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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Iterative ACORN as a high throughput tool in structural genomics.

High throughput macromolecular structure determination is very essential in structural genomics as the available number of sequence information far exceeds the number of available 3D structures. ACORN, a freely available resource in the CCP4 suite of programs is a comprehensive and efficient program for phasing in the determination of protein structures, when atomic resolution data are available. ACORN with the automatic model-building program ARP/wARP and refinement program REFMAC is a suitable combination for the high throughput structural genomics. ACORN can also be run with secondary structural elements like helices and sheets as inputs with high resolution data. In situations, where ACORN phasing is not sufficient for building the protein model, the fragments (incomplete model/dummy atoms) can again be used as a starting input. Iterative ACORN is proved to work efficiently in the subsequent model building stages in congerin (PDB-ID: lis3) and catalase (PDB-ID: 1gwe) for which models are available.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of medical schools].

The author presents the project for evaluation of medical schools prepared by a commission of teachers in medicine on behalf of Brazilian Medical Association (A.M. B.). The selected parameters of evaluation were: institutional and educational objectives; facilities and equipment, both in school and hospital; financial funds disponibilities; teaching (docente resources; academic and administrative structure; curricular structure; teaching methodology, including planning and systematic; evaluation proceedings, in both discent and docente aspects; docent-assistant integration; scientific production.

Brazil↗
PubMed1990

[Psychiatric facilities].

The traditional psychiatric structures, such as large mental hospitals, are not ideally suitable for the care of elderly psychiatric patients. Specialized structures are therefore necessary, including small psychogeriatric hospital units, specialized out-patient units, day-hospitals, accommodation in families, sheltered flats and community workshops. In order to create such structures, not only financial resources are needed but also the will to coordinate medical services with social welfare.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

A cross-reference table between the Protein Data Bank of macromolecular structures and the National Biomedical Research Foundation-Protein Identification Resource amino acid sequence data bank.

The National Biomedical Research Foundation-Protein Identification Resource (NBRF-PIR) and the Protein Data Bank at Brookhaven National Laboratory (PDB) both contain protein sequences. We have prepared a cross-reference index of the sequences in these data banks, and compared the data. Of the 270 cases of sequences of the same protein appearing in both data bases, for only 31% are the sequences identical. This is often the result of a difference in the state of maturation of the proteins rather than experimental error. Nevertheless is useful to be aware that the sequence information in these two data archives should not be regarded as redundant.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1978

Simple electrophoretic system for presumptive identification of abnormal hemoglobins. By the International Committee for Standardization in Hematology.

In order to determine if mutant hemoglobins can be identified by relatively simple methods, a Working Group of the ICSH Expert Panel on Abnormal Hemoglobins and Thalassemia analyzed 17 hemolysates containing 14 different mutant hemoglobins by four electrophoretic methods: (1) cellulose acetate in alkaline buffers, (2) citrate agar pH 6.0, (3) urea 2-mercaptoethanol buffer pH 8.9, and (4) urea 2-mercaptoethanol buffer pH 6.0. The examined mutants included several of great numerical and clinical importance as well as some rare ones, namely, HbS, C, D Los Angeles (Punjab), E, G Philadelphia, N Baltimore, and O Arab; also Hb Ft. Worth, Montgomery, Winnepeg, Rush, Q India, Bethesda, and Lepore. Comparative mobilities of these hemoglobins in all of the methods are presented here. The combined data permit their presumptive identification, often with a high degree of specificity. The system has been applied in Iran, where the four prevalent mutants can be differentiated by these methods, at considerable saving of time and resources previously expended on structural analyses. It is proposed as a basis for an ICSH Tentative Standard. There is little doubt that this presumptive identification of hemoglobin variants by simple electrophoresis will be improved or complemented by the introduction of newer techniques, such as immunologic analysis. However, for the present and for some time to come, the system outlined here should be found valuable. The present report does not concern itself with the numerous auxiliary techniques involved in the identification of abnormal hemoglobins-sickle-cell test, solubility tests, lability test--and no claim is made that the simple system described here eliminates these other techniques from the diagnostic armamentarium of the laboratory.

