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PubMed1991

Overlapping projections to the amygdala and striatum from auditory processing areas of the thalamus and cortex.

The purpose of this study was to advance our understanding of the anatomical organization of sensory projections to the amygdala, and specifically to identify potential interactions within the amygdala between thalamic and cortical sensory projections of a single sensory modality. Thus, interconnections between the amygdala and acoustic processing areas of the thalamus and cortex were examined in the rat using WGA-HRP as an anterograde and a retrograde axonal tracer. Injections placed in medial aspects of the medial geniculate body (MGB) produced anterograde transport to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala and to adjacent areas of the striatum. Injections of primary auditory cortex (TE1) produced no transport to amygdala. In contrast, injections ventral to TE1 involving TE3 and perirhinal periallocortex (PRh) produced anterograde transport in the subcortical forebrain that was indistinguishable from that produced by the MGB injections. The TE3 and PRh injections also resulted in retrograde transport to primary auditory cortex and to MGB, thus confirming the involvement of these ventral cortical areas in auditory functions. Injections of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala resulted in retrograde transport back to the medial areas of MGB and to temporal cortical areas PRh, TE3, and the ventral most part of TE1. Thus, auditory processing regions of the thalamus and cortex give rise to overlapping (possibly convergent) projections to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. These projections may allow diverse auditory signals to act on common ensembles of amygdaloid neurons and may therefore play a role in the integration of sensory messages leading to emotional reactions.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1994

Direct projections from the non-laminated divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus to the temporal polar cortex and amygdala in the cat.

The medial geniculate nucleus (MG) is well known to send projection fibers not only to the auditory cortex, but also to the limbic structures of the forebrain including the perirhinal cortex and amygdala. In the cat, the non-laminated portions of the MG are also known to project to the amygdala, as well as to the auditory cortical areas surrounding the primary auditory area. On the other hand, projections from the non-laminated MG to the limbic cortical areas have not so far been studied systematically. Thus, in the present study, direct projections from the non-laminated portions of the medial geniculate nucleus to the temporal polar cortex and amygdala were examined in the cat by retrograde and anterograde tract-tracing techniques. The temporal polar cortex is the ventral polar region of the posterior sylvian and posterior ectosylvian gyri, which is located dorsal to the posterior rhinal sulcus and includes the ectorhinal area. After injection of cholera toxin B subunit into the temporal polar cortex, retrogradely labeled neurons were seen in the caudal two-thirds of the medial geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the injection; they were distributed in the non-laminated portions of the MG (the dorsal and medial divisions and the ventromedial part of the ventral division), but not in the laminated portion (the principal part of the ventral division). These findings were confirmed by injecting Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into each division of the MG. After the injection into each non-laminated division, terminal labeling was observed in the temporal polar cortex. Terminal labeling was further found in the lateral amygdaloid nucleus ipsilateral to the injection. Then, cholera toxin B subunit was injected into the lateral amygdaloid nucleus; retrogradely labeled neurons were observed ipsilaterally in the non-laminated portions of the MG, as well as in the temporal polar cortex. The results indicate that the non-laminated portions of the MG send projection fibers to the temporal polar cortex and lateral amygdaloid nucleus, and that the non-laminated portions of the MG and temporal polar cortex give rise to overlapping projections to the lateral amygdaloid nucleus. These connections appear to constitute neuronal links in "emotional" and/or "motivational" circuitry in the forebrain.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1981

Kainic acid neurotoxicity; effect of systemic injection on neurotransmitter markers in different brain regions.

Systemic injection of kainic acid (12 mg/kg) induces necrosis and neuronal degeneration in several brain regions. The most pronounced effects were observed in the piriform cortex, amygdaloid complex, hippocampus and septum. A good correlation between morphological changes and changes in some neurotransmitter markers was observed in these 4 areas. High affinity uptake of L-glutamate, as well as glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase activities were reduced in the piriform cortex and amygdaloid complex whereas in the hippocampus and septum only the first two markers were reduced. No morphological changes or decrease in any of these neurotransmitter markers were observed in striatum or globus pallidus. A pronounced neuronal degeneration could be demonstrated in lateral thalamus and geniculate body, but this degeneration was not accompanied by any decrease in the transmitter markers tested.

Amygdala↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efferents from the medial anterior hypothalamic area in the guinea pig.

