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PubMed1996

Perception of emotion from dynamic point-light displays represented in dance.

It is well known that biological motion, as produced by point-light displays on a human body, gives a good representation of the represented body-eg its gender and the nature of the task which it is engaged in. The question is whether it is possible to judge the emotional state of a human body from motion information alone. An ability to make this kind of judgment may imply that people are able to perceive emotion from patterns of movement without having to compute the detailed shape first. Subjects were shown brief video clips of two trained dancers (one male, one female). The dancers were aiming to convey the following emotions: fear, anger, grief, joy, surprise, and disgust. The video clips portrayed fully lit scenes and point-light scenes, with thirteen small points of light attached to the body of each dancer. Half the stimuli were presented the right way up, while half were inverted. The subjects' task was to judge which emotion was being portrayed. Full-body clips gave good recognition of emotionality (88% correct), but the results for upright biological-motion displays were also significantly above chance (63% correct). Inversion of the display reduced biological-motion (but not full-body) performance to close to chance but still significantly above chance. A space-time analysis of the motion of the points of light was carried out, and was related to the discriminability of the different emotions. Biological-motion displays, which convey no information while static, are able to give a rich description of the subject matter, including the ability to judge emotional state. This ability is disrupted when the image is inverted.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Affect in psychoanalytic theory: discussion of André Green's 'on discriminating and not discriminating between affect and representation'.

André Green's 1999 programmatic essay on affect and representation, an attempt to extend Freud's model of the neuroses (where affect and representation have different vicissitudes) to non-neurotic cases is submitted to critical reading. Green wishes to restore the importance of representation; to use the second topographical theory, where id, psychical impulse and object-cathexis replace the unconscious and the ideational representation in order to conceptualize borderline disturbance, and to show how ultimately the 'non-discrimination' affect-representation obtains in non-neurotic cases as well. The author, interested in the question posed in Green's essay as to what we have to sell our borderline patients, addresses the various reasons why this project fails. Among the problematic points are the paradox of Green's model of unconscious affect, that does not allow the analyst to generate meaning with borderline patients, the view of 'representation' as replacing presence and perception of the object that does not allow the analyst to be a non-absent object, and the inability to conceptualize affect-representatives and to work out the definition of affect as 'the anticipation of a meeting with the other's body' which does not allow the analyst to function as an 'anticipatory object' or 'an object of affect'.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Co-conformational distribution of nanosized [2]catenanes determined by pulse EPR measurements.

The co-conformational ensembles of three differently sized [2]catenanes were studied by measuring pair correlation functions corresponding to the separation of nitroxide spin labels--one attached to each of the two macrocycles--with the double electron-electron resonance (DEER) experiment. A geometric model for the [2]catenanes was derived that approximates the macrocycles by circles and takes into account the topological constraint. Comparison of the experimental to the theoretically predicted pair correlation functions gives insight into the co-conformational distribution and the size of the macrocycles. It was found that the macrocycles of the medium- and large-sized catenanes in chloroform are close to fully expanded, while they are partially collapsed in glassy o-terphenyl. For the small-sized catenane, moderate interaction between the unsaturated sections of the macrocycles in chloroform is indicated by a slight over-representation of short label-to-label separations in the pair correlation function.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Clinical application of a dysregulation model of illness and disease: a case of spasmodic torticollis.

A case of spasmodic torticollis is described to demonstrate the clinical usefulness of a new theoretical model of somatic illness and disease. Based on a conception of the living organism as a self-regulating system, the model attributes somatic disorders to a variety of regulatory disturbances including deficits in affect regulation and in the ability to maintain a stable and cohesive self. Throughout the analytical treatment, attention was given to repairing deficits in the patient's self-organisation, and to elevating chaotic impulses and inchoate emotions from a primitive sensorimotor level of experience to a mature representational level where they could be valued for their signal function and modulated through imaginal activity and communication with others. Analysis of the patient's pathologic internal object relations modified his self-organisation, and enabled him to establish regulatory interpersonal relationships that complemented his enhanced self-regulatory capacities. These changes were accompanied by a gradual resolution of the patient's torticollis.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Parental representations of hypochondriacal patients from a psychiatric hospital.