Electrophoresis↗
PubMed1993

Job stress and occupational health nursing: modeling health affirming choices.

1. Job stress is a condition or event in the workplace that induces strain (a physical, psychological, or behavioral response to a stressor). The outcome of unrelieved job stress can be burnout. 2. Occupational health nurses can experience job stress in the areas of intrinsic job factors, organizational structures, reward systems, human resource systems, and leadership. 3. Stress reduction techniques can be grouped into physical, social, spiritual, intellectual, emotional, and environmental strategies. 4. Application of stress reduction strategies to reduce experienced job stress in occupational health nurses is one way occupational health nurses can model health affirming choices.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

[Oral health in Europe with changing socioeconomic structures as seen by the epidemiologist].

During the 20th century in Europe remarkable results were obtained in health and social care systems which positively influenced general and oral health. Among others this was favoured by the WHO-initiated multinational movement "Health for all by the year 2000". Political changes in Eastern Europe levelled the way for constructive collaboration also in the field of health promotion. In contrast to this, economic deprivation in all European countries limits the financing of continually increasing costs of dental care. Oral health improved during the last decades, although differences in the health level between socioeconomic classes increased. In Eastern Europe the transformation process towards a new dental care system is quite difficult and is still going on. The establishment of new health-structures depends on socioeconomic resources and has so far attained different levels in various countries. The epidemiological situation also varies greatly. In general, caries prevalence is higher than in Western Europe.

Epidemiology↗
PubMed1998

Renewing information infrastructure at Hospital das Clínicas.

In this paper we describe the process of renewing the Informatics infrastructure of Sao Paulo University Medical School Hospital, a very complex environment. Our proposal consists of a change in the paradigm of Informatics and the use of Information Technology in the hospital. That change aims at making information available to the hospital, its managers, health care workers and patients. The paradigm change is reflected in every aspect of the new infrastructure: human resources, methods, and organizational structure, as we intend to demonstrate in this paper. This process is expected to be concluded by the end of this year, yielding benefits regarding costs, efficiency, and better patient care.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

Electronic structure and catalysis on metal surfaces.

The powerful computational resources available to scientists today, together with recent improvements in electronic structure calculation algorithms, are providing important new tools for researchers in the fields of surface science and catalysis. In this review, we discuss first principles calculations that are now capable of providing qualitative and, in many cases, quantitative insights into surface chemistry. The calculations can aid in the establishment of chemisorption trends across the transition metals, in the characterization of reaction pathways on individual metals, and in the design of novel catalysts. First principles studies provide an excellent fundamental complement to experimental investigations of the above phenomena and can often allow the elucidation of important mechanistic details that would be difficult, if not impossible, to determine from experiments alone.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

[Rationalizing the organization and structure of a trauma surgery clinic based on rationing of personal and financial resources--analysis, simulation and conversion using modern data processing techniques].

With a system of modeling, simulation, animation of information, communication in medicine (mosaic-m) the structures of organisation and information in a level 1 trauma center were analysed and animated as a virtual environment on screen in a first step. One result: in existing paper orientated documentation 50% of documentation was redundant. In a second step the requirements of the future information system were described systematically, user- and organisation-oriented. All components (hard- and software) were simulated an screen that the user could work virtually in the future working place. With mosaic-m the user is fully integrated in analysing and developing a new information system in the clinic.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2001

