Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Vitis”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Effects of different grape formulations on antioxidative capacity, lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in aged rats.

In this study, the freeze-dried powders from whole grapes, pomace and juice of Campbell Early (Vitis labruscana Bailey) were prepared to determine the amount of total flavonoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and dietary fiber. Effects of whole grape, pomace, or juice intakes on their antioxidative capacity and DNA damage were investigated in Sprague-Dawley male rats. A total of 120 rats at 13 mo old and weighing 549 +/- 4 g were blocked into 8 groups according to body weight and raised for 3, 5, or 7 mo with diets containing 2% (w/w) dry powder of three different parts of grapes and 0.02% (w/w) CdCl2. The contents of flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins A and E, and dietary fiber in freeze-dried powder were the highest in grape pomace, but the vitamin C contents were similar among the three powders. In all the 16, 18, and 20-mo-old animals, plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels of grape-ingesting groups were lower than those of the controls and that of the grape pomace group was the lowest among the groups. Cd administration increased plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels remarkably; however, Cd+grape groups were lower than the Cd-control group. Red blood cell superoxide dismutase activity of 18- and 20-mo-old rats was higher than that of 16-mo-olds, showing an age-related increase; however, red blood cell catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities decreased with age. Grape diets promoted superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, and the grape pomace increased the activities most significantly among three different parts of the grape. Cd decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities; however Cd+grape groups showed similar activities to the non-Cd control group. Liver superoxide dismutase activity was decreased with age but catalase activity of 18-mo-old rats was higher than those of 16- and 20-mo-old groups, and glutathione peroxidase activities of 16- and 18-mo-old groups were similar but that of 20-mo-old groups decreased markedly. Grape intake increased these three antioxidative enzyme activities while Cd administration decreased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities except superoxide dismutase activity. The concentration in the kidney of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in the 18- and 20-mo-old rats was higher than that in the 16-mo-old groups, and grape intake showed a protecting effect on DNA from age-related or Cd-induced oxidative damage. In conclusion, grape intakes, especially grape pomace with the highest content of flavonoids, beta-carotene, tocopherols and dietary fiber among the three parts, showed the prominent antioxidative capacity of inhibiting age-related or Cd-induced increase of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage effectively, promoting liver and red blood cell antioxidant enzyme activities.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Botryosphaeria viticola sp. nov. on grapevines: a new species with a Dothiorella anamorph.

Botryosphaeria viticola sp. nov., isolated from pruned canes of Vitis vinifera in NE Spain, is described and illustrated. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and EF1-alpha sequences and morphological characters of both anamorph and teleomorph confirmed this taxon to be included within the group of Botryosphaeria species with Dothiorella anamorphs. It is related most closely to B. sarmentorum and B. iberica from which it differs in morphological characters of the teleomorph and DNA sequences.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2001

Grapes, galls, and geography: the distribution of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variation across host-plant species and regions in a specialist herbivore.

Studies of patterns of molecular variation in natural populations can provide important insights into a number of evolutionary problems. Among these, the question of whether geographic factors are more important than ecological factors in promoting population differentiation and ultimately speciation has been an important and contentious area in evolutionary biology. Systems involving herbivorous insects have played a leading role in this discussion. This study examined the distribution of molecular variation in a highly specialized gall-forming insect, grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch), that is found on both sympatric and allopatric host-plant species of the genus Vitis. In addition, the relationship of insects in the introduced range in the United States to ancestral populations in the native range was examined. Evidence for differentiation along host-plant lines from both nuclear (RAPD) and mitochondrial (COI) DNA was confounded with the effect of geography. Differentiation was found where hosts were allopatric or parapatric, but no evidence was found for such differentiation on two hosts, V. vulpina and V. aestivalis, that are broadly sympatric. The question of population differentiation onto these sympatric hosts can be considered to be resolved--it has not occurred in spite of a long history of association. Evidence was equivocal, but suggestive of a period of divergence in allopatry prior to reestablishment of contact, for insects associated with another host plant species, V. cinerea, found in both sympatric and parapatric populations. A low level of diversity and placement of samples collected from the grape species V. riparia at the tip of a phylogenetic tree supports the hypothesis that this host has been recently colonized from populations from the Mississippi Valley. A polyphyletic origin for biotype B grape phylloxera was supported: Although most samples collected from vineyards in the introduced range in California had similar haplotypes, they were closely related to natives on V. vulpina from the Atlantic Coast-Piedmont region. All samples collected from vineyards in Oregon and Washington were closely related to natives on V. riparia in the northern United States.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Effects of natural intensities of visible and ultraviolet radiation on epidermal ultraviolet screening and photosynthesis in grape leaves.

