Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “experiment”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Influence of ambulance crew's length of experience on the outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

AIMS: To investigate whether an ambulance crew's length of experience affected the outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a population-based, retrospective observational study of attempted resuscitations in 1547 consecutive arrests of cardiac aetiology by Nottinghamshire Emergency Ambulance Service crew. One thousand and seventy-one patients were managed by either a paramedic or a technician crew without assistance from other trained individuals at the scene of arrest. Overall, the chances of a patient surviving to be discharged from hospital alive did not appear to be affected by the paramedic's length of experience (among survivors, 18 months experience vs non-survivors 16 months experience, P = 0.347) but there appears to be a trend in the effect of a technician's length of experience on survival (among survivors, 60 months experience vs non-survivors 28 months experience, P = 0.075). However, when a technician had 4 years of experience or more and a paramedic 1 year's experience, survival rates did improve. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for factors known to influence outcome, revealed that chances of survival increased once technicians had over 4 years of experience after qualification (odds ratio 2.71, 95% CI 1.17 to 6.32, P = 0.02) and paramedics after just 1 year of experience (odds ratio 2.68, 95% CI 1.05 to 6.82, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest varies with the type of ambulance crew and length of experience after qualification. Experience in the field seems important as paramedics achieve better survival rates after just 1 year's experience, while technicians need to have more than 4 years' experience to improve survival.

Ambulances↗
PubMed2001

Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study.

CONTEXT: Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, but identifying persons at risk is difficult. Thus, the US surgeon general has made suicide prevention a national priority. An expanding body of research suggests that childhood trauma and adverse experiences can lead to a variety of negative health outcomes, including attempted suicide among adolescents and adults. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the risk of suicide attempts and adverse childhood experiences and the number of such experiences (adverse childhood experiences [ACE] score). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort study of 17 337 adult health maintenance organization members (54% female; mean [SD] age, 57 [15.3] years) who attended a primary care clinic in San Diego, Calif, within a 3-year period (1995-1997) and completed a survey about childhood abuse and household dysfunction, suicide attempts (including age at first attempt), and multiple other health-related issues. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Self-reported suicide attempts, compared by number of adverse childhood experiences, including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; household substance abuse, mental illness, and incarceration; and parental domestic violence, separation, or divorce. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of having at least 1 suicide attempt was 3.8%. Adverse childhood experiences in any category increased the risk of attempted suicide 2- to 5-fold. The ACE score had a strong, graded relationship to attempted suicide during childhood/adolescence and adulthood (P<.001). Compared with persons with no such experiences (prevalence of attempted suicide, 1.1%), the adjusted odds ratio of ever attempting suicide among persons with 7 or more experiences (35.2%) was 31.1 (95% confidence interval, 20.6-47.1). Adjustment for illicit drug use, depressed affect, and self-reported alcoholism reduced the strength of the relationship between the ACE score and suicide attempts, suggesting partial mediation of the adverse childhood experience-suicide attempt relationship by these factors. The population-attributable risk fractions for 1 or more experiences were 67%, 64%, and 80% for lifetime, adult, and childhood/adolescent suicide attempts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A powerful graded relationship exists between adverse childhood experiences and risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span. Alcoholism, depressed affect, and illicit drug use, which are strongly associated with such experiences, appear to partially mediate this relationship. Because estimates of the attributable risk fraction caused by these experiences were large, prevention of these experiences and the treatment of persons affected by them may lead to progress in suicide prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Soil and crop management experiments in the Laboratory Biosphere: an analogue system for the Mars on Earth(R) facility.