Factors influencing glycemic control in young people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland: a population-based study (DIABAUD2).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in HbA1c concentrations between centers and to assess the factors associated with glycemic control in young people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data on 1,755 patients (94% of those registered) were collected from 18 centers providing care to children <15 years of age. At every clinic visit, a duplicate HbA1c sample was measured in a reference laboratory, and clinical information was collected prospectively. RESULTS: Average HbA1c concentration was 9.1% (range 5.0-15.0). The following significant associations with HbA1c level were identified: age, insulin regimen, BMI, season, social circumstances, and family history. HbA1c concentrations were significantly worse in older children (age 10-15 years 9.5% vs. other ages 8.8%, P < 0.001), those using two injections per day (2/day 9.1% vs. 3/day 8.8%, P < 0.01), children without both parents at home (9.4 vs. 9.0%, P < 0.001), a sibling with diabetes (9.7% vs. no family history 9.1%, P < 0.001). HbA1c concentration ranged from 8.1 to 10.2% between centers, after adjustment for factors associated with poor HbA1c (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The overall glycemic control of diabetic young people in Scotland is equivalent to a Diabetes Control and Complications Trial HbA1c concentration of 8.7%, placing the majority at a high risk of the complications of diabetes in adulthood. Although factors were significantly associated with poor HbA1c adjustment for these did not explain the differences between centers. We suggest that factors not analyzed in DIABAUD2 (e.g., deployment of resources, organization of the clinical structure, strategies of care, and clinic philosophy) are the determinants of HbA1c. We speculate that the style of utilization of optimum resources is the key to achieving good glycemic control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Structured clinical observations: a method to teach clinical skills with limited time and financial resources.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and implement a methodology to teach clinical skills to medical students in busy clinical settings. METHODS: The Structured Clinical Observation (SCO) program with guidelines and observation sheets for history-taking, physical examination, and information-giving skills was created. Faculty development preceded SCO implementation for pediatric clerkship students at Jefferson Children's Health Center. SCO observation sheets were tabulated and faculty and student questionnaires were administered. RESULTS: The mean number of observations per student was 6, with 368 observations done for 63 students. SCOs were highly rated as an educational tool by faculty and students. The impact of the SCO program on faculty ability to perform clinical duties was initially minimal, but increased over the year. Observations were used primarily for feedback, but did influence outpatient clinical faculty's evaluation of two thirds of the students. Only 50% of students reported being observed in other rotations. CONCLUSIONS: SCOs are a feasible, inexpensive, qualitatively effective method of teaching clinical skills. The quantitative effect of SCOs on performance needs to be evaluated.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMed2003

Temporal variation in feeding morphology and size-structured population dynamics in fishes.

Considerable variation in morphology associated with resource use is a classic example of local adaptation to the environment. We demonstrate that a temporal change in feeding morphology might occur within a population. In a 5-year natural field experiment, we estimated gill raker morphology, resource density and population dynamics of the roach and its competitor, the perch. Despite a variation in density of zooplankton resources and perch across years, no change in roach density was observed. However, gill raker morphology in roach covaried with size structure of the zooplankton resource across years. A laboratory experiment confirmed that gill raker morphology has a great effect on roach foraging efficiency on zooplankton and that there is a functional trade-off with regard to zooplankton foraging. We suggest that the response in gill raker structure is an adaptation to deal with the rapid population dynamics of zooplankton, which are in turn mediated by changes in the size structure of the competing perch.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Implementation of promotion and prevention activities in decentralized health systems: comparative case studies from Chile and Brazil.

The policies for restructuring health systems in Latin America during the 1990s have included an emphasis on changing in the model of health care delivery to one that incorporates prevention and promotion activities. At the same time, health systems have been decentralized in their management, allowing room for greater variation in local interpretation and implementation of policy directives. Despite rhetoric and policy debate, there is no documentation or evaluation of actual experiences of prevention and promotion within decentralized health systems in Latin America. This paper explores the ways in which the national structure of a health system influences the implementation of activities for prevention and promotion through a comparison of the experiences in four local health systems in each of Brazil and Chile. These experiences in Brazil and Chile are presented by key themes of national health system structure, local health system structure, partnership and intersectorality, human resources and introducing a family health approach. Five clear factors emerge as operating at the national level that influence prevention and promotion activities in local health systems: vertical (Chile) versus horizontal (Brazil) structure of health system; greater awareness of prevention and promotion issues in Chile; greater urban bias in Chile compared with Brazil; strategies to attract human resources to primary care and rural areas; importance of local capacity building especially in rural areas. This account of case study experiences in Brazil and Chile provides a series of examples of arrangements and strategies that can facilitate implementation and usefully highlights a number of issues that policy-makers and health system managers need explicitly to consider. As such, the paper hopes to provoke debate about the structures and strategies for supporting the implementation of prevention and promotion programmes in Latin America and further health systems research in this field.

Brazil↗
PubMed1993

Quality assurance in surgery: surgical audit in the developing world.

