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PubMedDate not supplied

[Histogenetic considerations on mucinous cystomas of the ovary based on histochemical and immunohistochemical findings].

Mucinous cystomas of the ovary, according to a new proposed classification (I.A.P., Dublin 1988), are classified in three types: endocervical, intestinal and mixed. Their histogenesis is still controversial, thus requiring further investigations. There are two main theories on this matter: a teratomatous theory based on the assumption that the mucinous cystoma is allegedly a teratoma having a monophyletic development where only the endodermal gastrointestinal component remains. The second theory, currently the most widely accepted one, maintains that mucinous cystomas derive from Muller duct residues or, more generally, from introflections of the coelomic epithelial lining through a Muller-type metaplastic process. Some authors also accept both theories. A group of 117 mucinous cystomas were investigated by histochemical methods (PB/KOH/PAS; PAT/KOH/Bh/PAS), to demonstrate the presence of O-acetylated sialomucin variants in goblet cells of intestinal type component. Endocervical type mucinous cystomas have always presented as PB/KOH/PAS negative, whereas mixed type mucinous cystomas presented as positive according to the following percentage: benign forms, 31%; borderline, 67%; malignant, 50%. These data should confirm the hypothesis that intestinal type cystomas may derive from the surface coelomic epithelium of the ovary, through a gastrointestinal metaplastic process. This hypothesis is further supported by the data obtained from the observation on two cases of intestinal metaplasia of endocervical glands, kindly supplied by Dr. Trowell. In one of them, a weak O-acetylated sialomucin secretion was identified, in addition to the presence of argentaffin cells. Furthermore, out of 38 adenocarcinomas of the endometrium and 15 adenocarcinomas of the endocervix, one case of endocervical adenocarcinoma was found, characterized by a mucous secretion rich in O-acetylated sialomucins. Moreover, immunohistochemically, by means of anti-chromogranin A monoclonal antibodies, endocrine cells were found in benign, borderline and malignant mucinous cystomas of mixed type. These data do not seem to confirm the assumed correlation between neuroendocrine cell presence and biologic behaviour of the neoplasm nor do they clarify tumor histogenesis. Another immunohistochemical study with BD5 monoclonal antibody demonstrated that this marker was present in the intestinal type epithelium of mixed mucinous cystomas. The histogenetic teratomatous hypothesis of ovarian mucinous cystomas was confirmed by reviewing 100 ovarian teratomas, in which O-acetylated sialomucins were found in the epithelial component of one mucinous carcinoid and in the intestinal type epithelium of 9 mature cystic teratomas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cystadenoma↗
PubMed2005

Quality of life from the viewpoint of patients with dementia in Japan: nurturing through an acceptance of dementia by patients, their families and care professionals.

The quality of life (QoL) of patients with dementia was investigated from the patient's viewpoint, and the role of an acceptance of dementia in maintaining important and distinctive elements of QoL was analysed by questionnaire and interview methods. The subjects of the present study were 18 patients, 21 family members and eight members of staff at a day-care facility in Japan. Patients with dementia hoped to maintain an 'ordinary' way of life. Living peacefully, living together, living healthily and helping each other were considered by patients with dementia to be the important elements of their QoL. Living happily in the present is important, but hopes and expectations for the maintenance of human values in their future lives are of greater importance in their estimation of QoL. Through recognizing these needs, a culture and understanding of 'living with dementia' can be nurtured. A dynamic process involving the mutual acceptance of dementia in the relationships between patients with dementia, their families and care professionals enabled elderly people to surmount their initial troubles, and to recoup and activate their former humane attitudes. Positive thinking reappeared and new forms of relationships emerged. The patients, their families and the care professionals came to understand each other better and gained the sense of 'living together'. The process began with 'confronting' the situation and progressed to the final stage of 'acceptance': the patient with dementia was confronted with the dementia itself, the family was confronted with the elderly person as a human being, and the care professional was confronted with her or himself. At first, the care professionals had felt a sense of social responsibility for delivering justice, but they had gradually noticed that they were themselves relieved of the strain resulting from these attitudes. Acceptance of dementia by the care professional was important in carrying forward this dynamic process, which helps to ensure the desired QoL for the patient with dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Development of a simple device for processing whole-blood samples into measured aliquots of plasma.