Medial anterior hypothalamic connections were studied with H3-proline and autoradiography. Most of the axons projected to other hypothalamic nuclei. The major pathways were found ventral medial to the fornix and in the periventricular tract. Substantial projections were apparent in the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei with less label in the arcuate nucleus. The dorsal premammillary nuclei were labeled bilaterally, particularly with more caudal injections of anterior hypothalamus. Efferents were evident in the posterior hypothalamus and continued into the central gray of the midbrain. Labeled fibers reached the ventral tegmental area and in the reticular formation were traced only through pons. Rostral projections were to the medial and lateral preoptic areas and ventral lateral septum. The bed nucleus of stria terminals was labeled a very few fibers reached the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The periventricular nucleus of thalamus was labeled.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Comparative analysis of neuropeptide FF-like immunoreactivity in the brain of anuran (Rana perezi, Xenopus laevis) and urodele (Pleurodeles waltl) amphibians.

The neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is a member of the RFamide related peptides (FaRPs) that share the dipeptide Arg-Phe-NH2 at their C-terminal. It was originally isolated from bovine brain and its wide distribution has been demonstrated in the brain of several mammalian species. By means of an NPFF antiserum we have investigated the distribution pattern of NPFF-like immunoreactive cells and fibers in the brain of anuran and urodele amphibians. In both amphibian orders, the most conspicuous labeled cell population was found in the preoptic area and hypothalamus, primarily in the suprachiasmatic region. Numerous fibers reached the median eminence and the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. Only in the anuran brain cells were observed in the pallium and septum. In the urodele, cells and fibers of the terminal nerve were distinctly labeled. Cell bodies were widely distributed in the reticular formation of anurans and, in both orders, a large cell population was found in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the spinal cord. Comparable fiber distribution between both orders exists in which the basal telencephalon (mainly the amygdaloid complex), the hypothalamus and the spinal cord are the regions most richly innervated. The distribution pattern of NPFF-like immunorective elements in the brain of amphibians, which only partly overlaps with those of other FaRPs, supports the notion that a NPFF-like peptide exists in amphibians. On the basis of its localization, this peptide may act as a hypophysiotropic neurohormone and be involved in background adaptation. Its wide distribution in similar zones of the brain in amphibians and mammals suggests that functional roles of this peptide have been conserved in vertebrate evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Possible role of somatostatin in the regulation of the sexually differentiated steroid metabolism and prolactin receptor in rat liver.

The regulation of the sexually differentiated metabolism of 4-[4-14C]androstene-3,17-dione and the presence of PRL receptors in rat liver were studied. Electrolytic lesions in male rats placed in a restricted area in the anterior hypothalamic periventricular area caused a feminization of hepatic steroid metabolism (i.e. increased the 5 alpha-reductase and decreased the 6 beta- and 16 alpha-hydroxylase activities) and of the levels of PRL receptors (increased binding of [125I]-labeled human PRL). After periventricular lesions, histochemical analysis revealed a decrease in somatostatin-like immunoreactive cell bodies in the periventricular area. Also the number of immunoreactive somatostatin fibers in the median eminence was dramatically reduced. Somatostatin levels in the median eminence, as measured by RIA, were reduced to approximately 2-10% of control values after periventricular lesions. Large lesions in the amygdaloid complex in male rats caused a partial feminization of hepatic steroid metabolism and PRL receptors. Passive immunization during 4 days by multiple injections of an antiserum generated against somatostatin resulted in a partial feminization of the male rat liver. When somatostatin was injected into female rats, the PRL receptors were reduced to approximately 60% of the control female receptor levels. The present study indicates that the anterior periventricular hypothalamic area is important in the control of the sexually differentiated steroid metabolism and PRL receptors in the liver and that the amygdaloid complex also may have regulatory influences on this system. A possible central neuro-endocrine mediator of these sex differences in the liver could be somatostatin or a related compound.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed2001

[Multidimensional analysis of neurons in the subnuclei of the central nucleus of the amygdala].

The multidimensional analysis of quantitative characteristics of dendrite tree of the neurons of the subnuclei of the brain central amygdaloid nucleus was performed. The most stable connections between the parameters of neuronal dendrite tree were detected. By using factor analysis it was demonstrated that the diversity of quantitative characteristics of the cells could be described by four independent variables: "ramification", "dimensionality", "matrix" and "cell body area". As a result of analysis performed, three neuronal clusters were detected. The results of the cluster analysis of neurons are in general agreement with the classification based on the criteria suggested by T.A. Leontovich (1978). The representation of each cluster in subnuclei of the central nucleus was demonstrated taking into account their rostro-caudal extension.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1989

Cholinergic innervation of the monkey amygdala: an immunohistochemical analysis with antisera to choline acetyltransferase.

