of the subspecies of Bacteroides fragilis.

Strains (115) of Bacteroides fragilis were identified at the subspecific level and were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, penicillin, and tetracycline using an agar dilution technique. We tested the following strains: B. fragilis subsp. distasonis, 12; B. fragilis subsp. fragilis, 39; B. fragilis subsp. ovatus, 10; B. fragilis subsp. thetaiotaomicron, 32; B. fragilis subsp. vulgatus, 10; and B. fragilis subsp. "other," 12. There were no marked differences in susceptibility between the subspecies. One strain of B. fragilis subsp. thetaiotaomicron had a minimal inhibitory concentration of 12.5 mug/ml for clindamycin, but all other strains were susceptible. All the strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Susceptibility to tetracycline was variable. Only a few strains were susceptible to the penicillins and cephalothin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

Enumeration of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in municipal sewage.

Of 237 isolates of Bacteroides fragilis from sewage influent at the Bozeman, Mont., wastewater treatment plant, 22 (9.3%) were enterotoxigenic, as indicated by the ability to elicit fluid accumulation in the lamb ileal loop test. It appears that enterotoxigenic B. fragilis is endemic in the human population at a moderately high level.

Animals↗