A capillary processor and aliquoter has been designed and fabricated that is capable of accepting aliquots of whole blood and automatically processing them into discrete aliquots of plasma. The device consists of two disks, each of which contains 16 individual capillaries and a processing rotor. One disk accepts larger capillaries that hold approximately 100 microL of whole blood each. The second disk accepts 2.54-cm-long precision capillaries of various internal diameters, which provide exact sample volumes from 1 to 10 microL. The processing rotor contains 16 individual compartments and chambers to accept both disks. Applying centrifugal force transfers the aliquots of whole blood into their respective compartments, where they are separated into cellular and plasma fractions. As the rotor speed is slowly decreased, an aliquot of plasma is withdrawn by capillary action into each measuring capillary. The disk containing the 16 measured aliquots of plasma is then removed and placed into a modified rotor for conventional centrifugal analysis. This device can entrain and deliver microliter volumes of liquids with precision and accuracy (1-2%) near that of mechanical pipettes. Assays of the separated plasma aliquots also have acceptable precision (e.g., CVs approximately 3% for measurements of serum enzymes).

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[How well do patients' relatives evaluate and understand information provided by the intensive care unit?].

A study was made of the process of providing information to the relatives of critical patients admitted to a polyvalent ICU. Work was carried out by a group of nurses not usually responsible for informing patients or their relatives, which usually is the task of attending physicians. In intensive care, nurses should become more involved in the information process because they are in close contact with patients and their families. The specific objectives of the study were: 1. To study relatives' reaction to and acceptance of the information process. 2. To evaluate their perception of the quality of care. 3. To collect information for developing an information protocol that would assist nurses in communicating with relatives and informing them of the care and needs of the patient. An analysis was made of responses to an opinion survey obtained from the relatives of 180 patients who received medical information daily. The sample consisted of patients admitted on even numbered days. Results were favorable with regard to the level of satisfaction and understanding of the information given to relatives. However, they noted that the lack of privacy and courtesy worsened the perceived quality of care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outstanding questions about phonological processing in dyslexia.

It is widely accepted that developmental dyslexia results from some sort of phonological deficit. Yet, it can be argued that phonological representations and their processing have been insufficiently tested in dyslexia research. Firstly, claims about how tasks tap into certain kinds of representations or processes are best appreciated in the light of an explicit information-processing model. Here, a cognitive model of lexical access is described, incorporating speech perception, reading and object recognition. The model emphasizes that phonological forms of lexical items are distinct from non-lexical phonological representations. Secondly, phonology, as a linguistic discipline, teaches us that there is much more to it than phonemic categorization and awareness. The phonological level of representation also embodies phonotactic regularities, patterns of phoneme assimilation and alternation, as well as supra-segmental knowledge pertaining to syllable structure, stress, intonation and rhythm. All these aspects are in part language-dependent, and therefore must be learnt by children in order to become proficient native speakers and listeners. If phonological representations were affected in dyslexia, dyslexic children would presumably have difficulties acquiring these aspects of their language. This prediction is as yet untested. A possible research agenda is outlined, aiming to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the phonological theory of dyslexia.

Child↗
PubMed2005

The preparation by extrusion/spheronization and the properties of pellets containing drugs, microcrystalline cellulose and glyceryl monostearate.