The organization of the cholinergic innervation of the macaque monkey amygdaloid complex was investigated by means of immunohistochemical techniques and either a polyclonal antiserum or a monoclonal antibody directed against the specific synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Adjacent series of sections were processed histochemically for the demonstration of the degradative enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or for cell bodies with thionin. The density of ChAT immunoreactivity differed substantially among the various nuclei and cortical regions of the amygdala. In general, the distribution of ChAT immunoreactivity paralleled the pattern of AChE staining. One notable exception was the presence of AChE containing cell bodies in addition to AChE positive fibers within nearly all of the nuclear and cortical regions. In contrast, ChAT immunoreactivity was associated only with fibers and terminals. The highest density of ChAT immunoreactive fibers and terminals was consistently observed in the magnocellular subdivision of the basal nucleus. Staining was substantially less dense in the more ventrally situated parvicellular subdivision. Medially, in the adjacent accessory basal nucleus, immunoreactive fibers and terminals were densest in the magnocellular and superficial subdivisions and least prominent in the parvicellular subdivision. Of the deep nuclei, the lateral nucleus generally obtained the least ChAT immunoreactive terminals and processes. Only its more densely cellular ventrolateral portion contained appreciable fiber and terminal staining. One of the more distinctive patterns of ChAT immunoreactivity was seen in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. Here, ChAT positive fibers formed pericellular basket plexuses around unstained cell bodies. This unique pattern of staining was used to delineate the boundaries of the nucleus and indicated that it is present for much of the rostrocaudal extent of the amygdala. Another region of conspicuous staining on the medial surface of the amygdala was the sulcal portion of the periamygdaloid cortex. This region, associated with the sulcus semiannularis and bordering the entorhinal cortex, consistently contained dense immunoreactivity. The central nucleus also presented a somewhat idiosyncratic pattern of ChAT staining. The lateral subdivision had a diffuse distribution of immunoreactivity in which focal patches of more densely stained terminals and occasional fine fibers were embedded. In contrast, the medial subdivision contained a larger number of thicker, stained fibers without diffuse background labeling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Afferent connections of the rat substantia nigra pars lateralis with special reference to peptide-containing neurons of the amygdalo-nigral pathway.

The afferent connections of the rat substantia nigra pars lateralis have been studied using the retrograde axonal transport of fluorescent latex microspheres. The most numerous groups of retrogradely labelled nerve cell bodies were observed bilaterally in the parabrachial complex and several hypothalamic nuclei, whereas the parietal neocortex, the fundus striati, the central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were labelled on the injected side only. The neuronal projections from the central amygdaloid nucleus to the substantia nigra pars lateralis and lateral part of the rostral pars compacta have additionally been confirmed by anterograde tracing using wheat-germ agglutinin coupled to horseradish peroxidase. The presence of some peptides in this pathway was studied by combining the use of the same retrograde tracer with immunofluorescence after intra-amygdaloid injections of colchicine. With this method, we have demonstrated that Met-enkephalin, dynorphin and neurotensin are probably utilized as neurotransmitters or co-transmitters in the neurons of the amygdalo-nigral pathway.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1986

Clinical and EEG features of complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin.

The electrographic and clinical behavioural manifestations of 96 temporal lobe seizures are reviewed from recordings in 19 patients who were submitted to stereotaxic depth electrode implantation in temporal and frontal lobes. Focal onset in hippocampus was recorded in 40% of the seizures. Sixty percent of temporal lobe seizures exhibited a regional seizure onset but in two-thirds of these ictal changes were restricted to amygdaloid and hippocampal structures. Thus, in approximately 80% of seizures, the onset of ictal EEG changes resided in the mesial temporal structures. The main behavioral manifestations observed during seizure discharge restricted to one temporal lobe included warning (67%), motionless stare (24%), automatism (22%), and head-body turning (24%). The predominant ictal behavioural manifestations observed during seizure spread to contralateral temporal and extratemporal structures included warning (3%), motionless stare (36%), automatism (77%), and head-body turning (81%). The direction of head turning did not provide reliable lateralization as to the side of seizure onset.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Influence of stress and stress-protecting factors on rat tolerance to cold and efficiency of rat adaptation to cold].