Grape (Vitis vinifera cv Silvaner) vine plants were cultivated under shaded conditions in the absence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in a greenhouse, and subsequently placed outdoors under three different light regimes for 7 d. Different light regimes were produced by filters transmitting natural radiation, or screening out the UV-B (280-315 nm), or screening out the UV-A (315-400 nm) and the UV-B spectral range. During exposure, synthesis of UV-screening phenolics in leaves was quantified using HPLC: All treatments increased concentrations of hydroxycinnamic acids but the rise was highest, reaching 230% of the initial value, when UV radiation was absent. In contrast, UV-B radiation specifically increased flavonoid concentrations resulting in more than a 10-fold increase. Transmittance in the UV of all extracted phenolics was lower than epidermal UV transmittance determined fluorimetrically, and the two parameters were curvilinearly related. It is suggested that curvilinearity results from different absorption properties of the homogeneously dissolved phenolics in extracts and of the non-homogeneous distribution of phenolics in the epidermis. UV-B-dependent inhibition of maximum photochemical yield of photosystem II (PSII), measured as variable fluorescence of dark-adapted leaves, recovered in parallel to the buildup of epidermal screening for UV-B radiation, suggesting that PSII is protected against UV-B damage by epidermal screening. However, UV-B inhibition of CO(2) assimilation rates was not diminished by efficient UV-B screening. We propose that protection of UV-B inactivation of PSII is observed because preceding damage is efficiently repaired while those factors determining UV-B inhibition of CO(2) assimilation recover more slowly.

Caffeic Acids↗
PubMed2001

Rapid deposition of extensin during the elicitation of grapevine callus cultures is specifically catalyzed by a 40-kilodalton peroxidase.

Elicitation or peroxide stimulation of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv Touriga) vine callus cultures results in the rapid and selective in situ insolubilization of an abundant and ionically bound cell wall protein-denominated GvP1. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization/time of flight-mass spectrometry analysis, the amino acid composition, and the N-terminal sequence of purified GvP1 identified it as an 89.9-kD extensin. Analysis of cell walls following the in situ insolubilization of GvP1 indicates large and specific increases in the major amino acids of GvP1 as compared with the amino acids present in salt-eluted cell walls. We calculate that following deposition, covalently bound GvP1 contributes up to 4% to 5% of the cell wall dry weight. The deposition of GvP1 in situ requires peroxide and endogenous peroxidase activity. Isoelectric focusing of saline eluates of callus revealed only a few basic peroxidases that were all isolated or purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. In vitro and in situ assays of extensin cross-linking activity using GvP1 and peroxidases showed that a 40-kD peroxidase cross-linked GvP1 within minutes, whereas other grapevine peroxidases had no significant activity with GvP1. Internal peptide sequences indicated this extensin peroxidase (EP) is a member of the class III peroxidases. We conclude that we have identified and purified an EP from grapevine callus that is responsible for the catalysis of GvP1 deposition in situ during elicitation. Our results suggest that GvP1 and this EP play an important combined role in grapevine cell wall defense.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Improved in vitro embryo development of stenospermic grape by putrescine.

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of putrescine, added to the culture medium, on the in vitro development of stenospermic grape (Vitis vinifera L) embryos. The cross breedings of Perlón x G.C88552 and Perlón x Argentina were used. 0 (control), 2 and 4 mM of putrescine were added to the immature seed's culture medium. In Perlón x Argentina, 2 mM of putrescine statistically increased the percentage of total embryos, direct germination, polyembryos and normal plants. In Perlón x G.C88552, only 2 mM of putrescine increased all the variables considered, eventually tripling the percentage of normal plants obtained. The results suggest that the endogenous concentration of putrescine may be a growth limiting factor. Adding putrescine to the culture medium of immature grape seeds is a legitimate resource to significantly increase the results of this technique.