Pellets have been prepared by extrusion and spheronization containing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and four model drugs with decreasing order of solubility, paracetamol (P), diclofenac sodium (D), ibuprofen (IB) and indomethacin (IN) at a 10% level with and without the addition of a range of levels of glyceryl monostearate (GMS). The drugs differed in their response to extrusion in that all formulations containing the drug D had a 'steady state' extrusion profile whereas the other three drugs exhibited 'forced flow' indicating the possibility of water migration during the process of ram extrusion. The presence of GMS did not influence this effect. The drug D also required consistently less water to function than the other three drugs. In spite of these differences in extrusion performance, it was possible to prepare satisfactory pellets from formulations of all the drugs with 0, 30 and 60% GMS combined with 90, 60 or 30% of MCC at a range of water levels. It was also possible to prepare pellets containing the drug D with 70, 80 and 90% GMS, with corresponding quantities of 20, 10 and 0% of MCC. It was also possible to prepare the pellet formulations by dispersing the drugs in molten GMS, grinding and processing this with MCC and water. Such systems retained the processing characteristics of the composition made by the blending of the powder. The presence of GMS in all cases reduced the quantity of water required for the process to function. The steady state or the mean of the range of the forces observed during forced flow, were dependent on the composition and the quantity of water added. The surface of the extrudate appeared smooth and measurements of surface roughness established that the value of the rugosity R(a) for any of the extrudates did not exceed 6 microm. The extrudate diameter was found to increase with the quantity of GMS in the formulation. The pellets produced were all within a relatively narrow size range (three sieve fractions of a root two progression), the median value of which increased with the level of GMS. For the drug D, there was a linear increase of pellet diameter with increase in the extrudate diameter. For the three other drugs this relationship was less certain but nevertheless there was a similar trend for the pellet diameter to increase as the extrudate diameter increased, suggesting the mechanism of the process is the same irrespective of the composition. Considering the value of the shape factor e(R), all the pellets produced from the various formulations were well within acceptable levels for further processing and the only observable trend in the values was that the formulations with the lower water contents were the least round. The porosity of the pellets of the different formulations generally decreased with the increase in water used to prepare the pellets, the extent of this decrease being dependent on the drug and the level of GMS. The in vitro drug release from the pellets was controlled by the solubility of the drug, the lower the value of the solubility, the longer the mean dissolution time (MDT). This was not influenced by the presence of GMS or the method of incorporation of the drug into the formulation.

Cellulose↗
PubMed1999

[Psychiatric classification. Basic idea and development of an ongoing process].

Whereas the present internationally accepted systems appear like a radical break with the psychiatric tradition at first sight, a closer look reveals that there is in fact a continuity between traditional and modern classification systems: The programmatic idea behind their development is still the same as the one that was first formulated by K. Kahlbaum and introduced to psychiatry by E. Kraepelin. And indeed, those changes in modern systems that appear new were developed because the responsible commissions kept in line with this German tradition. The present paper reviews the development of classifications in psychiatry from their beginning to today and underlines the reasons why the true adequacy of current systems will only show in the next millennium.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

A single system explains human speed perception.

Motion is fully described by a direction and a speed. The processing of direction information by the visual system has been extensively studied; much less is known, however, about the processing of speed. Although it is generally accepted that the direction of motion is processed by a single motion system, no such consensus exists for speed. Psychophysical data from humans suggest two separate systems processing luminance-based fast and slow speeds, whereas neurophysiological recordings in monkeys generally show continuous speed representation, hinting at a single system. Although the neurophysiological findings hint at a single system, they remain inconclusive as only a limited amount of cells can be measured per study and, possibly, the putative different motion systems are anatomically separate. In three psychophysical motion adaptation experiments, we show that predictions on the basis of the two-motion system hypothesis are not met. Instead, concurrent modeling showed that both here-presented and previous data are consistent with a single system subserving human speed perception. These findings have important implications for computational models of motion processing and the low-level organization of the process.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Effect of vacuum-condensed or ultrafiltered milk on pasteurized process cheese.

Milk was concentrated by ultrafiltration (UF) or vacuum condensing (CM) and milks with 2 levels of protein: 4.5% (UF1 and CM1) and 6.0% (UF2 and CM2) for concentrates and a control with 3.2% protein were used for manufacturing 6 replicates of Cheddar cheese. For manufacturing pasteurized process cheese, a 1:1 blend of shredded 18- and 30-wk Cheddar cheese, butter oil, and disodium phosphate (3%) was heated and pasteurized at 74 degrees C for 2 min with direct steam injection. The moisture content of the resulting process cheeses was 39.4 (control), 39.3 (UF1), 39.4 (UF2), 39.4 (CM1), and 40.2% (CM2). Fat and protein contents were influenced by level and method of concentration of cheese milk. Fat content was the highest in control (35.0%) and the lowest in UF2 (31.6%), whereas protein content was the lowest in control (19.6%) and the highest in UF2 (22.46%). Ash content increased with increase in level of concentration of cheese milk with no effect of method of concentration. Meltability of process cheeses decreased with increase in level of concentration and was higher in control than in the cheeses made with concentrated milk. Hardness was highest in UF cheeses (8.45 and 9.90 kg for UF1 and UF2) followed by CM cheeses (6.27 and 9.13 kg, for CM1 and CM2) and controls (3.94 kg). Apparent viscosity of molten cheese at 80 degrees C was higher in the 6.0% protein treatments (1043 and 1208 cp, UF2 and CM2) than in 4.5% protein treatments (855 and 867 cp, UF1 and CM1) and in control (557 cp). Free oil in process cheeses was influenced by both level and method of concentration with control (14.3%) being the lowest and CM2 (18.9%) the highest. Overall flavor, body and texture, and acceptability were higher for process cheeses made with the concentrates compared with control. This study demonstrated that the application of concentrated milks (UF or CM) for Cheddar cheese making has an impact on pasteurized process cheese characteristics.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Designing in quality through design control: a manufacturer's perspective.

