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PubMed2004

Potential future studies on the nutritional status among indigenous peoples in Alaska and the Russian Far East: preliminary assessment of the Social Transition in the North data set.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this assessment is to examine the nutrition-related health data collected during the Social Transitions of the North (STN) study for understanding cultural differences between nations and the impact on nutritional status. METHODS: The nutrition data in the STN study was collected in two regions of Alaska (Northwest Arctic and the Aleutian Islands) and in two regions of the Russian Far East (Kamchatka and Chukotka). The health questionnaire explored several factors that may contribute to identifying the nutritional status of the study populations. These factors were appetite, weight, subsistence food consumption, vitamin or mineral supplements use self-perception of health, special diets, and number of meals consumed with relatives. RESULTS: US populations were heavier than the Russian population (p = 0.0001). Both the Alaskan and Russian populations are frequent users of subsistence foods. The US respondents reported consuming 75% or more of the total protein as subsistence protein more often (40%) than the Russian respondents (25%). CONCLUSION: US respondents perceive themselves as healthier than their Russian counterparts. The US respondents consumed greater amounts of subsistence foods in general, and more of their diet over the year is made up of Native protein.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Telehealth in Alaska: delivery of health care services from a specialist's perspective.

Integrating store-and-forward telemedicine into the ANMC ENT practice for remotely located patients has improved access for care as well as the quality of care for our patients. The involvement of the ANMC ENT department in the design of the telemedicine system was critical. Yet building the telemedicine service required creative measures to encourage use and careful management of our capacity to receive a growing number of cases. Cost savings due to avoided travel have been readily apparent, based on the high cost of travel in Alaska, The improvement in departmental productivity was an unexpected yet welcome outcome. Much of the current research in telemedicine appropriately focuses on the applicability of this modality to clinical problems. Our four years experience indicates that one of the challenges in the future will be to integrate telemedicine with the existing infrastructure of medicine so that it can more easily become part of mainstream practice.

Alaska↗
PubMed2006

Steatosis and hepatitis C in an Alaska Native/American Indian population.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of steatosis in Alaska Natives/American Indians (AN/AI) with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. STUDY DESIGN: This outcomes study began in 1994, and 988 AN/AI have been enrolled, including 222 study patients with a positive HCV RNA who underwent liver biopsy. METHODS: Study patients were analyzed for sex, age at biopsy, estimated length of infection, body mass index (BMI), genotype, ethanol use, HCV RNA and alanine aminotransferase levels. A pathologist blinded to patient identity and clinical data reviewed all biopsy slides for histologic activity and fibrosis. RESULTS: Moderate to severe steatosis was found significantly more often in genotype 3 than in genotypes 1 and 2 (p = 0.008). On multivariate analysis, BMI > 30 and Ishak fibrosis score > or = 2 were significantly associated with steatosis (p = 0.0013 and 0.0002, respectively), but only genotype 3 was associated with presence of moderate to severe steatosis (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings in a cohort of AN/AI are consistent with results of previous studies in other groups that steatosis is associated with fibrosis in HCV and infection with genotype 3 is associated with more severe steatosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Risk factors for infection with Echinococcus multilocularis in Alaska.

We studied 19 Eskimo patients with alveolar hydatid disease from the north-western coast of Alaska for risk factors for infection with Echinococcus multilocularis. Each case-patient was matched by age and sex with 2 unrelated controls who had no clinical or serologic evidence of infection with E. multilocularis and who resided in three villages endemic for alveolar hydatid disease. Behaviors thought to increase exposure to E. multilocularis and the chronologic occurrence of these behaviors in the participant's life were assessed by a standardized questionnaire. Case-patients were more likely than controls to have owned dogs for their entire lives (odds ratio 6.00, P less than 0.05), tethered their dogs near the house (odds ratio 8.50, P less than 0.05), and lived in houses built directly on the tundra rather than on gravel or a permanent foundation (odds ratio 11.00, P less than 0.01). Case-patients were not more likely to have owned sled dogs, trapped or skinned foxes, or engaged in other outdoor activities away from home. These findings suggest that controlling the parasite in the domestic dog population, as well as controlling the dog population itself, are important aspects of preventing alveolar hydatid disease in the northwestern Native Alaskan population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Seroepidemiology of California and Bunyamwera serogroup (Bunyaviridae) virus infections in native populations of Alaska.

This study investigated the geographic distribution and prevalence of antibodies to California and Bunyamwera serogroup viruses in Native populations of Alaska, and demographic and ecologic risk factors associated with exposure. Sera (n = 1,635) from 18 communities were screened using an ELISA. All age groups were tested for antibodies to Jamestown Canyon (JC), Inkoo (INK), snowshoe hare (SSH), and Northway (NOR) viruses; persons > or = 45 years old (n = 90) from six communities were additionally tested for antibodies to Tahyna (TAH), Batai (BAT), Cache Valley (CV), and Sindbis (SIN) viruses. Thirty free-ranging mammals were tested by a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for antibodies to all eight viruses and to Getah (GET) virus. In Natives, overall antibody prevalence was 24.9% (JC = 17.6%, monotypic JC = 6.5%, INK = 11.1%, monotypic INK = 0.6%, SSH = 6.8%, monotypic SSH = 3.5%, and NOR = 6.2%). Five TAH, CV, and BAT virus exposures may be serologic cross-reactions, and no SIN virus antibodies were detected. Sindbis-like virus antibodies were found in 30% of the mammals. Most mammals had antibodies to NOR (83.3%) and California serogroup (70.0%) viruses; no GET virus exposures were found. Significant risk factors for human bunyavirus exposures were age group, ethnic-linguistic group, biotic province, climate zone, terrestrial vegetation, and presence of some ungulates and small mammals in communities. Sex was not a significant risk factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Microbial evaluation of Alaska salmon caviar.