During the years 2002 and 2003, three closed system experiments were carried out in the "Laboratory Biosphere" facility located in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The program involved experimentation of "Hoyt" Soy Beans, (experiment #1) USU Apogee Wheat (experiment #2) and TU-82-155 sweet potato (experiment #3) using a 5.37 m2 soil planting bed which was 30 cm deep. The soil texture, 40% clay, 31% sand and 28% silt (a clay loam), was collected from an organic farm in New Mexico to avoid chemical residues. Soil management practices involved minimal tillage, mulching, returning crop residues to the soil after each experiment and increasing soil biota by introducing worms, soil bacteria and mycorrhizae fungi. High soil pH of the original soil appeared to be a factor affecting the first two experiments. Hence, between experiments #2 and #3, the top 15 cm of the soil was amended using a mix of peat moss, green sand, humates and pumice to improve soil texture, lower soil pH and increase nutrient availability. This resulted in lowering the initial pH of 8.0-6.7 at the start of experiment #3. At the end of the experiment, the pH was 7.6. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus has been adequate, but some chlorosis was evident in the first two experiments. Aphid infestation was the only crop pest problem during the three experiments and was handled using an introduction of Hyppodamia convergens. Experimentation showed there were environmental differences even in this 1200 cubic foot ecological system facility, such as temperature and humidity gradients because of ventilation and airflow patterns which resulted in consequent variations in plant growth and yield. Additional humidifiers were added to counteract low humidity and helped optimize conditions for the sweet potato experiment. The experience and information gained from these experiments are being applied to the future design of the Mars On Earth(R) facility (Silverstone et al., Development and research program for a soil-based bioregenerative agriculture system to feed a four person crew at a Mars base, Advances in Space Research 31(1) (2003) 69-75; Allen and Alling, The design approach for Mars On Earth(R), a biospheric closed system testing facility for long-term space habitation, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc., IAC-02-IAA.8.2.02, 2002).

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Institutional conditions and individual experiences in the career-entry period of Swiss medical residents--a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The study investigated first-year residents' career entry experiences according to gender, clinical field and type of training hospital. In addition to quantitatively assessed workplace experiences, this paper reports qualitative data on institutional conditions as well as interpersonal and individual experiences encountered by junior physicians during their first year of residency. METHODS: The present study is part of the longitudinal Swiss physicians' career development study. After their first year of residency, participants were interviewed for the second time. The qualitative data of this second assessment are reported in this paper. A total of 1861 terms were given by 342 junior physicians working in the two main clinical fields (internal medicine and surgical fields) with regard to positive and negative experiences in the career entry period. The answers were assigned to 12 categories (according to Mayring's content analysis). These categories were then allocated to three superordinate subject areas: Institutional conditions, Interpersonal experiences, and Individual experiences. RESULTS: Institutional conditions accounted for 17% of all entries, with negative experiences in particular, high workload - predominating. Within Interpersonal workplace experiences (41% of all responses), relationship experiences accounted for the largest proportion of all statements (25.7%), which were mainly positive. Individual experiences (42%) were assessed both positively (professional competence, learning, responsibility, and pleasure) and negatively (working under pressure and curtailment of one's private life). Female and male residents reported similar workplace experiences. Residents in surgical fields more often complained of a lack of professional support than those in internal medicine. Physicians working in university or big county hospitals had more negative experiences with regard to teaching than residents at smaller hospitals. CONCLUSION: The junior physicians' career-entry experiences indicated that a genuine concept of education and training would greatly improve their workplace experiences. Furthermore, senior physicians should bear in mind that they are important role models for the junior staff.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Negative dental experiences and their relationship to dental anxiety.

Although negative dental experiences are often cited as the major factor in the development of dental anxiety, very few studies have provided data on their prevalence. The studies that are available used limited samples from which it is not possible to generalise, or confined their enquiries to painful experiences only. In this paper data are provided on negative dental experiences and their relationship to dental anxiety obtained from a large, random sample of the general population. Just over three-quarters reported what are termed as direct negative experiences; 71 per cent had had experiences that were painful, 23 per cent experiences that were frightening and 9 per cent experiences that were embarrassing. Such experiences were not confined to childhood. For 23 per cent, the first experience of this kind happened during adolescence and for 40 per cent in adulthood. The relationship between these experiences and dental anxiety was strong. Subjects reporting all three types of experience were 22.4 times at risk of being dentally anxious than subjects reporting none of them. The data suggested that the nature of these unpleasant experiences was more important than the age at which they occurred in predicting dental anxiety. One third of dentally anxious subjects reported a negative response experience in the form of feeling faint, fainting or having a panic attack while at the dentist. Further research using more appropriate methods is needed to clarify the role of dental experiences in the genesis of dental anxiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Déjà vu experiences in patients with schizophrenia.