Culture Media↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic stability assessments of plantlets regenerated from cryopreserved in vitro cultured grape and kiwi shoot-tips using RAPD.

In vitro cultured shoot-tips of four grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars and one kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) cultivar were cryopreserved using the encapsulation-dehydration method. Genomic DNA of plantlets regenerated directly from cryopreserved shoot-tips was extracted and analyzed using the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique. The RAPD profiles obtained were highly reproducible and no differences were found between the DNA patterns obtained with plantlets regenerated from control and cryopreserved plantlets. The RAPD technique therefore appears to be a fast, simple and efficient method for evaluating genetic stability of cryopreserved material, which can be used rapidly after the completion of a freezing experiment and will efficiently complement other genetic stability evaluation methods.

Actinidia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Regulation of the metabolism of ethyl alcohol in the body with oligomeric proanthocyanides as a preventive measure against its toxic effect].

The study evaluated the effects of a complex of oligomer proanthocyanidines derived from the crowns of the grapes Vitis vinifera on the oxidation of ethanol and on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in the plasma of male volunteers given ethanol once, as well as in the rat liver during long-term alcohol use. Oligomer proanthocyanides were shown to be actively involved in the human and animal metabolism of ethyl alcohol in vivo. Under their action, the reductase activity was preserved, which prevented acetaldehyde from accumulating in the body since it reduces to less toxic ethanol. Oligomer proanthocyanidines from the crowns of the grape may be used to prevent a significant toxic effect of excess doses of ethyl alcohol on the body.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed2003

[Polyphenols and anthocyanins in fruits, grapes juices and wines, and evaluation of their antioxidant activity].

The objective of this study was to produce grape (Vitis vinifera L.) extracts using efficient solvents and to compare antioxidant activity, polyphenol and anthocyanin content and composition in the produced extracts to the same characteristics of grape juices and wines. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of red and blue grapes were produced. Total amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins in grape extracts, juices and wines were determined. Total polyphenols were spectrophotometrically determined measuring absorption after using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Total anthocyanins were determined by pH-differential method. Antioxidant activity of all those grape products was analyzed in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and 2,2'-azine-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical binding model systems. The results obtained by both antioxidant activity determination methods were comparable and permitted to evaluate the ability to inactivate free radicals. Individual polyphenols and anthocyanins were separated by high performance liquid chromatography. Compounds of malvidine, delphinidine and petunidine were identified as main anthocyanins present in grape products demonstrating antioxidant activity. The determined amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins in red wines were relatively higher than in other investigated objects. The wines possessed the highest antioxidant activity, which correlated with the determined amounts of total polyphenols. Correlation between total anthocyanins contents and antioxidant activity of appropriate objects was not established.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of the intra-cultivar variability of grape DNA using RFLP and PCR methods].

Evaluation of DNA polymorphism among Vitis vinifera varieties using RFLP and PCR methods has been performed to choose a DNA technology for detection of grape intracultivar variation. DNA polymorphism of clones of the varieties Riparia Gluar, Riparia x Rupestris 101-14, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riestling reinskiy has been studied using Southern hybridization and amplification techniques. It has been shown that grape intracultivar variability of rDNA in Riparia x Rupestris 101-14 and Cabernet Sauvignon clones was caused by the modification in Alul restriction sites of rDNA. DNA variability of the randomly amplified and inter-SSR sequences of the Riparia Gluar, Riparia x Rupestris 101-14, Cabernet Sauvignon clones was also detected. A set of molecular DNA loci which can be used for grape clone identification has been obtained.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Procyanidins from grape seeds protect against phorbol ester-induced oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage.

AIM: To evaluate the inhibitory effects of Vitis vinifera procyanidins (PAs) on carcinogen-induced oxidative stress. METHODS: The single cell gel electrophoresis technique (comet assay) was employed to detect DNA damage induced by the carcinogen phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). The release of hydrogen peroxidase from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was assayed by the horseradish peroxidase-mediated oxidation of phenol red. The microplate assay was used to detect the presence of oxidative products by means of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of liver mitochondria was assayed, based on the ability of SOD to inhibit the generation of superoxidate anions by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level was determined by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay. RESULTS: DNA of NIH3T3 cells was significantly damaged after addition of PMA. The length of the comet tail was observed,while in normal cells the comet tail could not be observed. PAs showed significant protective effects on carcinogen PMA-induced DNA damage. Through assessment of DCFH-DA oxidation, PAs were shown to inhibit the PMA-induced release of hydrogen peroxide by PMNs, and to inhibit respiratory burst activity in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Ex vivo study showed that serum from rats administered with PAs displayed similar effects in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, PAs suppressed liver mitochondrial lipid peroxidation induced by PMA. PAs protected the activity of SOD and decreased the level of MDA in liver mitochondria damaged by PMA. CONCLUSION: Dietary PAs from grape seeds protect against carcinogen-induced oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Induction and activity changes of protein kinase in grape leaves under heat stress].

