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PubMed1978

Interpretation of perceived motor commands by reference to afferent signals.

1. Weights were lifted by flexing the distal joints of the anaesthetized thumbs. A weight-matching task was used to determine the perceived heaviness of a reference weight during control estimates when it was freely lifted, and during experimental estimates when the weight was not lifted, but simply 'gave way' when a reference isometric tension of the same magnitude was attained. 2. Limitation of the afferent input, by anaesthesia of the digit and by replacing lifting with a sudden unloading, did not grossly impair the judgement of heaviness. The sense of heaviness increased when the muscles became fatigued. 3. These results suggest that the central nervous system can interpret the voluntary motor command as an index of heaviness even when provided with only a crude peripheral signal that the weight has been moved.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1980

A study of kinesthetic illusion.

Subjects experience a mismatch between execution and appreciation (kinesthetic illusion) under certain conditions: lifting up a weight to a suggested height with instructed speed. To get the aspect of this kinesthetic illusion from the movement of the forearm, the measurement of forearm-trajectory was made. From the result, it was recognized that there was a linear correlation between the difference of weight (DW) and the difference of reaction time (DRT). This fact shows that there is a constant error between execution and appreciation of movement.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Temperature-touch interaction: Weber's phenomenon revisited.

The six experiments reported here stemmed from Weber's (E. H. Weber, In R. Wagner (Ed.), Handwnörterbuch der Physiologie, 1846. Vol. 3, pp. 481-588) report that cold objects on the forehead feel heavier than warm ones, implying an effect of temperature on the touch modality. The experiments arrived at first-order answers to how temperature, force of stimulation, areal size of stimulation, and body locus might influence the magnitude of touch sensation. Typically, concomitant cooling greatly intensifies touch magnitude as perceived via the forehead and the forearm. Warning has little or no effect via the forehead but gives a significant intensification (less pronounced than that of cooling) on the forearm. When the areal size of the stimulation becomes very small, the intensification effects cannot be reliably demonstrated. The findings are reviewed in the light of what is known about the physiology of the cutaneous nerves.

Body Surface Area↗
PubMed1994

Patterns of weight shift in the swings of beginning golfers.

Weight-shift patterns of 30 beginning golfers swinging a driver and an eight iron were examined. Results indicated that 84% of these golfers swinging a driver and 73% swinging an eight iron exhibited weight shifts which did not conform to the commonly prescribed weight-shift pattern in which weight moves from a centered position at address to a position in which weight is predominantly on the rear foot at the top of the swing and then is transferred to the front foot at impact.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The interaction of domain-specific knowledge and domain-general discovery strategies: a study with sinking objects.

Recent work on scientific reasoning has largely focused on either domain-specific content knowledge or domain-general reasoning knowledge. This study investigated the interaction between the 2 types of knowledge in a real-world domain in which strict control of variables was not possible. We used a context, sinking objects, in which 10-, 12-, and, 14-year-old children's strong a priori beliefs could be revealed by participant-designed experiments. The results showed that most children initially believed weight alone determined an object's sinking rate. Older, but not younger, participants typically viewed experimentation as a means of exploring the effects of attributes other than weight. However, experimentation did help all children to understand the effects of object shape and material on sinking rates. The results suggests a number of questions for further research, including how children come to understand experimentation as a matter of evaluation rather than demonstration, and the role of unexpected experimental results in driving conceptual understanding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Performance by adult rats in sensory-mediated radial arm maze tasks is not impaired and may be transiently enhanced by chronic exposure to ethanol.

The effect of chronic exposure to ethanol on learning and memory was assessed in rats. Adult rats were fed a liquid diet containing ethanol (Et) ad libitum, pair-fed an isocaloric/isonutritious control diet (Ct), or fed lab chow and water (Ch) ad libitum. These diets were provided for as long as 28 weeks prior to testing and during the period of behavioral testing. Rats were required to learn a radial arm maze task that depended upon extramaze cues (visual and spatial) or intramaze cues (various odors). Each rat was tested twice daily for 26 days. The number of reference and working memory errors and the time required to successfully navigate the maze (latency) were recorded. Et-fed rats consistently performed the same or better than the Ct-fed or Ch-fed rats. The enhanced behavior was task-specific and transient. The enhancement was observed in rats after 14 or 20 weeks of ethanol exposure, but not in rats exposed to ethanol for 28 weeks. Et-fed rats performed significantly better on the reference memory task in the odor condition of the maze task, whereas their performance in the spatial task was similar to that for the two control groups. Thus, after an extended period of exposure (e.g., 28 weeks), ethanol had no effect on learning and memory. On the other hand, under certain conditions (14 or 20 weeks), ethanol transiently enhanced memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Gender, weight concerns, and adolescent smoking.