Quality by design is a comprehensive program that begins with understanding user needs and continues through (but does not end with) monitoring customer acceptance. Management tools and processes such as ISO 9000 standards and the Food and Drug Administration Quality System Regulations exist to guide medical device manufacturers in quality practices. The goal is to deliver products acceptable for their intended use. Quality control begins with defining attributes ranging from color to accuracy and precision. Failure mode and effects analysis and risk analysis consider both probability and severity of potential malfunctions and their effects on patients or operators. Tools used to implement design and production practices include Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) charts and industry-conceived concepts, such as Six Sigma techniques. Their use varies with manufacturer, depending on product and customer needs and the manufacturer's specific quality practices. Verification confirms that input goals are met. Then, validation assures that intended clinical needs are continually satisfied by establishing adequate production specifications. Conformance is monitored to verify that stable, consistent processes are in place, and precise user instructions enable the device to satisfy its intended use. Finally, complaint tracking can help assess whether needs have been met. Modifications in service, hardware, or instructions (including quality control) might be required. Therefore, both manufacturers and users work in partnership for continual improvement. The manufacturer's knowledge of design, production, and service needs of its devices enable it to recommend appropriate quality-control protocols for clinical testing.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed2003

[Validation of constancy testing of film processing according to Regulation 6868-2].

Constancy tests of film processing according to DIN 6868-2 require the measurement of the quantities "Empfindlichkeitsindex EI" (Speed Index) and "Kontrastindex KI" (Contrast Index), aimed at determining changes of film processing that can influence the resulting radiographic image. In this study it was investigated whether these quantities are actually suited to adequately describe processing-induced changes of the sensitometric properties of X-ray films. For this purpose, processing-induced changes of the parameters EI and KI were compared with corresponding changes of the parameters "Lichtempfindlichkeit LE" (Light Speed) and "Lichtkontrast LK" (Light Contrast), both used for acceptance tests of film processing according to DIN V 6868-55. The results of this study can be summarised as follows: 1. There was a very good correlation between the quantities EI and LE. 2. Changes of the quantity KI were generally not correlated with changes of LK, for example significant changes of LK were not always reflected by changes of the quantity KI. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. The quantity EI is well suited to indicate changes of the sensitivity of film processing. 2. The use of the quantity KI for constancy testing is questionable, and it is suggested to refrain from the measurement of KI.

Film Dosimetry↗
PubMed2002

Diagnosing and optimizing water treatment processes by using particle counter: a case study in Korea.

The goal of the flocculation process is to change the particle size distribution to best suit the subsequent processes. Although several methods exist to evaluate the flocculation process, no single universally accepted method has yet to be developed. The purpose of this paper is to present experiences whereby particle counting was used in the diagnosis and optimization of the flocculation process. A commercially available on-line continuous particle counter has been used in evaluating the design and the operation of this process at two conventional Water Treatment Plants. The evaluation is based on particle dynamics, i.e., the change of the number of small and large particles. Some design deficiencies in the distribution channel and flocculation process have been identified from this method, and thus some operational parameters are suggested for optimum performance. Because the optimum condition may be site-specific, the method presented in this paper will be beneficial in the evaluation of the flocculation process at other water treatment plants.

Facility Design and Construction↗
PubMed2004

The provision of animal health care to smallholders in Africa: an analytical approach.

Many of the problems associated with the delivery of quality veterinary services to smallholders in Africa are attributed to the complexity of the provision of animal health care (AHC) in sub-Saharan Africa. In this region, a holistic and analytical approach is needed to determine area-specific requirements for sustainable, and thus quality, AHC. This study examines three components of the animal health care system in sub-Saharan Africa, namely, the structure, the process and the outcomes. It focuses particularly on the factors that contribute to the quality of the structure and the process. For this purpose, two measures of quality are used, i.e. availability (in relation to the structure) and acceptability (in relation to the process). The authors identify factors that affect the availability and acceptability of AHC and suggest ways in which they, and hence the quality of AHC provided to smallholders in Africa, can be improved.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1992

Mechanisms of cell shape change: the cytomechanics of cellular response to chemical environment and mechanical loading.