The adaptive characteristics of the body, including the specific features of increased cold resistance upon repeated exposures to cold, are determined not only by the properties of thermogenic structures themselves, but largely depend on the contribution of the central mechanisms which control the processes of habituation and mobilization of functions. The experiments revealed an increase in cold resistance in rats after preexposure to cold. Immobilization stress prior to training cold significantly decreased rapid cold resistance in the animals, but increased the training effect of the first cooling. On the contrary, chlordiazepoxide increased cold resistance during the first cooling. Testing of the untreated animal showed no effect of training. No adaptive changes in cold resistance occurred in rats with impaired amygdaloid complex. Analyzing adrenal catecholamines revealed a significant elevation of dopamine concentrations in the rats exposed to cold. Hypothalamic catecholamines did not change with cold and serotonin in intact rats and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in amygdalectomized rats substantially increased.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Altered levels of POMC, AgRP and MC4-R mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and other parts of the limbic system of mice prone or resistant to chronic high-energy diet-induced obesity.

The melanocortinergic system plays an important role in promoting negative energy balance and preventing excessive fat deposition. This study has investigated the levels of mRNA expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), agouti-related protein (AgRP) and the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in diet-induced obese (DIO) and diet-resistant (DR) mice. Thirty C57 mice were used in this study. Twenty-four mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HF: 40% of calories from fat, 20% from saturated fat) for 4 weeks and then classified as DIO and DR according to their body weight gain. Six mice were placed on a low-fat diet (LF: 10% of calories from fat, 1% from saturated fat) and were used as controls. After 22 weeks of feeding, visceral fat deposits were more than twice as heavy in the DIO mice as in the DR and LF mice, while the latter two groups had no significant difference. Using quantitative in situ hybridization techniques, this study found that the DIO mice had a significantly lower level of Arc POMC (-29%) and AgRP (-31%) mRNA expression than the DR and LF mice, respectively. The mice on high-fat diets had higher levels of AgRP mRNA expression in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST), and ventral part of the lateral septal nucleus (LSV) than the LF mice. Furthermore, the DIO mice had a 40% higher level of MC4-R mRNA expression in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) and posterodorsal part of the medial amygdaloid nucleus (MePD) than the LF mice. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that differential expression of POMC, AgRP and MC4-R mRNA levels exists in DIO, DR and LF mice. These differences were shown to occur in the specific nuclei of the hypothalamus and other parts of the limbic system. These findings may assist in understanding the involvement of the melanocortinergic system in the regulation of body weight via the autonomic and limbic systems.

Agouti-Related Protein↗
PubMed2006

Chronic disruption of body weight but not of stress peptides or receptors in rats exposed to repeated restraint stress.

Rats exposed to restraint stress for 3 h on each of 3 days lose weight and do not return to the weight of their non-stressed controls for extended periods of time. Studies described here demonstrate that the initial weight loss is associated with increased energy expenditure and reduced food intake on the days of restraint but that there is no difference between stressed and control rats once stress ends. The failure to compensate for this energy deficit accounts for the sustained reduction in weight which lasts for up to 80 days after the end of restraint. In an additional experiment, in situ hybridization was used to measure mRNA expression of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and CRF receptors in hypothalamic nuclei, of urocortin (UCN) in the Edinger Westphal nucleus and of UCN III in the rostral perifornical area and medial amygdaloidal nucleus. Immediately after the second 3 h bout of restraint stress, there was a significant increase in expression of UCN in the Edinger Westphal nucleus and of CRF-R1 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and a less pronounced decrease in CRF-R2 expression in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. There were no differences in expression of stress-related peptides or their receptors 40 days after the end of repeated restraint. These results suggest that the sustained reduction in body weight and increased responsiveness to subsequent stressors in rats that have been exposed to repeated restraint are not associated with prolonged changes in mRNA expression of CRF receptors or their ligands.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1992

Convergence of projections from the rat hippocampal formation, medial geniculate and basal forebrain onto single amygdaloid neurons: an in vivo extra- and intracellular electrophysiological study.

We recorded extra- and intracellular responses from rat amygdaloid neurons in vivo after electrical stimulation of the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampal fields CA3 and CA4, entorhinal cortex, subicular complex); medial geniculate; and basal forebrain (diagonal band, ventral pallidum, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral preoptic area, substantia innominata). Stimulation of hippocampal formation structures evoked IPSPs or EPSP-IPSP sequences in which the IPSP had a lower threshold than the EPSP. Recordings from candidate inhibitory neurons in the amygdala indicated that excitatory afferents from the hippocampal formation contact both amygdaloid inhibitory and principal neurons (feedforward inhibition), and that the inhibitory neurons have a lower threshold of activation. Medial geniculate stimulation also evoked EPSP-IPSP sequences. In marked contrast to these results, stimulation of basal forebrain structures evoked short latency IPSPs in amygdaloid neurons. This provides the first physiological evidence for direct inhibition of the amygdala by the basal forebrain. Basal forebrain stimulation also evoked EPSP-IPSP sequences in amygdaloid neurons. Individual amygdaloid neurons could show responses to stimulation of the hippocampal formation, basal forebrain, and medial geniculate, indicating that synaptic input from these areas converges onto single amygdaloid cells. The findings provide further information about the synaptic organization of afferents to the amygdala, and indicate that single amygdaloid neurons play a role in the synaptic integration of input from these diverse sources.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1993

Distribution of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, P400, in adult rat brain.