To investigate whether déjà vu experiences are psychopathologic phenomena, we studied the frequency and characteristics of déjà vu experiences in patients with schizophrenia. One hundred thirteen patients with schizophrenia and 386 nonclinical control subjects were evaluated with the Inventory of Déjà vu Experiences Assessment. The frequency and features of déjà vu experiences were compared between the 2 groups. The patients with schizophrenia had déjà vu experiences less frequently (53.1%) than did the nonclinical subjects (76.2%). The frequency of déjà vu experiences did not correlate significantly with age at evaluation or education level among the patients with schizophrenia. Most characteristics of déjà vu experiences of the patients were comparable with those of the control subjects. However, the experiences of the patients tended to be longer and more monotonous. The patients often felt alert, oppressed, and disturbed by the experiences. They appeared to have the experiences under unpleasant mental or physical states. Their déjà vu experiences are not primarily different in nature from those of the nonclinical subjects. The decreased frequency of the experiences in the patients may suggest déjà vu experiences as nonpathologic phenomena.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The experience of a community characterized by violence: implications for nursing.

Social situations make a person vulnerable to mental illness. These situations include circumstances such as poverty, family instability and inadequate nutrition. A combination of these circumstances predisposes exposed people to developing unhealthy ways of coping with stress. Violence is seen as a way of managing stress, but also as a factor causing stress. An example of unhealthy ways of stress management in the current South African society is the violence that leads to unrest which has affected different communities in a short space of time. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of a community exposed to violence and to identify implications for nursing. An exploratory contextual study was undertaken with the purpose of generating meaning regarding the experience of a community characterized by violence. The phenomenological method of interviewing was used to gather data. The target population consisted of a township community of 228,000. Ten respondents were interviewed in total, selected by the convenience purposive sampling method through intermediaries. The interviews were recorded on tape and later transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed by the method of content analysis. The results were centred on the respondents' and their families' experiences of violence since March 1990. The results indicated four types of experiences for all people exposed to violence: psychological, spiritual, physical and behavioural experiences. The experiences of interactions with the internal environment (psychological, spiritual and physical experience) were predominantly negative, except for only two positive spiritual experiences (improvements in the people's faith and in the employer-employee relationships). On the other hand, experiences of interactions between the internal and external environments, namely behavioural experiences, were both negative and positive. The negative experiences included pretence, thuggery, scapegoating and harassment. The positive experiences included solidarity, bravery and increased appreciation. The presence of positive experiences in both environments brought about new insights; that is, that even though most of their internal environment and part of their external environment is bleak and hopeless, the victims of violence still have the will to survive and live a normal life like other people. This positive attitude supplies the psychiatric nurse with a point of entry to bring about positive change that acts as a support for the community exposed to violence. Possibilities of applying the results of this study in education, practice and research in the health field became evident.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The relationship of clinic experience with advanced HIV and survival of women with AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital and physician experience have been linked to improved outcomes for persons with HIV. Because many HIV-infected patients receive care in clinics, we studied clinic HIV experience and survival for women with AIDS. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of women with AIDS whose dominant sources of care were clinics. Clinic HIV experience was estimated as the cumulative number of Medicaid enrollees with advanced HIV who used a particular clinic as their dominant provider up to the year of the patient's AIDS diagnosis: low experience (< 20 patients), medium (20-99 patients), high (> or = 100 patients). Proportional hazards models examined relationships between experience and survival. SETTING: A total of 117 New York State clinics. PATIENTS: A total of 887 New York State Medicaid-enrolled women diagnosed with AIDS in 1989-1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Survival after AIDS diagnosis. RESULTS: In later study years (1991-1992), patients in high experience clinics had an approximately 50% reduction in the relative hazard of death (0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.82) compared with patients in low experience clinics. Adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, 71% of patients in high experience clinics were alive 21 months after diagnosis compared with 53% in low experience clinics. Experience and survival were not significantly associated in the early study years (1989-1990). CONCLUSIONS: In more recent years, women with AIDS receiving care in high experience clinics survived longer after AIDS diagnosis than those in low experience clinics, providing further evidence of a relationship between provider HIV experience and outcomes.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preliminary experiment with a newly developed double balloon, double lumen catheter for extracorporeal life support vascular access.