This study investigated parental bonding patterns of hypochondriacal patients using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Hypochondriacal patients and a matched control group were drawn from in and out-patients of a psychiatric hospital. Maternal over-protection was found much more frequently (P less than .005) in the hypochondriacal group than in the control group. This offers support for previous clinical observations on hypochondriacal patients. The implications of this and other findings of the study are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A PvuII polymorphism of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene is not associated with plasma concentrations of low density lipoproteins including LP(a).

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a low density lipoprotein (LDL), in which apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) is attached to apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], a glycoprotein of variable size. Lp(a) may be as atherogenic as LDL. In normal populations, Lp(a) concentrations in plasma are largely determined by the apo(a) gene locus on chromosome 6, but regulation of synthesis and catabolism of Lp(a) is poorly understood. In some studies, a PvuII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the LDL receptor gene seems to affect concentrations of LDL in plasma, and other studies have indicated that Lp(a) catabolism could be mediated by the LDL receptor. We therefore expected that the PvuII polymorphism in the LDL receptor gene might be associated with Lp(a) levels in 170 Caucasian men aged 40 years, selected to have a high representation of low molecular weight apo(a) phenotypes. However, plasma concentrations of cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and Lp(a) were all unrelated to the LDL receptor gene PvuII polymorphism both in the group as a whole and when it was subgrouped by apo(a) phenotype. Therefore our data do not support the concept that this particular LDL receptor gene polymorphism is associated with LDL receptor function, and our data therefore neither support nor rule out a role for the LDL receptor in Lp(a) catabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Childhood in danger].

Child abuse is a human production resulting from the failure of three essential characteristics of the human condition: the possibility of attachment, speech and the capacity to love. It is perpetuated though trans-generational transmission which traps the individual in an obvious incapacity to occupy a people position, inducing confusion of the roles and statute of the place of each in the family or in the society but more especially in the interpersonal relation. The child abuse must be seen by the professional as an obvious incapacity of the victims but also of their abuser, who are often them-selves former abused children, to develop a relation based on the respect and the love of others. The therapy is first of all an accompaniment of one and the other towards the differentiation and the possibility of installation of stable and reliable constructive representations. In short, an opening towards the expression of the denial of suffering and the rebuilding of a new ideology based on love and creativity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Experimental approaches towards interpreting dolphin-stimulated bioluminescence.

Flow-induced bioluminescence provides a unique opportunity for visualizing the flow field around a swimming dolphin. Unfortunately, previous descriptions of dolphin-stimulated bioluminescence have been largely anecdotal and often conflicting. Most references in the scientific literature report an absence of bioluminescence on the dolphin body, which has been invariably assumed to be indicative of laminar flow. However, hydrodynamicists have yet to find compelling evidence that the flow remains laminar over most of the body. The present study integrates laboratory, computational and field approaches to begin to assess the utility of using bioluminescence as a method for flow visualization by relating fundamental characteristics of the flow to the stimulation of naturally occurring luminescent plankton. Laboratory experiments using fully developed pipe flow revealed that the bioluminescent organisms identified in the field studies can be stimulated in both laminar and turbulent flow when shear stress values exceed approximately 0.1 N m-2. Computational studies of an idealized hydrodynamic representation of a dolphin (modeled as a 6:1 ellipsoid), gliding at a speed of 2 m s-1, predicted suprathreshold surface shear stress values everywhere on the model, regardless of whether the boundary layer flow was laminar or turbulent. Laboratory flow visualization of a sphere demonstrated that the intensity of bioluminescence decreased with increasing flow speed due to the thinning of the boundary layer, while flow separation caused a dramatic increase in intensity due to the significantly greater volume of stimulating flow in the wake. Intensified video recordings of dolphins gliding at speeds of approximately 2 m s-1 confirmed that brilliant displays of bioluminescence occurred on the body of the dolphin. The distribution and intensity of bioluminescence suggest that the flow remained attached over most of the body. A conspicuous lack of bioluminescence was often observed on the dolphin rostrum and melon and on the leading edge of the dorsal and pectoral fins, where the boundary layer is thought to be thinnest. To differentiate between effects related to the thickness of the stimulatory boundary layer and those due to the latency of the bioluminescence response and the upstream depletion of bioluminescence, laboratory and dolphin studies of forced separation and laminar-to-turbulent transition were conducted. The observed pattern of stimulated bioluminescence is consistent with the hypothesis that bioluminescent intensity is directly related to the thickness of the boundary layer.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

