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Results for “Adolescent Development”

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PubMed1975

Practical use of sex-maturity rating in adolescents.

We believe that the use of sex-maturity ratings as a routine part of physical examinations for adolescents is of value to all physicians caring for adolescents. The information is useful not only in following the growth of an individual patient but in detecting early abnormal patterns of adolescent development and also as a means of comparison with other adolescents. Because anaemia or a low haemoglobin-haematocrit value is a major concern during growth, we believe norms related to the sex, race, and maturity rating of an adolescent patient are of significant value. Caloric intake as well as dietary iron intake and percentage of transferrin saturation tend to increase with increasing maturity ratings and provide an indication for further evaluation if they are below the mean and standard deviation for the rating of maturity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sexual health and self-esteem in adolescents and young adults with cancer.

A diagnosis of cancer compounds the complexities of adolescent development. Self-esteem and sexual health have a significant impact on adolescent identity formation, especially those young patients coping with a diagnosis of cancer. Knowledge of sexual health, interpersonal relationships, and body image concerns are factors that have an impact on the development of self-esteem during these transition periods into adulthood. A clinical perspective on these issues was utilized to highlight the nature of self-esteem and sexuality in adolescents and young adults with cancer. Case examples and clinical recommendations from a workshop on self-esteem and sexuality in adolescents and young adults with cancer are presented. Understanding the adolescent's and young adult's stage of identity formation, their social and developmental histories, and methods for increasing self-esteem can give insight to healthcare professionals in fostering positive self-esteem and sexual health in these young patients. Through the awareness of the specific factors affecting adolescents and young adults with cancer, oncology teams can assist in creating an atmosphere for the growth of positive self-esteem and sexual health in their adolescent patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of executive functions in children].

OBJECTIVES: This is a review of the available instruments to evaluate executive functions in children and adolescents. DEVELOPMENT: Executive functions (EF) give support for organization, anticipation, inhibition, working memory, flexibility, control and autoregulation of behavior. EF appear abnormal in several neurological an psychopathological conditions e.g. learning and behavior disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, Asperger syndrome, and temporal epilepsy. The large spectrum of the so called EF makes difficult to propose any simple and comprehensive instrument for evaluation. In spite of that, here are described the more useful tests adapted to developmental ages. CONCLUSIONS: The measure of FE in children and adolescents needs further developments of more solids theoretical models. Nevertheless, in the last recent years relevant progresses have been done, and several useful instruments of evaluation have been built for clinical practice and research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Multiple forms of stress in Cambodian adolescent refugees.

A sample of 170 Cambodian youth and 80 of their mothers were interviewed regarding DSM-III-R diagnoses of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorders, and the stress of war trauma, resettlement, and recent life events. A consistent relation between earlier war trauma, resettlement stress, and symptoms of PTSD was found. In contrast, the strongest relation with depressive symptoms was found for recent stressful events. Despite the long interval of time since the occurrence of the war trauma, these youth and their parents reported these experiences in a highly consistent fashion. PTSD and depression in refugee youth appear to be different conditions following different pathways during adolescent development.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2002

Promoting healthy adolescent behavior and development: issues in the design and evaluation of effective youth programs.

The problems of health and development faced by contemporary adolescents require that our communities have greater access to effective, adequately scaled, and sustained youth-serving programs. These 3 dimensions of youth programs are discussed, and the role of evaluations is specified, especially those aimed at program improvement and community empowerment, in facilitating efforts to promote the positive development of young people. These areas of development include competence, confidence, character, connection, and caring/compassion-the "five C's" of positive youth development. Ten features of effective positive youth development programs are described, and the importance of engaging policymakers in order to broadly disseminate and sustain effective programs is stressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Fundamental issues in the care of homosexual youth.