Recently, venovenous extracorporeal life support (VVECLS) using a double lumen catheter has been clinically used to avoid neurologic complications in the treatment of respiratory failure for neonates. However, recirculation, which is a limiting factor for oxygen delivery, still exists, and thus it does not contribute to oxygenation of the patient. We developed a newly designed double lumen catheter with a double balloon (DBDL) catheter for ECLS vascular access and performed two animal preliminary experiments in normal and hypoxic dog models (normal ventilation and one lung ventilation experiments) to investigate whether the DBDL catheter could prevent recirculation and maintain oxygen delivery to systemic circulation. The DBDL catheter (JCT Co., Hiroshima, Japan) of 15 Fr was fabricated from silicone. It consists of two lumens for drainage and return of blood with two balloons (distal and proximal balloons) that prevent oxygenated blood mixing with unoxygenated blood. VVECLS using a DBDL catheter was performed in 13 mongrel dogs (8 dogs for normal ventilation experiment weighing 12.9 +/- 1.6 kg [mean +/- SD], 5 dogs for one lung ventilation experiment weighing 16.6 +/- 2.5 kg [mean +/- SD]) under anesthesia in the two experiments. The bypass flow ranged from 10-40 ml/kg per minute in the normal ventilation experiment. VVECLS in the one lung ventilation experiment was performed with maximal bypass flow for 6 hours (ranged from 25.2 +/- 8.0-28.3 +/- 8.7 ml/kg per minute at balloon inflation and deflation). Recirculation and oxygen transfer of artificial lung with or without balloon inflation during VVECLS were studied. Recirculation decreased with balloon inflation at varied bypass flows during VVECLS in the normal ventilation experiment (varied from 1.5 +/- 14.6-12.8 +/- 16.7%) and for 6 hours after VVECLS initiation in the one lung ventilation experiment (varied from 12.2 +/- 12.2-19.2 +/- 6.5%). In particular, the values at 3 and 6 hours were significantly lower than that of balloon deflation in the one lung ventilation experiment. The difference in O2 content between inlet and outlet in the artificial lung with balloon inflation was significantly higher than that of balloon deflation (varied from 3.7 +/- 1.8-4.8 +/- 1.9 ml/dl, p < 0.05) at the bypass flow of 10-30 ml/kg per minute in the normal ventilation experiment and at 5 hours after VVECLS initiation in the one lung ventilation experiment (varied from 10.6 +/- 1.6-11.7 +/- 1.8 ml/dl). The blood gas analysis of systemic circulation with balloon inflation revealed that the values of PaO2 (varied from 83.8 +/- 11.4-96.9 +/- 23.4 mm Hg) and PaCO2 (37.7 +/- 9.2-40.4 +/- 11.8 mm Hg) were higher and lower, respectively, compared with balloon deflation. In particular, PaO2 level was significantly higher than that of the preECLS value at the bypass flow of 20-40 ml/kg per minute (varied from 83.8 +/- 11.4-96.9 +/- 23.4 mm Hg, p < 0.05). In the one lung ventilation experiment, systemic PaO2 and PaCO2 levels at balloon inflation were higher and lower, respectively, compared with balloon deflation during VVECLS for 6 hours. At balloon inflation, the value of PaO2 at 6 hours after VVECLS initiation was significantly higher than that at balloon deflation. A newly designed DBDL catheter for ECLS vascular access successfully reduced recirculation and maintained oxygen delivery to systemic circulation during VVECLS. These results suggest that a high bypass flow may not be necessarily required in terms of oxygen delivery to systemic circulation when the DBDL catheter was used as an ECLS vascular access.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Attention in athletes of high and low experience engaged in different open skill sports.

