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PubMed2001

Positive emotions in early life and longevity: findings from the nun study.

Handwritten autobiographies from 180 Catholic nuns, composed when participants were a mean age of 22 years, were scored for emotional content and related to survival during ages 75 to 95. A strong inverse association was found between positive emotional content in these writings and risk of mortality in late life (p < .001). As the quartile ranking of positive emotion in early life increased, there was a stepwise decrease in risk of mortality resulting in a 2.5-fold difference between the lowest and highest quartiles. Positive emotional content in early-life autobiographies was strongly associated with longevity 6 decades later. Underlying mechanisms of balanced emotional states are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Language decline across the life span: findings from the Nun Study.

The present study examines language samples from the Nun Study. Measures of grammatical complexity and idea density were obtained from autobiographies written over a 60-year span. Participants who had met criteria for dementia were contrasted with those who did not. Grammatical complexity initially averaged 4.78 (on a 0-to-7-point scale) for participants who did not meet criteria for dementia and declined .04 units per year; grammatical complexity for participants who met criteria for dementia initially averaged 3.86 and declined .03 units per year. Idea density averaged 5.35 propositions per 10 words initially for participants who did not meet criteria for dementia and declined an average of .03 units per year, whereas idea density averaged 4.34 propositions per 10 words initially for participants who met criteria for dementia and declined .02 units per year. Adult experiences, in general, did not moderate these declines.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Industrialization and the construction of health risks in German workers' autobiographies from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Industrialization brought about quick changes for workers both in the workplace and in their wider socioeconomic and political environment. Therefore they preserved traditional beliefs and attitudes toward their milieu. With regard to health and illness, these traditional beliefs, drawn from their autobiographies, are illustrated. With time, panel doctors became accepted by workers. Social insurance gave workers access to physicians. Workers did not simply or tacitly accept their medicalization, nor did they oppose the extension of the social power of physicians. They construed health risks as part of their milieu, and not as the result of social changes taking place in all spheres.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2001

[Autobiographic memory. Neurobiological substrates].

This work reviews the cellular mechanisms, and the cerebral areas and circuits participating in the consolidation of episodic memory. At the cerebral level the circuit which connects the primary sensory cortices with the polimodal cortices, the entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, hippocampus and associative cortices is sequentially activated when the consolidation of a mnesic trace takes place. Cellular phenomena associated with this process is the long-term potentiation (LTP) which requires the activation of NMDA and AMPA receptors, the uptake of calcium and the activation of several enzymes which on one hand catalize the synthesis of retrograde messengers as nitric oxide and on the other induce genomic changes with trophic consequences for both the post and the presynaptic neurons. Eventual relationships between neurobiological findings and mnesic phenomena observed in psychoanalytic practice should be further investigated.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Looking back in time: self-concept change affects visual perspective in autobiographical memory.

People who change often report that their old selves seem like "different people." Correlational (Study 1) and experimental (Studies 2 and 3) studies showed that participants tended to use a 3rd-person observer perspective when visualizing memories of actions that conflicted with their current self-concept. A similar pattern emerged when participants imagined performing actions that varied in self-concept compatibility (Study 4). The authors conclude that on-line judgments of an action's self-concept compatibility affect the perspective used for image construction. Study 5 shows applied implications. Use of the 3rd-person perspective when recalling past episodes of overindulgent eating was related to optimism about behaving differently at an upcoming Thanksgiving dinner. The authors discuss the effect of self-concept compatibility on cognitive and emotional reactions to past actions and consider the role of causal attributions in defining the self across time.

Autobiographies as Topic↗
PubMed2002

A naturalistic study of autobiographical memories evoked by olfactory and visual cues: testing the Proustian hypothesis.

The emotional and evocative qualities of autobiographical memories evoked by odors and visual cues were compared using a new repeated-measures paradigm in which the sensory cue was presented after the memory had been retrieved by its verbal label. Memory cues were chosen to be able to elicit salient memories. Results revealed that memories recalled in the context of odors were significantly more emotional than those recalled in the context of the same cue presented visually and by the verbal label for the cue. Odor-evoked memories also tended to make participants feel more "brought back" to the original event. This work is the first unequivocal demonstration that naturalistic memories evoked by odors are more emotional than memories evoked by other cues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang's autobiography (1850) in the light of hand-written and printed sources].

The archival collection of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius (Wilno) contains many manuscripts relating to the scientific work of Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang (1776-1859), professor of pharmacy and pharmacology of the Wilno University in the years 1807-1831, the founder and main figure in the Wilno pharmacognostic school, a botanist with substantial achievements in wide-ranging research on the flora of the Wilno region, as well as a historian of pharmacy. The most interesting of the manuscripts include Wolfgang's Autobiografia [Autobiography], written in 1850, and a list of his publications covering a total of 57 items (including some that have hitherto remained unknown), a work entitled Historya Farmakologii i Farmacyi [History of pharmacology and pharmacy], and a particularly valuable manuscript (666 + 12 sheets) entitled Farmakologiia [Pharmacology]. Worth mentioning are also two catalogues of books from Wolfgang's library: one compiled by Wolfgang himself (37 sheets) and the other by Adam Ferdynand Adamowicz. The content of the autobiography manuscript is contained on five sheets. The author of the present article analyzes the document, comparing the information contained in it with the biographies of J. F. Wolfgang that hhave been published so far (these being primarily the biography by Dominik Cezary ChodYko, published in 1863, and that by Witold W3odzimierz G3owacki of 1960). The text of the autobiography is quoted in full, together with numerous comments. The analysis of the manuscript as well as the biographical data contained in the above-mentioned biographies indicate that Wolfgang had great achievements as a scientist (in both research and organizational work), as a champion of public causes and as an educator of a generation of botanists-pharmacognostics. It also transpires from the autobiography, as well as from the research by historians, that he was a very good and trustful person, who readily granted access to his research to his collaborators and pupils. This eventually turned against him: he laments the loss of the materials of his floristic research "at untrustworthy hands" and deplores the fact that they were published under the name of other scientists. Jan Fryderyk Wolfgang died on 17 May 1859, in his estate at Po3uknie. He was buried at the no longer extant Lutheran graveyard at Pohulanka. A symbolic grave of Wolfgang is to be found at the Rossa Catholic cemetery in Wilno (sector XIV, grave no. 157).

Autobiographies as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Aftershocks.

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Autobiographies as Topic↗