The development of a homosexual identity spans the entire life cycle, but adolescence is a critical period in the lives of gay and lesbian persons. Various pre- and postnatal biologic and environmental factors are thought to determine sexual orientation early in life. An emerging homosexual identity may be reflected in youths' sexual attractions, fantasies, and cultural affiliations, as well as their behaviors. The adolescent experiences of homosexual persons profoundly affect health outcomes. The goals of care are to promote normal adolescent development, social and emotional well-being, and physical health. Comprehensive and coordinated educational, mental health, social, and medical services are recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Response of hypertensive adolescents to dynamic and isometric exercise stress.

Isometric handgrip and dynamic exercise stress tests were performed on 109 hypertensive and 74 normotensive subjects 14 to 17 years old. The hypertensive subjects had resting systolic or diastolic pressures persistently above the 95th percentile on four consecutive examinations. Blood pressures and ECGs were recorded during isometric handgrip (25% maximum effort for four minutes) and bicycle ergometry until the subject was exhausted. The hypertensive subjects increased systolic pressure by an average 16 mm Hg with isometric exercise and 53 mm Hg with dynamic exercise. Control subjects had similar pressure changes, averaging 18 and 54 mm Hg, respectively. During isometric handgrip stress, diastolic pressures increased 12 mm Hg in hypertensive subjects and 18 mm Hg in control subjects. Only two hypertensive adolescents developed systolic pressures exceeding 200 mm Hg during dynamic exercise stress, and none developed systolic pressures above 200 mm Hg during isometric exercise stress. None of the normotensive or hypertensive subjects developed cardiac arrhythmias and the prevalence of ST segment depression during maximal stress was less than 2% in both groups. Therefore, in adolescents with mild to moderate hypertension the risk of developing significant ECG or hemodynamic abnormalities during mild isometric or heavy dynamic exercise is small. We believe the decision to restrict physical activity of an adolescent with elevated pressures should be based on the development of abnormal ST segment depression, cardiac arrhythmias, or excessive blood pressures at the time of exercise stress testing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Academic and emotional functioning in early adolescence: longitudinal relations, patterns, and prediction by experience in middle school.

Adopting a motivational perspective on adolescent development, these two companion studies examined the longitudinal relations between early adolescents' school motivation (competence beliefs and values), achievement, emotional functioning (depressive symptoms and anger), and middle school perceptions using both variable- and person-centered analytic techniques. Data were collected from 1041 adolescents and their parents at the beginning of seventh and the end of eight grade in middle school. Controlling for demographic factors, regression analyses in Study 1 showed reciprocal relations between school motivation and positive emotional functioning over time. Furthermore, adolescents' perceptions of the middle school learning environment (support for competence and autonomy, quality of relationships with teachers) predicted their eighth grade motivation, achievement, and emotional functioning after accounting for demographic and prior adjustment measures. Cluster analyses in Study 2 revealed several different patterns of school functioning and emotional functioning during seventh grade that were stable over 2 years and that were predictably related to adolescents' reports of their middle school environment. Discussion focuses on the developmental significance of schooling for multiple adjustment outcomes during adolescence.

Achievement↗
PubMed1995

PTSD symptoms in urban adolescent girls: compounded community trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the assessments for exposure to violent events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a population of urban adolescent girls. METHOD: Seventy-nine urban adolescent girls attending an adolescent medicine clinic were assessed via clinician-assisted self-report measures called the Adolescent Self-Report Trauma Questionnaire. The questionnaire gathered information on demographics, exposure to community and domestic violent events, and PTSD symptoms. RESULTS: The adolescents experienced between 8 and 55 different types of community and domestic violent events, with the mean number of violent events being 28. Hyperarousal cluster symptoms were present in 90%, reexperiencing clusters symptoms in 89%, and avoidance cluster symptoms in 80%, while 67% met symptom criteria for PTSD. Increased number of types of violent events was positively correlated with meeting PTSD criteria (p = .01) and with increased PTSD severity scores (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: These urban adolescent girls have experienced prolonged and repeated exposure to multiple types of community as well as domestic violent events, via multiple modalities of contact, over time. They reported a high percentage of PTSD symptoms across all three symptom clusters. The authors propose the concept of "compounded community trauma" and discuss its marked impact on female adolescent development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The relationship of self-esteem to selected personal and environmental resources of adolescents.