In this study were examined differences in attentional style of athletes engaged in two open skill sports requiring high reactivity (karate and volleyball) in groups with high or low experience. 42 healthy men, 24 volleyball players, 12 of High Experience (first division Italian League players whose M age was 28 yr. (SD=5) and 12 of Low Experience (prejunior Italian team athletes whose M age was 19 yr. (SD= 2). and 18 karateka, 9 of High Experience (3rd and 4th dan black belt athletes whose M age was 31 yr., SD=5) and 9 of Low Experience (1st and 2nd dan black belt karateka whose M age was 32 yr., SD=5). Tests involved different types of attention: Alert, Go/No-Go, Divided Attention, and Working Memory. For each one, the reaction time (RT), variability, change in RT, and number of errors were analysed. Karateka of High Experience reacted faster than those of Low Experience on the simple RT test, Alert (M RT: 204 vs 237 msec., p< .01), while on the Divided Attention test, the High Experience subjects performed more poorly and committed more errors (M errors: 4.89 vs 1.44, p <.003). Young volleyball players of Low Experience reacted faster than colleagues of High Experience on the Alert (M RT: 187 vs 210 msec., p<.01) and Divided Attention tests (M RT: 590 vs 688 msec., p<.001) but committed more errors (Divided Attention test, M errors: 6.50 vs 3.08, p<.007). For the Divided Attention and Working Memory tests, correlations were positive among errors, RT, and RT variability but only for volleyball athletes of High Experience, suggesting they showed higher attention and stability in complex reactions than the group with Low Experience. No significant correlations were noted for either group of karateka on complex reactions. Results suggested that the attentional resources were engaged in different ways in the two groups of athletes and, in each group, there were differences between persons of High and Low Experience.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: a retrospective cohort study.

CONTEXT: Adverse childhood experiences such as physical abuse and sexual abuse have been shown to be related to subsequent unintended pregnancies and infection with sexually transmitted diseases. However, the extent to which sexual risk behaviors in women are associated with exposure to adverse experiences during childhood is not well-understood. METHODS: A total of 5,060 female members of a managed care organization provided information about seven categories of adverse childhood experiences: having experienced emotional, physical or sexual abuse; or having had a battered mother or substance-abusing, mentally ill or criminal household members. Logistic regression was used to model the association between cumulative categories of up to seven adverse childhood experiences and such sexual risk behaviors as early onset of intercourse, 30 or more sexual partners and self-perception as being at risk for AIDS. RESULTS: Each category of adverse childhood experiences was associated with an increased risk of intercourse by age 15 (odds ratios, 1.6-2.6), with perceiving oneself as being at risk of AIDS (odds ratios, 1.5-2.6) and with having had 30 or more partners (odds ratios, 1.6-3.8). After adjustment for the effects of age at interview and race, women who experienced rising numbers of types of adverse childhood experiences were increasingly likely to see themselves as being at risk of AIDS: Those with one such experience had a slightly elevated likelihood (odds ratio, 1.2), while those with 4-5 or 6-7 such experiences had substantially elevated odds (odds ratios, 1.8 and 4.9, respectively). Similarly, the number of types of adverse experiences was tied to the likelihood of having had 30 or more sexual partners, rising from odds of 1.6 for those with one type of adverse experience and 1.9 for those with two to odds of 8.2 among those with 6-7. Finally, the chances that a woman first had sex by age 15 also rose progressively with increasing numbers of such experiences, from odds of 1.8 among those with one type of adverse childhood experience to 7.0 among those with 6-7. CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals with a history of adverse childhood experiences, risky sexual behavior may represent their attempts to achieve intimate interpersonal connections. Having grown up in families unable to provide needed protection, such individuals may be unprepared to protect themselves and may underestimate the risks they take in their attempts to achieve intimacy. If so, coping with such problems represents a serious public health challenge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Hospital experience and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a hospital's experience in treating patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with this condition. METHODS: The California Hospital Discharge Database, which contains information on all discharges from acute-care hospitals in California, was used to identify patients with SLE hospitalized from 1991 to 1994 (n = 9,989). The risks of in-hospital mortality were compared between patients admitted to hospitals in which there was a high degree of experience (those with an average of >50 urgent or emergency SLE admissions per year) and those in which there was less experience. RESULTS: Patients admitted on an urgent or emergency basis to hospitals in which there was a high degree of experience had a slightly lower risk of in-hospital mortality than patients admitted to hospitals in which there was less experience (mortality 3.8% versus 5.3%; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.72, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.50-1.04). In the subset of 2,372 patients hospitalized on an emergency basis, those admitted to hospitals in which there was a high degree of experience had a risk of in-hospital mortality that was 66% lower than that of patients admitted to hospitals in which there was less experience (mortality 4.2% versus 11.3%; adjusted OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.19-0.58). In the subset of 405 patients hospitalized on an emergency basis due to SLE, those admitted to hospitals in which there was a high degree of experience had a risk of in-hospital mortality that was 95% lower than that of patients admitted to hospitals in which there was less experience (mortality 1.7% versus 10.0%; adjusted OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.006-0.34). Among those with emergency hospitalizations for any reason or emergency hospitalizations due to SLE, lengths of stay and total costs did not differ between patients hospitalized at hospitals in which there was a high degree of experience and hospitals in which there was less experience. CONCLUSION: In-hospital mortality among patients with SLE is lower at hospitals in which there is more experience in caring for patients with SLE. This association is strongest among patients hospitalized on an emergency basis due to SLE.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Body size and agonistic experience affect dominance and mating success in male copperheads