Processes such as cell locomotion and morphogenesis depend on both the generation of force by cytoskeletal elements and the response of the cell to the resulting mechanical loads. Many widely accepted theoretical models of processes involving cell shape change are based on untested hypotheses about the interaction of these two components of cell shape change. I have quantified the mechanical responses of cytoplasm to various chemical environments and mechanical loading regimes to understand better the mechanisms of cell shape change and to address the validity of these models. Measurements of cell mechanical properties were made with strands of cytoplasm submerged in media containing detergent to permeabilize the plasma membrane, thus allowing control over intracellular milieu. Experiments were performed with equipment that generated sinusoidally varying length changes of isolated strands of cytoplasm from Physarum polycephalum. Results indicate that stiffness, elasticity, and viscosity of cytoplasm all increase with increasing concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, and ATP, and decrease with increasing magnitude and rate of deformation. These results specifically challenge assumptions underlying mathematical models of morphogenetic events such as epithelial folding and cell division, and further suggest that gelation may depend on both actin cross-linking and actin polymerization.

Actins↗
PubMed1992

[Phoniatric aspects of reconstructive laryngectomy].

Reconstructive laryngectomy has been performed at the E.N.T. Clinic in Ferrara for some time. After surgery the patients undergo speech therapy and phoniatric treatment for a period of time varying from 2 to 6 months. In order to better evaluate the vocal quality obtained after such reeducation the vocal emissions of 25 patients were examined and recorded. The recorded material, made up of prolonged vowels and 6 phonetically balanced sentences, was then evaluated by a panel of 7 "trained" listeners. The evaluation score-card proposed by Woiers in 1977 was used in taking the data. This not only provides a scale for evaluating the main voice quality features, but also includes a final judgement on parameters including intelligibility, acceptability and pleasantness. Statistical processing of the data inherent to voice quality indicated a decrease in intensity and pitch when compared to normal values. Nonetheless, the listening test showed a high degree of intelligibility, acceptability and pleasantness. These values confirm the fact that, although the new voice achieved through reconstructive laryngectomy surgery is less sonorous, it allows for perfectly understandable, socially acceptable speech.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

The urgent need for environmental sanitation and a safe drinking water supply in Mbandjock, Cameroon.

Studies were conducted to assess the physical, chemical, and bacteriological qualities of drinking water in Mbandjock, Cameroon. Study results indicated that the vast majority of drinking water sources possessed acceptable physical and chemical qualities, according to the World Health Organization standards. However, microbiological analyses revealed that only the waters treated by the Cameroon National Water Company (SNEC) and the Sugar Processing Company (SOSUCAM) were acceptable for human consumption. All spring and well waters presented evidences of fecal contamination from human and/or animal origin. Water from these sources should, therefore, be treated before use for drinking. Since the majority of the population gets its water from wells and springs, there is an urgent need to develop a health education program, within the framework of primary health care, with respect to environmental sanitation and safe drinking water supply in this community.

Health Education↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Screening to control infectious diseases: evaluation of control programs for gonorrhea and syphilis.

Gonorrhea and syphilis serve as models for the definition of criteria for the evaluation of screening programs for detection of disease. Mass screening and selective screening are distinguished from individual screening (case finding). Important characteristics of screening tests are sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, precision, accuracy, and acceptability. Program evaluation includes process evaluation and outcome evaluation. Major criteria to consider in the evaluation of mass screening programs are prevalence and incidence of disease, predictive value of tests used, yield, available screening tests, acceptance, follow-up services, costs and benefits, and control over the spread of infection. All forms of screening programs should be evaluated by available methods so that they will operate with maximal efficiency and so that nonproductive programs can be discarded.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of the implementation of an electronic medical record.

University of Minnesota Physicians, the faculty clinical practice organization of the Medical School, is implementing an Electronic Medical Record (EMR). During this process, we anticipated the need for an evaluative study of the implementation to examine process and satisfaction. This was in order to monitor the ability of the physicians to use the EMR effectively. The use of these data to evaluate the implementation and user-acceptance of change of process presents a unique research opportunity. The study of the impact of the EMR implementation on patient care, education, and other issues of academic interest make this research study valuable.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