This study examined the beliefs that adolescents' hold regarding smoking and weight. In particular, this study examined the relationship between smoking status and self-perceptions of body weight. In addition, it examined gender and age differences in adolescent male and female smokers' beliefs about smoking and weight control. Analyses were conducted on the telephone interview responses of 1,200 adolescent smokers and nonsmokers between the ages of 12 and 17. Chi-square analyses were utilized for univariate comparisons, and logistic regression for multivariate comparisons. Results revealed gender and age differences in perceptions of body weight. In addition, female smokers were more likely than male smokers to adhere to the belief that smoking controlled weight. While no relationship was observed between males' perceived weight and their smoking status, females who perceived themselves to be either overweight or underweight were more likely to smoke. Findings suggest a gender bias in processing social/environmental cues linking smoking and weight control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Do gestational age and weight for gestational age predict concordance in parental perceptions of infant temperament?

OBJECTIVE: To study whether infant weight for gestational age, and gestational age predict mother- and father-rated infant temperament (IBQ) at 6 months. METHODS: The sample comprised of family units with both biological parents and infants born at term (n = 152). Data on weight and gestational age were collected form obstetric database. RESULTS: Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) (weight < 10th percentile for gestational age) were rated by both parents as significantly more fearful and negatively reactive compared to infants born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Infants born SGA defined by using the lowest 15th or 20th percentile groups did not differ from AGA group in temperament. The weekly continuum of gestational age predicted differences in parental ratings of infant temperamental attentiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive significance of infant weight for gestational age and gestational age for behavioral outcomes appear true also for infants born at term. Concordance in parental perceptions of an infant born SGA emphasizes the clinical significance of the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Children's perceptions of attending a residential weight-loss camp in the UK.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Residential camps have been used to deliver weight-loss interventions to paediatric populations, but very little is known about how children perceive and evaluate attending such camps. Therefore, this study examined children's perceptions of attending a residential paediatric weight-loss camp. METHODS: Fifteen attendees (mean age = 13.56) of the 2002 Carnegie International Camp-UK (CIC-UK) were engaged in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed verbatim and subjected to an inductive analysis procedure. RESULTS: Results reflected pre-camp issues including worries (boot camp fears, being bullied) and goals and aspirations (weight loss goals, reducing bullying, increasing self-esteem and making friends). Negative elements pertaining to the camp experience were homesickness and dietary concerns. Positive elements of the camp experience were enjoyment, peer support, staff support and choice of activities. CONCLUSION: Enjoyment, support from peers and staff and choice over activities appear to be important aspects in the delivery of residential obesity treatments for children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

After-effects of using a weighted bat on subsequent swing velocity and batters' perceptions of swing velocity and heaviness.

In baseball and softball, warm-up swings with a weighted bat have been believed to increase swing velocity when an ordinary bat is used in the subsequent competitive situation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the after-effects of using a weighted bat on subsequent swing velocity and batters' perceptions of swing velocity and heaviness. Eight men in varsity softball and baseball hit a ball suspended from the ceiling 45 times (3 sets of 15 trials). For each set, the initial 5 trials were done using an ordinary 920-g wooden bat (Control condition), and the following 5 trials by a bat with an 800-g bat ring (Weighted condition), and the final 5 trials again by the ordinary bat (post-Weighted condition). Analysis of variance showed a significant decrease of 3.3% in the measured linear velocity of the bat prior to impact with the ball for the first swing of the post-Weighted condition compared with the Control condition. From the second swing the velocity returned to the level of the Control condition. Subjective judgment of the heaviness and velocity of swings for the Weighted and post-Weighted conditions by each participant showed that the ordinary bat felt lighter and swing speed felt faster for the post-Weighted condition. The advantage of the warm-up with a weighted bat was thus psychological and not biomechanical.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Body weight, self-esteem, and depression in Korean female.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether body mass index (BMI) and perception of a body weight problem predict level of self-esteem and depression in Korean female adolescents. The sample consisted of 303 females, ranging in age from 15 to 19 years, who were attending four high schools located in Seoul, Korea. BMI and desired BMI were calculated based on self-reported weight and height. Self-perception of having a weight problem was evaluated by one question: "Do you see yourself as having a weight problem?" Self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Based on BMI, 18.2% of the females were underweight, 79.2% were of normal weight, and 2.6% were overweight. Based on desired BMI, 78.5% of the females desired to be underweight. Results showed that perception of a weight problem, but not BMI, contributed significantly to the prediction of level of self-esteem and depression. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between BMI and perception of a weight problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Changes in body composition and fat distribution after short-term weight gain in patients with anorexia nervosa.