Surgical audit is an essential component of quality assurance in surgery, particularly in the developing world, where resources and skills are limited. The structure, process and outcome of care can be measured. With regard to structure, in developing countries the delivery of care is influenced by lack of resources and access to surgical skills. The number of operations not being done needs to be estimated as well as the throughput of surgery. With regard to process, ward rounds and writing in case-notes are daily activities which affect the process of care. The use of investigations, particularly ones which are expensive or have risks, should be audited to ensure there is maximum cost-benefit to both the patient and the health care system. Surveys of patient perception of quality are also important. With regard to outcome, surgeons measure quality by auditing complications and mortality. Audit and mortality meetings should be held to discuss problems and how they can be avoided. The factors responsible for 34 deaths at Port Moresby General Hospital are presented. To be reliable, mortality audits should grade illness severity, for example, by using the Glasgow Coma Scale to grade the severity of a head injury. Where mortality rates are low, for example, in patients with fractures, long-term follow-up of disability may be a more appropriate measure of outcome and quality than mortality rates.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Systematic assessment of World Wide Web materials for medical education: online, cooperative peer review.

OBJECTIVE: : To develop a generic methodology for the online assessment of medical education materials available on the World Wide Web and to implement it for pilot subject areas. DESIGN: An online questionnaire was developed, based on an existing scheme for computer-based learning material. It was extended to involve five stages, covering general suitability, local suitability, the user interface, educational style, and a general review. It is available on the Web, so expert reviewers may be recruited from outside the home institution. The methodology was piloted in three subjects areas--clinical chemistry, radiology, and medical physics--concentrating initially on undergraduate teaching. MEASUREMENTS: The contents of completed questionnaires were stored in an offline database. Selected fields, likely to be of use to students and educators searching for material, were input into an online database. RESULTS: The online assessment was used successfully in clinical chemistry and medical physics but less well in radiology. Fewer resources were found to fit local needs than expected. CONCLUSION: The methodology was found to work well for topics where teaching is highly structured and formal and is potentially applicable in other such disciplines. The approach produces more structured and applicable lists of resources than can be obtained from search engines.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1988

Hospital patients' responses to dissatisfaction.

Hospitalized patients' responses to dissatisfaction in the provision of services are analysed as a function of their perceptions of the severity of the service failure and their relative social power. The analysis is based on the responses of 384 patients in a general hospital who reported experiencing at least one disturbing problem in the receipt of hospital services. Three binary dependent variables were constructed based on three dimensions of intensity of complaint behaviours: passive vs. active, non-directed vs. directed, non-formal vs. formal. The four possible response combinations created an ordinal scale of intensity of response. The set of independent variables included: perceived severity of the problem, general measures of satisfaction with services, structural po wer discrepancies, personal and situational resources of social power, and self perception of social power. The results of multivariate analyses indicate that the perceived severity of the problem best explains the intensity of response. Personal and situational social power resources and self perception of power add to the explanation. Structural power discrepancies, however, do not relate to the intensity of patients' responses to dissatisfaction.

Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Fluctuating Environments and Phytoplankton Community Structure: A Stochastic Model.

Spatial heterogeneity in organism and resource distributions can generate temporal heterogeneity in resource access for simple organisms like phytoplankton. The role of temporal heterogeneity as a structuring force for simple communities is investigated via models of phytoplankton with contrasting life histories competing for a single fluctuating resource. A stochastic model in which environmental and demographic stochasticity are treated separately is compared with a model with deterministic resource variation to assess the importance of stochasticity. When compared with the deterministic model, the stochastic model allows for coexistence over a wider range of parameter values (or life-history types). The model suggests that demographic stochasticity alone is far more important in increasing the possibility of coexistence than environmental stochasticity alone. However, the combined effects of both types of stochasticity produce the largest likelihood of coexistence. Finally, the influence of relative nutrient levels and nutrient pulse frequency on these results is addressed. We relate our findings to variable environment theory with evidence for both relative nonlinearity and the storage effect acting in this model. We show for the first time that temporal dynamics generated by demographic stochasticity may operate like the storage effect at particular spatial scales.

competition↗