The distribution of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor protein, P400, was investigated in adult rat brain by immunocytochemistry with the monoclonal antibody 4C11 raised against mouse cerebellar inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor protein. Immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were detected in the cerebral cortex, the claustrum, the endopiriform nucleus, the corpus callosum, the anterior olfactory nuclei, the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus accumbens, the lateral septum, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hippocampal formation, the dentate gyrus, the caudate-putamen, the fundus striatum, the amygdaloid complex, the thalamus, the caudolateral part of the hypothalamus, the supramammillary nuclei, the substantia nigra, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the ventrotegmental area, the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the subnucleus oralis and caudalis of trigeminal nerve, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Immunoreactive fibres were found in the medial forebrain bundle, the globus pallidus, the stria terminalis, the pyramidal tract, the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, and the ventral horn of spinal cord. Nerve fibres forming a dense plexus ending in terminal-like boutons were detected in relation to nonimmunoreactive neurons of the dentate, interpositus, and fastigial nuclei of the cerebellum and around neurons of the vestibular nuclei. This receptor protein binds a specific second messenger, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which produces a mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and a modulation of transmitter release.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of high-dose methamphetamine on monoamine uptake sites in rat brain measured by quantitative autoradiography.

The neurotoxicity of methamphetamine to monoaminergic neurons was examined. Neurotoxicity was assessed by quantitative autoradiography using radioligands specific for binding to norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin uptake sites. High-dose administration of methamphetamine led to decreases in binding to uptake sites for the three monoamines. Norepinephrine binding sites were decreased in certain amygdaloid nuclei and in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Serotonin binding sites were reduced in widespread brain areas, while dopamine binding sites were reduced in the caudate putamen, olfactory tubercle, and nucleus accumbens. The decreases in binding site density for the three monoamines are limited to terminal field areas; cell body areas are not affected. Our results indicate that methamphetamine is neurotoxic to serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine neurons. The neurotoxicity to norepinephrine neurons is in selected brain areas.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide in the rat central nervous system: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study.

In the present study the localization of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)-expressing cell bodies and PACAP projections were mapped in the adult rat brain and spinal cord by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry. A widespread occurrence of PACAP-containing cell bodies was found, with the greatest accumulation in several hypothalamic nuclei and in several brainstem nuclei, especially the habenular nuclei, the pontine nucleus, the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB), and the vagal complex. PACAP was also present in cell bodies in the olfactory areas, in neocortical areas, in the hippocampus, in the vestibulo- and cochlear nuclei, in cell bodies of the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord and in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, in the subfornical organ, and in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. An intense accumulation of PACAP-immunoreactive (-IR) nerve fibers was observed throughout the hypothalamus, in the amydaloid and extended amygdaloid complex, in the anterior and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, in the intergeniculate leaflet, in the pretectum, and in several brainstem nuclei, such as the parabrachial nucleus, the sensory trigeminal nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. PACAP-IR nerve fibers were also found in the area postrema, the posterior pituitary and the choroid plexus, and the dorsal and ventral horn of the spinal cord. The widespread distribution of PACAP in the brain and spinal cord suggests that PACAP is involved in the control of many autonomic and sensory functions as well as higher cortical processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

VIP in the rat brain: evidence for a major pathway linking the amygdala and hypothalamus via the stria terminalis.

We report here on the detailed distribution of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain by a combined immunological approach using immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. VIP-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed. Cell bodies and and fibres were noted principally in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, suprachiasmatic nucleus and brain stem. In addition dense areas of immunoreactive fibres and terminals were seen in the stria terminalis and its bed nucleus. The fibres appear to form a major VIP-containing pathway which links the amygdaloid complex with the hypothalamus. Although the functional significance of VIP in the brain is unknown, its presence in the amygdala, the hypothalamus and their linking pathway, as well as its pharmacological actions suggest that it may play a role in neuroendocrine regulation and the modulation of hypothalamic function.

Amygdala↗