The most commonly described psychologic abnormality associated with anorexia nervosa is a distorted perception of body weight and shape. This perception may contribute to the anorexic patient's resistance to gaining weight even when it is a medical necessity. The purpose of this study was to assess body-composition and fat-distribution changes after short-term weight gain in 26 female anorexia nervosa patients 27.6 +/- 6.6 (mean +/- SD) y of age, with a body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) of 16.5 +/- 1.9. They participated in a refeeding protocol both as inpatients (n = 21) and as outpatients (n = 5) until they achieved maximum weight gain. Body-composition and fat-distribution changes were measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and skinfold thickness and circumference measurements. A mean weight gain of 6.7 +/- 5.3 kg (P < 0.001) was observed, which included significant increases in body fat (P < 0.001), lean body mass (P < 0.05), and bone mineral content (P < 0.01), with body fat being the component that increased the most. When measured by DXA, fat gain was not significantly different among the three central regions: subscapular, 1.7 +/- 1.2 kg; waist, 1.8 +/- 1.3 kg; and thigh, 1.5 +/- 1.0 kg (P = 0.10). Thus, although fat was the largest component of the weight gained, there was no preferential fat deposition in any one area and the female gynoid body shape was maintained.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1987

The nature of sensorimotor adaptation to altered G-levels: evidence from mass discrimination.

Mass discrimination is impaired under zero G compared to 1 G. This is partly due to loss of weight information (a reduction in z-axis pressure stimulation), and probably also to incomplete adaptation to the reduced G-level. Maladaptation to an increased G-level postflight causes objects to feel too heavy and weight discrimination to be impaired. Video tapes of hand movements while shaking test objects were made before, during, and after the D-1 Spacelab mission. Movements were faster inflight than preflight, slowed down postflight and returned to baseline by about the third day. Corresponding changes in movement amplitude also occurred. Errors of weight or mass perception during the maladaptation phase may be due to both inadequate monitoring of command signals and to inappropriate scaling of afferent signals. High-acceleration shaking was found to improve mass discrimination but impair weight discrimination.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1986

Body weight and body image among college women: perception, cognition, and affect.

This study examined the relations between body weight and multiple parameters of body image in a nonclinical sample. Thirty-six female undergraduate students with stable body weights served as subjects; 12 were underweight, 12 were normal weight, and 12 were overweight, as determined using recent normative tables. Each subject responded to a general weight information questionnaire and to the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, a standardized instrument assessing affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of appearance-related body image. A newly developed apparatus and procedure for estimating body size, the Body Image Detection Device, was utilized for perceptual and cognitive measures of body image. Each subject estimated and also subjectively appraised the width of her own body at five points and that of a realistic female mannequin. A caliper was used to record actual widths, and a standard laboratory scale and rule measured weight and height. The general finding of the study was that the perceptual, affective, and cognitive components of body image differed as a function of body weight, but the nature of the differences varied with the measure employed. The pattern of results for the perceptual measure suggest a cautious view of its reliability and validity. The multidimensional approach of our study, in marked contrast to earlier fractionated studies, offers a more integrated perspective on body image and provides new directions for future research.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Sex differences in perception of life events using self-weights.

This study investigated the relationship between sex differences and the perception of life events as influenced by social desirability. Change events in the lives of 71 subjects being admitted to the adult inpatient unit of a large mental health center were measured by the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire. Social desirability and role perception were measured using the L-Scale of the Mini-Mult, an abbreviated form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The findings suggest that sex differences in the appraisal of life events have a social desirability bias rather than an intrinsic difference between males and females.

Female↗