Fighting behaviour in adult male copperheads, Agkistrodon contortrix (Serpentes, Viperidae), was investigated in the laboratory to assess the relative importance of body size and type of agonistic experience as determinants of dominance and mating success. Seven experiments were conducted. In each experiment, trials were run using two adult males and one female in a large arena. The first experiment tested the influence of body size. All males tested had no recent fighting experience for 6-12 months, and one male of each pair was 8-10% longer in snout-vent length and had greater mass. In all cases, larger males won fights and were first to locate, court and guard females; thus, larger snout-vent length was an important determinant of fighting success and priority of access to potential mates. Males with either winning or losing experience from the first experiment were used in six subsequent experiments on the relative importance of snout-vent length and agonistic experience in attaining dominance and mating success. Losing experience had a greater effect than snout-vent length on subsequent fighting success and gaining priority of access to females. Winning experience, in contrast, did not increase the probability of winning subsequent fights; however, winners appeared more excitable and none deferred from challenges of other males. The asymmetry in effects of single experiences of victory and defeat is consistent with studies on other vertebrates and supports the hypothesis that losing fights in males negatively affects behaviour directly related to their fitness.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The Effects of Direct and Indirect Experience on Affective and Cognitive Responses and the Attitude-Behavior Relation

The present paper investigated the effects of direct and indirect experience on the production of affective and cognitive responses. In Study 1, we hypothesized that direct experience with an attitude object would tend to produce more affective reactions than indirect experience with the object and, alternatively, that indirect experience would produce more cognitive reactions than indirect experience with the object. To test this, participants were given either a direct or an indirect experience with a set of puzzles and then required to indicate their reactions to the puzzles. As predicted, direct experience produced more affective reactions and indirect experience produced more cognitive reactions. In Study 2, we hypothesized that attitudes produced after direct experience would predict consummatory behavior better than instrumental behavior and that attitudes produced after indirect experience would do the opposite. Again the results supported the hypothesis. In Study 3, we hypothesized that attitude accessibility mediates the relationships found in Study 2. That is, in a consummatory situation attitudes formed through direct experience are more assessable that attitudes formed through indirect experience. The results supported the hypothesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Sexual experience effects are blocked both by the protein-synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and by the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, MK-801.

Three studies were done to determine the effects of a brief 2-h sexual experience on the maintenance of sexual behavior in male rats; the effects on the experience-based maintenance of sexual behavior of gonadal hormones (study 1), a protein-synthesis inhibitor (study 2), and an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker (study 3) were determined. Naive male rats were provided with a 2-h sexual experience with sexually receptive hormonally "primed" females or they received no experience. In the first study animals under each of these conditions then underwent castration or sham surgery. In the second study animals under each of the experience conditions received either cycloheximide (CYX) or saline (SAL; 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg CYX or SAL sc, 10 min after the experience). In study 3 experienced and inexperienced animals received either 0.07 or 0.10 mg/kg MK-801 ip (15 min before the experience). In all studies animals were tested for sexual behavior 3, 6, and 9 days after surgery or injection. These studies showed that the most consistent effect of a 2-h sexual experience was to facilitate the initiation of mounting, especially on the first test; they show, further, that most experience effects were reduced or eliminated if animals were castrated between experience and test, if they received a drug (CYX) at the time of the experience that blocks the synthesis of proteins, or if they received an NMDA receptor antagonist prior to the experience.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Occlusal caries experience in patients with asymptomatic third molars.