Microbial quality of pink salmon caviar (ikura) processed at one plant in Alaska during a 30-day season was examined. Ikura (aw = 0.98; pH 6.1) averaged 49% water, 32% protein, 11% fat, 7% ash, and 3% salt. Aerobic plate counts (APCs) ranged from < 10(2)/g to 4.5 x 10(7)/g with increasing APC toward season's end. Coliform counts ranged from < 3/g to 2.4 x 10(3)/g. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, yeasts, and molds were not detected. High-APC (10(7)/g) thawed caviar exhibited predominantly lactic acid bacteria; low-APC (10(3)/g) thawed caviar exhibited predominantly gram-negative bacteria. Freezing had little effect on the microbial counts, and shelf life of thawed caviar was 3 to 5 days at 2 degrees C.

Alaska↗
PubMed1997

Patterns of injury mortality among Athabascan Indians in interior Alaska 1977-1987.

It was found that almost one-half of all Interior Alaska rural fatalities from thirty-six villages are due to unintentional and intentional injury. Drowning, motor vehicle crashes, hypothermia, fire, carbon monoxide poisoning and air transport crashes accounted for over 32% of all deaths; suicide and homicide account for over 15%. Many of these deaths are preventable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Alcohol as a risk factor for HIV transmission among American Indian and Alaska Native drug users.

Quantitative alcohol interviews conducted as part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Native American Supplement revealed very high rates of alcohol use among American Indian and Alaska Native active crack and injection drug users (IDUs). Of 147 respondents who completed the alcohol questionnaire, 100& percent had drunk alcohol within the past month, almost 42& percent reported that they drank every day, and 50& percent drank until they were drunk one-half of the time or more. Injection drug users (IDUs) demonstrated the highest frequency and quantity of alcohol use in the past 30 days. A significant positive association was also found between crack and alcohol use in the past 48 hours (c(2)=5.30, p<.05). Finally, those claiming more episodes of using alcohol before or during sex, reported significantly more events of unprotected sexual intercourse. Qualitative data from all four sites corroborated these quantitative findings. Many individuals also reported episodes of blacking out while drinking, and learned later that they had had unprotected sex with complete strangers or individuals they would not otherwise accept as partners. Implications of these findings for HIV/AIDS prevention efforts are addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

American Indian and Alaska Native substance abuse: co-morbidity and cultural issues.

The devastating impact of substance abuse on American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) is reviewed with an emphasis on psychological and physical effects. Co-morbidity of substance abuse, trans-generational trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and depression among AI/ANs is also discussed since each condition may cause, impact, and/or exacerbate the others. The Medicine Wheel, one respected and accepted treatment approach developed by AI/AN communities, is described in detail since it helps address all of the co-morbid issues discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Self-destructive behaviors in American Indian and Alaska Native high school youth.

Analysis of responses of 10,251 high school students surveyed in the 1997 National School-Based Youth Risk Survey indicated that American Indian and Alaska Native youths engaged more often in risky behaviors than White or Black youths. The pattern of involvement in risky behavior was different for youths from the three ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comparative measles incidence among exposed military and nonmilitary persons in Anchorage, Alaska.

An outbreak of measles that occurred in Anchorage, Alaska, in 1998 resulted in 33 diagnosed cases: 26 were laboratory confirmed and 7 were clinically confirmed. Twenty-nine (88%) of 33 cases occurred in individuals who had not been immunized with at least two measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccinations; 25 (76%) of 33 occurred in school-age children, 0 to 19 years of age. This study identifies the difference in the incidence of measles between the civilian school-age population, who was not completely immunized (two MMR vaccinations given at least 30 days apart), and the military dependent population who had been completely immunized. All cases occurred among civilians, and most (25 of 33 confirmed cases) were associated with school attendance. The authors conclude that a two-dose regimen of MMR vaccine is required to adequately protect individuals against measles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Mandibular lesions in the Western Arctic caribou herd of Alaska.

Lesions were noted in 7.0 and 4.4% of mandible pairs collected from the Western Arctic caribou herd of northwestern Alaska in 1959-61 and 1975-77, respectively. The prevalence of mandibular lesions in the 1959-61 collection is believed to be the highest reported in wild caribou herds of North America. The frequency of occurrence of mandibular lesions was highest in caribou 7 years of age and older, and there was a higher prevalence in adult males than in adult females. Trauma, dental abscesses, and periodontal disease were the probably cause of most lesions. Pathogenic bacteria were not isolated from mandibular lesions from an 11 year-old female. Thirty-three of 98 (33.7%) mandibles with lesions were missing one tooth, while ten (10.2%) were missing more than one tooth. The first molar (M1) was the most common tooth lost in association with lesions, although the loss of two or more teeth was more common among premolars than among molars.