An object representation approach to psychostructural change: a clinical illustration.

This paper presents a systematic test-retest analysis of a disturbed, hospitalized adolescent in an attempt to demonstrate recent innovation in Rorschach theory and technique based upon important conceptual and empirical advances in object relations theory. These new perspectives supplement basic ego psychological concepts of test interpretation advanced by Rapaport and test-retest analysis developed by Schafer. The new concepts presented in this paper offer the promise of providing a methodological framework and theoretical foundation for further innovative use of the Rorschach and other projective procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A three-dimensional representation of an athletic female knee joint using magnetic resonance imaging.

Intense interest in knee joint mechanics has resulted in the development of numerous models to predict forces acting at the knee. However, few models have accounted for the unique geometric characteristics of the knee joint's articular surfaces when predicting the mechanical response of the joint. The purpose of this study was to stimulate accurately the complex geometric characteristics of the tibiofemoral joint for input into a finite element model representing the knee joint of athletic females. The right knee of an athletic female with no history of knee joint trauma was imaged using a 0.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) unit. Twelve cross-sectional slices of the knee were scanned in each of three orthogonal planes (coronal, sagittal and axial) at slice intervals of 6 mm, 7 m, and 8 mm respectively. A scan plan (two coronal images and an axial image) was also generated to enable calculation of the orthogonal scans with respect to one another. Select anatomical reference points representing cancellous and compact bone, major ligament attachment areas, and articular cartilage of the distal femur and proximal tibia were digitized from the processed shadowgraphs. The processed digitized data were input into a computer graphics program which was the pre- and post-processing software for the finite element analysis package. Contours of the cancellous and compact bone of the tibial and femoral condyles were generated using beta and cubic spline curves. Bezier quadratic and cubic polynomials were used to reconstruct the tibial and femoral shafts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Influence of conflicting visual, inertial and substratal cues on head direction cell activity.

In order to navigate efficiently, animals can benefit from internal representations of their moment-to-moment orientation. Head-direction (HD) cells are neurons that discharge maximally when the head of a rat is oriented in a specific ("preferred") direction in the horizontal plane, independently from position or ongoing behavior. This directional selectivity depends on environmental and inertial cues. However, the mechanisms by which these cues are integrated remain unknown. This study examines the relative influence of visual, inertial and substratal cues on the preferred directions of HD cells when cue conflicts are produced in the presence of the rats. Twenty-nine anterior dorsal thalamic (ATN) and 19 postsubicular (PoS) HD cells were recorded from 7 rats performing a foraging task in a cylinder (76 cm in diameter, 60 cm high) with a white card attached to its inner wall. Changes in preferred directions were measured after the wall or the floor of the cylinder was rotated separately or together in the same direction by 45 degrees, 90 degrees or 180 degrees, either clockwise or counterclockwise. Linear regression analyses showed that the preferred directions of the HD cells in both structures shifted by approximately =90% of the angle of rotation of the wall, whether rotated alone or together with the floor (r2>0.87, P<0.001). Rotations of the floor alone did not trigger significant shifts in preferred directions. These results indicate that visual cues exerted a strong but incomplete control over the preferred directions of the neurons, while inertial cues had a small but significant influence, and substratal cues were of no consequence.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Clinical assessment of object relations and social cognition using stories told to the picture arrangement subtest of the WAIS-R.