This study examined the relationship of selected variables to self-esteem among 648 high school and college students. Multiple regression analyses, with self-esteem as the dependent variable, were computed separately for both males and females from small and large schools. Predictor variables were sex role orientation (masculinity/femininity); attitudes toward women's roles in society; high school activity participation; high school athletic participation; employment practices of students; and parents' education, occupational, and marital status. For all four groups, higher masculinity scores and greater levels of activity participation were significantly related to self-esteem. As predicted, however, there were differences in the regression equations as a function of school size. For males in small schools, but not in large schools, athletic participation was a significant predictor of self-esteem. For females in small schools, but not in large schools, more nontraditional or egalitarian attitudes toward women were related to higher self-esteem scores. Only masculinity and activity participation were significant predictors of self-esteem for both males and females in large schools. The implications of these results for the understanding of adolescent development are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Peer rejection in childhood, involvement with antisocial peers in early adolescence, and the development of externalizing behavior problems.

A longitudinal, prospective design was used to examine the roles of peer rejection in middle childhood and antisocial peer involvement in early adolescence in the development of adolescent externalizing behavior problems. Both early starter and late starter pathways were considered. Classroom sociometric interviews from ages 6 through 9 years, adolescent reports of peers' behavior at age 13 years, and parent, teacher, and adolescent self-reports of externalizing behavior problems from age 5 through 14 years were available for 400 adolescents. Results indicate that experiencing peer rejection in elementary school and greater involvement with antisocial peers in early adolescence are correlated but that these peer relationship experiences may represent two different pathways to adolescent externalizing behavior problems. Peer rejection experiences, but not involvement with antisocial peers. predict later externalizing behavior problems when controlling for stability in externalizing behavior. Externalizing problems were most common when rejection was experienced repeatedly. Early externalizing problems did not appear to moderate the relation between peer rejection and later problem behavior. Discussion highlights multiple pathways connecting externalizing behavior problems from early childhood through adolescence with peer relationship experiences in middle childhood and early adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Adolescent condom use, the health belief model, and the prevention of sexually transmitted disease.

OBJECTIVE: To review factors associated with adolescent condom use for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). DATA SOURCES: Thirty-six references on adolescent development, STDs, STD risk factors, and factors influencing condom use among heterosexual adolescents. STUDY SELECTION: Twenty-two research articles addressing issues influencing condom use by heterosexual adolescents. DATA SYNTHESIS: This review identifies unique risk factors related to adolescents and their risk for STDs, barriers to and facilitators of condom use, and suggestions for health care providers to increase condom use among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Although research on condom use among adolescents has inherent difficulties, current findings, along with reported high rates of STDs in this population, indicate infrequent and inconsistent condom use. Many factors contribute to the motivation for condom use and should be assessed individually. Using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical framework, health care providers can guide the adolescent to make realistic risk assessments and identify positive ways of incorporating condoms into their sexual lives. Further research then must be conducted to test the effectiveness of this approach.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mandibular pubertal growth spurt prediction. Part one: Method based on the hand-wrist radiographs.

Many orthodontic treatment modalities will yield a better result in less time if properly correlated with the unique facial growth patterns of the patients. The pubertal growth spurt depends on gender and varies in relationship to the chronologic age. General skeletal maturity usually is used as an indicator to predict timing of mandibular growth velocity peak. Hand-wrist radiographic evaluation is one of the diagnostic tools currently available to determine whether the pubertal growth has started, is occurring or has finished. The overview of topic related literature and skeletal maturity assessment (SMA) system developed by L. Fishman are presented. The SMA system is based on eleven discrete adolescence skeletal maturational indicators of hand-wrist bones, covering the entire period of adolescent development. Maturational stage and level demonstrated close correlation with maxillary and mandibular growth velocity, amount of incremental growth and timing. Clinical indications for the use of hand-wrist radiographs to assess skeletal maturity are provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The epidemiology of adolescent homicide in North Carolina from 1990 to 1995.