Alaska↗
PubMed1981

Renal coccidiosis in oldsquaws (Clangula hyemalis) from Alaska.

Renal coccidiosis was found in 4 of 12 oldsquaw ducks (Clangula hyemalis) collected from the north slope of Alaska and Prince William Sound. Numerous 1 to 2 mm white foci were observed on the kidney surface of one bird. Microscopically, there was distention of renal tubules with oocysts, flattening of tubular epithelium, and interstitial accumulation of mononuclear cells. Kidneys from several other species of sea ducks from Prince William Sound were not infected.

Alaska↗
PubMed1982

Serologic survey for canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis in wolves in Alaska.

Sera from 57 wolves (Canis lupus) in three areas of Alaska were evaluated for evidence of previous exposure to infectious canine hepatitis virus (ICHV) and canine distemper virus (CDV). Fifty-four sera (94.7%) were positive for ICHV exposure and four (7%) were positive for CDV exposure. All four CDV-reacting wolves also had titres to ICHV. The relatively common occurrence of ICHV exposure may be due to the greater resistance of ICHV to chemical and physical agents and its transmissibility via the urine of infected animals. The ICHV titres observed could indicate enzootic pathogenic ICHV, or exposure to the mildly pathogenic vaccine strain of CAV-1 through contact with the urine of domestic dogs. If CAV-1 is the original source of exposure, the titres could represent an ICHV-protected wolf population.

Adenoviruses, Canine↗
PubMed1983

Hematologic, serum chemistry and serologic values of Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) in Alaska.

In June 1979, 73 Dall's sheep were captured near Tok, Alaska to determine selected hematologic and serum metabolite parameters and to determine the presence of antibodies to selected pathogens. Hematology and serum metabolite values were compared with values for domestic sheep and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). Antibodies were detected against Brucella sp. (4%), Campylobacter feti (30%), contagious ecthyma virus (23%) and bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (1%). Antibodies were not detected against Anaplasma sp., Leptospira sp., bovine virus diarrhea virus, bluetongue virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, ovine progressive pneumonia, and Toxoplasma sp.

Alaska↗
PubMed1983

Serologic and experimental investigations of contagious ecthyma in Alaska.

Serologic evidence of contagious ecthyma (CE) was found in domestic sheep (Ovis aries), domestic goats (Capra hircus), Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), and musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus) in Alaska. A moose (Alces alces) calf and a caribou (Rangifer tarandus) fawn were susceptible to experimental infection and both developed antibody titers as a result. CE virus was isolated from lesions of Dall sheep which were involved in a natural outbreak of the disease.

Alaska↗
PubMed1983

Serologic evidence of arbovirus infections in humans and wild animals in Alaska.

Blood samples were collected from humans and several species of free-ranging wild animals in Alaska. Sera were tested for antibody to Jamestown Canyon (JC), snowshoe hare (SSH), Northway (NOR), Klamath (KLA), Sakhalin (SAK), Great Island (GI), and Silverwater (SIL) virus. JC antibody was found in 54% of 121 human, 89% of 97 bison (Bison bison), 51% of 84 Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), 43% of 68 snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), and 3% of 33 arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) sera. SSH antibody was found in 42% of 121 human, 89% of 97 bison, 41% of 84 Dall sheep, and 65% of 68 snowshoe hare sera. NOR antibody was found in 14% of 121 human, 94% of 97 bison, 84% of 84 Dall sheep, 43% of 69 caribou (Rangifer tarandus), 3% of 68 snowshoe hare, 48% of 64 grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), 3% of 33 arctic fox, and 78% of 27 moose (Alces alces) sera. KLA antibody was found in 5% of 121 human and 40% of 97 bison sera. SAK antibody was found in 2% of 97 bison and 3% of 33 arctic fox sera. GI antibody was found in 1% of 97 bison sera. No SIL antibody was found in any sera tested. Thus the natural host ranges of JC, SSH, NOR, and KLA viruses have been extended by inference from the occurrence of antibody.

Alaska↗
PubMed1984

Baseline body temperatures, heart rates, and respiratory rates of moose in Alaska.

Baseline body temperatures (BT), heart rates (HR) and respiratory rates (RR) were obtained from Alaskan moose (Alces alces gigas Miller) at the Moose Research Center (MRC), Alaska. Excitability, seasons and drugs influenced the values to varying degrees. Excitability was the most influential factor. Safe expected ranges were: BT 38.4 to 38.9 C, HR 70 to 91 beats/min (b/min), and RR 13 to 40 respirations/min (r/min). These ranges incorporated all seasons, a central nervous system depressant drug and a paralyzing drug. Values which may be considered critical and an indication that corrective action should be taken include: BT 40.2 C, HR 102 b/min, and RR 40 r/min. It is recommended that persons trained in monitoring vital signs be on hand during moose capture and immobilization procedures.

Alaska↗