The type and activity of protein kinase induced and activated by heat stress were studied in leaves of "Jingxiu" grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu). The results showed that a 52-kD protein kinase was evidently activated by heat stress in 10 to 60 min. Myelin basic protein (MBP) embedded in gel could be phosphorylated by the 52 kD protein kinase. The phosphorylating activity of this kinase was determined by using MBP as the substrate and measuring the products of phosphorylation by autoradiography. The 52 kD protein kinase could not affect histone-III embedded as the substrate in gel and the products of phosphorylation by autoradiography was not displayed. High phosphorylation activity of this protein kinase was found with MBP substrate in solution reaction system. After 60 min heat stress, the activity of this protein kinase reached its maximum value, and then declined rapidly. Compared with control, the activity of protein kinase had no difference when histone-III was used as substrate in reaction system. The activity of this protein kinase was not enhanced by Ca(2+), showing that it was not Ca(2+)-dependent. The tyrosine-specific protein phosphatase (YOP) could significantly inactivate the phosphorylation activity of protein kinase. All results demonstrate that the 52 kD protein kinase activated by heat stress belong to the MAPK family.

Enzyme Induction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A randomised, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MAS063D (Atopiclair) in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.

MAS063D (Atopiclair is a hydrolipidic cream that has been developed for the management of atopic dermatitis (AD). The putative active ingredients of MAS063D are hyaluronic acid, telmesteine, Vitis vinifera, glycyrrhetinic acid. A five-week study in 30 adult patients with mild to moderate AD showed that MAS063D offered significant benefits over a vehicle-only control. MAS063D improved the total body area affected (17.2% --> 13.2%, p < 0.001), itch score (2.7 --> 1.3 on a 10-point scale, p = 0.001) and EASI score (28.3 --> 24.3, p = 0.024) after 22 days treatment compared to baseline. The patients' opinion of MAS063D (patient's view of itch control, and view of study substance) was rated by participating patients as significantly better than control (p = 0.008, p = 0.042 respectively). Based on these preliminary results in a small scale study, it is suggested that MAS063D is a possible new treatment option for improving signs and symptoms in adults with mild to moderate AD.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Testing of some grapevine cultivars for the presence of crown gall disease agent and fanleaf and leafroll viruses].

Some rootstocks and scion cultivars grown in Ukraine have been tested for the presence of tumorigenic agrobacteria, grapevine fanleaf and grapevine leafroll viruses of the 1st and 3rd serotypes by polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The conditions of polymerase chain reaction were modified in the course of investigations. It was shown that the certified material as well as regular planting material may be infected by the agent of crown gall disease. Certified grapevine material was free from grapevine fanleaf and grapevine leafroll viruses; at the same time the regular planting material was infected by both viruses. Our data indicate the necessity of including Agrobacterium vitis in the list of pathogens that should be tested in the process of certified planting material production.

Plant Tumors↗
PubMed2000

Biotransformation of monoterpene alcohols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Kluyveromyces lactis.

Monoterpenoids are important flavour compounds produced by many plant species, including grapes (Vitis vinifera) and hops (Humulus lupulus). Biotransformation reactions involving monoterpenoids have been characterized in filamentous fungi, but few examples have been observed in yeasts. As monoterpenoids are in contact with yeasts during beer and wine production, biotransformation reactions may occur during the fermentation of these beverages. This paper describes the biotransformation of monoterpene alcohols, of significance in the alcoholic beverage industries, by three yeast species. All three species analysed had the ability to convert monoterpenoids. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis reduced geraniol into citronellol, whilst all three yeasts produced linalool from both geraniol and nerol. Monocyclic alpha-terpineol was formed from both linalool and nerol, by all three yeasts. alpha-Terpineol was then converted into the diol cis-terpin hydrate. K. lactis and Torulaspora delbrueckii also had the ability to form geraniol from nerol. Finally, the stereospecificity of terpenoid formation was analysed. Both (+) and (-) enantiomers of linalool and alpha-terpineol were formed in roughly equal quantities, from either geraniol or nerol.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed1997

Polyphenols produced during red wine ageing.