PURPOSE: Our goals were to determine the prevalence of caries experience, carious lesions, or restorations on the occlusal surface, in asymptomatic third molars erupted to the occlusal plane, and to examine the association between caries experience in other molars and third molars within the same mouth and quadrant. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical data assessing oral health were collected from healthy patients (ASA I, II). The presence or absence of caries experience on the occlusal surface of third molars and on any surface of the first and second molars was recorded during clinical and radiographic examinations. The occurrence of caries experience for younger and older subjects was compared using the general association Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistic and the association of occurrence in the maxilla and mandible by the McNemar test. The association between caries experience in a third molar and caries experience in first and second molars also was assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 28% of the 303 patients with at least 1 third molar at the occlusal plane were affected by third molar caries. Patients 25 years or older had more caries experience in a third molar than those younger than 25 years, 39% versus 11% (P <.0001). Mandibular third molars were affected more often than maxillary third molars, 24% versus 18% (P <.0001). Nearly all patients, 76 of 80 (95%), with third molar caries experience also had caries experience in first/second molars, but only 80 of 223 (36%) of patients with first/second molar caries experience had a history of third molar caries. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of caries in third molars erupted to the occlusal plane in these young patients was high, but not unique to third molars, particularly in those 25 years of age and older. Although these results provide a baseline description of the association between caries experience in first/second molars and associated third molars, data are needed from longitudinal studies to determine the value of first/second molar caries experience in predicting the risk of caries in third molars.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Role of experience in the neuroendocrine control of ewes' sexual behavior.

We assessed the role of learning in the expression of female sexual behavior and evaluated the relative importance of age versus experience. Two studies were conducted with ovariectomized ewes submitted to steroid treatment that mimicked an estrus cycle. We compared behavioral (experiments 1 and 2), neurochemical (experiment 1), and endocrine (experiment 2) responses of sexually naive young and adult ewes versus sexually experienced adults when exposed to males. In a third study, we compared their performance in an instrumental learning test and the extent to which it was affected by stress. These experiments showed that proceptivity is affected both by age and sexual experience. In experiment 1 only experienced adults were proceptive and displayed an increase in hypothalamic norepinephrine. By the second estrus cycle (experiment 2) naive adults performed similarly to experienced adults but proceptive behavior was still inferior in young ewes. Receptivity was also different between groups but affected more by age than by sexual experience. All ewes mated during the first interaction with a male, although males' latency to ejaculation was shorter with experienced females than naive adults or naive young. Young ewes found food as readily as adults in experiment 3 but were more affected by stress. Together, these experiments show that both experience and age influence sexual activity and that sensitivity to stress may also be involved. This may contribute to the deficient reproductive performance that is often observed in young female mammals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Adverse childhood experiences and risk of paternity in teen pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have investigated risk factors that predispose males to be involved in teen pregnancies. To provide new information on such factors, we examined the relationships of eight common adverse childhood experiences to a male's risk of impregnating a teenager. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using questionnaire responses from 7399 men who visited a primary care clinic of a large health maintenance organization in California. Data included age of the youngest female ever impregnated; the man's own age at the time; his history of childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse; having a battered mother; parental separation or divorce; and having household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill, or criminals. Odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of involvement in a teen pregnancy were adjusted for age, race, and education. RESULTS: At least one adverse childhood experience was reported by 63% of participants, and 34% had at least two adverse childhood experiences; 19% of men had been involved in a teen pregnancy. Each adverse childhood experience was positively associated with impregnating a teenager, with ORs ranging from 1.2 (sexual abuse) to 1.8 (criminal in home). We found strong graded relationships (P <.001) between the number of adverse childhood experiences and the risk of involvement in a teen pregnancy for each of four birth cohorts during the last century. Compared with males with no adverse childhood experiences, a male with at least five adverse childhood experiences had an OR of 2.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0, 3.4) for impregnating a teenager. The magnitude of the ORs for the adverse childhood experiences was reduced 64-100% by adjustment for potential intermediate variables (age at first intercourse, number of sexual partners, having a sexually transmitted disease, and alcohol or drug abuse) that also exhibited a strong graded relationship to adverse childhood experiences. CONCLUSION: Adverse childhood experiences have an important relationship to male involvement in teen pregnancy. This relationship has persisted throughout four successive birth cohorts dating back to 1900-1929, suggesting that the effects of adverse childhood experiences transcend changing sexual mores and contraceptive methods. Efforts to prevent teen pregnancy will likely benefit from preventing adverse childhood experiences and their associated effects on male behaviors that might mediate the increased risk of teen pregnancy.

Adolescent↗