For many years clinicians have supplemented the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R; Wechsler, 1981) Picture Arrangement (PA) subtest by asking subjects to "tell the story" made by the sequence of cards. Doing so allows assessment of the underlying reasoning behind the subject's response and adds a projective element to the task. This article describes a method for systematically assessing several dimensions of object relations and social cognition from the stories subjects tell to the PA subtest. Six scales, which have been validated in several studies, are described: Episode Integration, Accuracy of Causal Attributions, Affect-Tone of Relationship Paradigms, Capacity for Emotional Investment in Relationships and Moral Standards, Complexity of Representations, and Accuracy of Character Ascriptions. Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity is presented by comparing PA scale scores of reliably diagnosed borderline inpatients, depressed inpatients, and normal comparison subjects, with scores from self-report instruments measuring symptomatology and social adjustment. Clinical use of the scales is then illustrated by applying them to PA story texts of a borderline patient and a normal subject.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Action categories and the perception of biological motion.

Johansson filmed walkers and runners in a dark room with lights attached to their main joints and demonstrated that such moving light spots were perceived as human movements. To extend this finding the detection and recognition of Johansson displays of different kinds of movements under three light-spot conditions were studied to determine how human actions are perceived on the basis of biological-motion information. Locomotory, instrumental, and social actions were presented in each condition, namely in normal Johansson (light attached to joints), inter-joint (light attached between joints), and upside-down Johansson. Subjects' verbal responses and recognition times were measured. Locomotory actions were recognised better and faster than social and instrumental actions. Furthermore, biological motions were recognised much better and faster when the light-spot displays were presented in the normal orientation rather than upside down. Recognition rate was only slightly impaired under the inter-joint condition. It is argued that the perceptual analysis of actions and movements starts primarily on an intermediate level of action coding and comprises more than just the similarity of movement patterns or simple structures. Additionally, coding of dynamic phase relations and semantic coding take place at very early stages of the processing of biological motion. Implications of these results for computer vision, perceptual models, and mental representations are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1990

Portal aspects of memory overlay in psychoanalysis. An object relations contribution to screen memory phenomena.

Distortion in screen memories illustrates the unique manner in which part-object representations unite perceptions from different temporal periods. "Portal" aspects of a given source memory designate anachronistic distortions borrowed from perceptions at a subsequent time when the source memory and its full emotional significance attempted access to consciousness. The unconscious perception of recall at the subsequent occasion is represented by the appearance of portal details in the source dream. The portal concept is related to object relations theory and the psychology of memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Fixing women: devaluation, idealization, and the female fetish.

A particular ideal of femininity which has long been popular in our culture is the image of the esthetically perfect but behaviorally compliant woman. By comparing two clinical cases, I have attempted to show that this stylized image is sometimes part of a specific defensive structure, enacted in extreme forms as part of a perverse ritual. The idealized image is a secondary formation with roots in early transitional representations. As an adult defense, it isolates devalued attributes, particularly anal attributes, from an esthetic ideal and enables the narcissistically disturbed individual to effect an illusion of separation while maintaining compulsive control over a needed object. The enactment of this defensive pattern frequently requires the cooperation of a partner. Women comply not only for masochistic reasons or because of intimidation, but because the fetishistic ritual itself is often an important part of their defensive armory. Women who rely on the idealization provided by a partner as the major source of their self-esteem are sometimes willing to accept pathological features of a partnership rather than give up this narcissistic support. At the more creative end of the continuum between pathological and adaptive transitional representations, the idealized image of woman may lend a playful romantic tone to relationships between men and women. In its most compulsive manifestations, however, it tends to perpetuate superficiality and impedes understanding between the sexes. Patients in whom the ideal is elaborated in its most distorted forms offer a useful opportunity to explore the roots of these phenomena.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The psychological assessment of object representation.