BACKGROUND: Rates of homicides by adolescents under age 18 years tripled from 1984 to 1994. Most studies report data on urban adolescents and young adults as a single age group (age 15-24 years), but homicide characteristics among adolescents, especially those younger than 15 years, may differ from those of young adults. OBJECTIVE: To describe the homicide characteristics among adolescents age 11 to 18 years in North Carolina from 1990 to 1995. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive analysis of adolescent homicides using the medical examiner database. Police interviews provided additional information for cases from 1993 to 1995. RESULTS: There were 419 victims from 1990 to 1995 (average annual rate: 9.7 per 100000 adolescents; 9.9 in urban counties, 7.1 in rural). Victims were mostly ages 15 to 18 years (85%), male (79%), and black (76%); 48% lagged behind in school, and, by police report, 40% had a criminal record. Only 23% of the identified perpetrators were strangers. Firearms (59% were handguns) were used in 83% of homicides. Proportionally more younger adolescents (age 11-14 years) were killed by means other than firearms than 15- to 18-year-olds (chi2 = 24.2, P = .007). Drug-related motives (23%) were most common, followed by non-drug-related altercations (20%) and retaliations (17%). CONCLUSIONS: Proportionally more North Carolina adolescents than urban young adults (ages 15-24 years) were killed by firearms (83% vs. 75%). Proportionally fewer adolescents were killed by police, strangers, or intimate partners. Interventions should include reducing access to firearms and drugs, and helping adolescents develop nonviolent strategies to resolve disputes. Efforts should be focused on adolescents who lag behind in school and have criminal records.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Differential impact of fathers' authoritarian parenting on early adolescent adjustment in conservative protestant versus other families.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether well-established associations between authoritarian parenting and adolescent adjustment pertain to conservative Protestant (CP) families. Structural equation modeling was used to test paths from biological fathers' authoritarian parenting to adolescent adjustment in 65 CP versus 170 comparison families in the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development Study (NEAD; D. Reiss et al., 1994). The hypothesis that adolescents in CP families would be less harmed by authoritarian parenting than would adolescents in control families was partially supported: Authoritarian parenting directly predicted greater externalizing and internalizing for adolescents in control families but not for adolescents in CP families. In contrast, parents' religious affiliation failed to moderate the negative associations between authoritarian parenting and positive adjustment. Understanding family processes specific to the CP subculture is important for helping these families raise competent children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Perspectives on preventing adolescent substance use and misuse.

This article reviews different theoretical models concerning the prevention of substance use by adolescents. The models differ in their concepts and in their assumptions. Because the models describe different parts of the substance use problem, they can be combined to provide the basis for the design of information-based prevention programs. For example, in order to understand adolescent development, identity models or attachment models can be used. To understand adolescent norm changes, cultural models or peer system models can be applied. To understand how adolescents cope in specific situations where alcohol and other drugs are available, models that include concepts like self-esteem, drug expectations, existing norms, and perceived control of substance use can be employed. All preventive programs need to be pretested as well as evaluated both during and postprogram. The models mentioned may be used as frameworks in an evaluation, i.e., the variables and the assumptions in the models can be used as hypotheses to establish whether the desired results are achieved as a consequence of the selected strategies and techniques in the preventive program. A greater knowledge of the social and psychological processes preventing substance use will put us in a better position to influence and understand adolescent substance use in the future.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Chronic conditions and adolescence.

Globally, one in ten adolescents suffers from a chronic condition. This paper reviews the issues of adolescent development, family relationships, school performance, and risk behaviors among chronically ill adolescents using a non-categorical approach.

Achievement↗