Over the past few years, it has been accepted that a moderate red wine consumption is a factor beneficial to human health. Indeed, people of France and Italy, the two major wine-producing European countries, eat a lot of fatty foods but suffer less from fatal heart strokes than people in North-America or in the northern regions of Europe, where wine is not consumed on a regular basis. For a time, ethanol was thought to be the "good" chemical species hiding behind what is known as the "French paradox". Researchers now have turned their investigations towards a family of natural substances called "polyphenols", which are only found in plants and are abundant in grapes. It is well known that these molecules behave as radical scavengers and antioxidants, and it has been demonstrated that they can protect cholesterol in the LDL species from oxidation, a process thought to be at the origin of many fatal heart attacks. However, taken one by one, it remains difficult to demonstrate which are the best polyphenols as far as their antioxidant activities are concerned. The main obstacle in that kind of research is not the design of the chemical and biological tests themselves, but surprisingly enough, the limited access to chemically pure and structurally elucidated polyphenolic compounds. In this article, particular attention will be paid to polyphenols of red wine made from Vitis vinifera cultivars. With respect to the "French paradox", we address the following question: are wine polyphenolic compounds identical to those found in grapes (skin, pulp and seed), or are there biochemical modifications specifically taking place on the native flavonoids when a wine ages? Indeed, structural changes occur during wine conservation, and one of the most studied of those changes concerns red wine colour evolution, called "wine ageing". As a wine ages, it has been demonstrated that the initially present grape pigments slowly turn into new more stable red pigments. That phenomenon goes on for weeks, months and years. Since grape and wine polyphenols are chemically distinct, their antioxidant activities cannot be the same. So, eating grapes might well lead to beneficial effects on human health, due to the variety and sometimes large amounts of their polyphenolic content. However, epidemiological surveys have focused on wines, not on grapes....

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed1993

A narrow-bore HPLC method for the identification and quantitation of free, conjugated, and bound polyamines.

A modified sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, using a narrow-bore column (2.1 x 200 mm, C-18, 5-microns particle size) with a methanol:water gradient (55-84%, v/v), is described for direct analysis of benzoylated free (S), soluble-conjugated (SH), and insoluble-bound (PH) polyamines in plant tissues. Regression curves for each fraction of polyamines allow a precise quantitative determination of putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, and agmatine in all fractions (S, SH, PH) of a crude extract. A comparison of the results to the corresponding values for dansylated polyamines separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantitated by fluorometry is also presented. S, SH, and PH polyamines as benzoylated derivatives from leaves of Vitis vinifera L. cv Dogridge were characterized and quantitatively determined with this improved sensitive HPLC method.

Biogenic Polyamines↗
PubMed1997

Uptake and transformation of benzene and toluene by plant leaves.

The [1-6(14)C]benzene and [1-(14)C]toluene vapors penetrate into hypostomatous leaves of Acer campestre, Malus domestica, and Vitis vinifera from both sides, whereas hydrocarbons are more intensively absorbed by the stomatiferous side and more actively taken up by young leaves. Benzene and toluene conversion in leaves occurs with the aromatic ring cleavage and their carbon atoms are mainly incorporated into nonvolatile organic acids, while their incorporation into amino acids is less intensive. Intact spinach chloroplasts oxidize benzene, and this process is strongly stimulated in light. Oxidation of benzene by spinach chloroplasts or by enzyme preparation from spinach leaves is almost completely inhibited by 8-oxyquinoline or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, and slightly affected by alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl. Benzene oxidation by enzyme preparation is significantly stimulated by NADH and NADPH; in their presence, the benzene hydroxylation product, phenol, is formed in a determinable amount. It is supposed that the enzyme performing the first step of oxidative transformation of benzene in plant leaves contains copper as the prosthetic group.

Absorption↗