In 1976, Blatt, Brenneis, Schimek, and Glick developed a comprehensive scale for assessing the organization and content of the "concept of the object" in Rorschach responses. Utilizing developmental theory, they developed procedures for assessing the representation of human figures on the Rorschach in terms of the degree of differentiation, articulation, and integration. This analysis of Rorschach responses has proven to be of considerable value in clinical research and has provided empirical data for the study of severe psychopathology. The present paper considers the clinical utility of this conceptual scheme. Five prototypic patients, each representing a particular diagnostic category, were selected for study on the basis of clinical case records. The object representations of the five cases are presented and analyzed in detail, and conclusions are drawn about possible configurations of object representations in different forms of psychopathology. The value of a systematic assessment of object representations for differential diagnosis as well as for the study of change in the psychotherapeutic process is considered. This approach to Rorschach interpretation represents an integration of object relations theory into Rorschach methodology. These new concepts of test assessment and interpretation offer the promise of providing a methodological framework and theoretical foundation for further innovative use of the Rorschach and other projective procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Psychopathology in infancy and early childhood: clinical perspectives on the organization of sensory and affective-thematic experience.

The developmental-structuralist approach to psychopathology in infants and young children involves studying adaptive and maladaptive patterns at each level of "experimental organization" from the early sensory, motor, and affective-thematic organizations to the later representational ones. Psychopathology may be related to defects or constrictions at each organizational level, including the representational or symbolic realm, without underlying vulnerabilities in earlier levels of organization, and may also involve the presumed "underbelly" of the personality, those central nervous system organizations that have to do with filtering and processing of perceptions and experience (the early sensory and affective-thematic organizations). The most severe psychopathologies, it will be suggested, occur where there are compromises in both the early sensory and affective-thematic and later representational organizations. Early limitations in "processing" animate or inanimate experiences may, in many instances, be highly specific and reversible rather than global. The early detection of sensory and affective-thematic organizational compromises, followed by approaches that facilitate phase-specific "essential experiences" through intact sensory pathways and the remediation of compromised ones, may provide a systematic base for possible preventive intervention approaches.

Arousal↗
PubMed2001

Students' and teachers' cognitions about good teachers.

BACKGROUND: Good teachers have been studied ever since Plato described how Socrates taught by asking questions of his audience. Recent findings shed light on two characteristics of good teachers: their personality and their ability. However, more attention has been paid to teachers' practices and opinions than to students' views. AIMS: The study reported here attempted to deepen our understanding of what students think about good teachers. SAMPLE: Students of four age groups (7, 10, 13, and 16 years of age) and teachers from primary and secondary schools were asked to write an essay on the good teacher. METHODS: The correspondence between conceptual items in the essays was investigated by determining the extent to which they were used in the same essays to describe good teachers. RESULTS: Correspondence analysis revealed two dimensions. The first dimension reflected the preference of students and teachers for describing the good teacher in terms of either personality or ability characteristics. The second dimension was interpreted as an orientation in the essays towards either attachment to, detachment from or commitment to school and teachers. Students and teachers were compared to establish the amount of (dis)agreement about what makes a good teacher. Primary school students described good teachers primarily as competent instructors, focusing on transfer of knowledge and skills, whereas secondary school students emphasised relational aspects of good teachers. Teachers, however, considered good teachers in the first place a matter of establishing personal relationships with their students. Consequently, primary school students and teachers disagreed about the characteristics of good teachers. In secondary education, disagreements between teachers and students were relatively small. CONCLUSIONS: The research method of collecting free essays and utilising correspondence analysis to represent conceptual items and groups of participants seems promising as long as a theoretical framework is available to interpret the resulting representation of similarities between items and groups of participants.

Adolescent↗