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PubMed1984

Memory and rehearsal characteristics of profoundly deaf children.

This study examined whether a deficiency in spontaneous strategy use accounts for deaf children's verbal short-term memory performance. Various colors were presented for 3 s each, followed by a 15-s recall delay. The delay was either unfilled, or subjects were induced to rehearse or were prevented from rehearsing. Sixty-four deaf students from oral and total communication settings, 5 to 15 years of age, were tested. The spontaneous rehearsal of both deaf samples seemed to emerge later than the hearing sample's, and it was both inefficiently implemented and less effective in mediating recall than hearing children's. However, when rehearsal was prevented or was induced in all samples, the deaf recalled as well as, or better than, the hearing. Implications discussed include the need to compare both spontaneous and controlled strategy use in developmental memory studies, and the need to provide additional training for deaf children in the strategies of remembering, as opposed to the content material.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Enhancement of 4-year-old children's memory span for phonologically similar and dissimilar word lists.

Previous research suggests that preschool children are deficient in rehearsal and that stimulus list repetitions can improve their recall, presumably by substituting for the products of rehearsal. However, the previous research included interitem or postlist retention intervals of several seconds or more. We examined the utility of list repetitions with reference to an ordinary span task in which spoken words were presented 1 s apart for immediate recall. Lists with phonologically similar versus dissimilar items were included, to determine if the overall pattern of recall could be made more similar to what is ordinarily obtained in older children. Cumulative repetition was found to cause a moderate increase in both memory span and the phonological similarity effect. Other types of list repetition provided more insight into types of stimulus redundancy that were helpful (e.g., repeated serial order information) or not helpful (e.g., forced articulatory coding) to children attempting to recall spoken lists. The underlying mnemonic processes are discussed.

Child Development↗
PubMed1984

Varieties of perseveration.

We propose a new taxonomy for perseveration consisting of three categories which are distinctive at the levels of clinical features, process, and neuroanatomy. Stuck-in-set perseveration, the inappropriate maintenance of a current category or framework, involves an underlying process deficit in executive functioning and is related neuroanatomically to frontal lobe damage. Recurrent perseveration, the unintentional repetition of a previous response to a subsequent stimulus, involves an abnormal post-facilitation of memory traces and is related neuroanatomically to posterior left hemisphere damage. Continuous perseveration is the inappropriate prolongation or repetition of a behavior without interruption. It involves a deficit in motor output and is most common in patients with damage to the basal ganglia.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Effects of induced anxiety and question content on the direction and frequency of lateral eye movements.

Lateral eye movements were recorded electrically as 39 right-handed adults attempted to answer 48 questions that had been rated for anxiety content, visual imagery and difficulty. Subjects were assigned randomly to either a high or low anxiety treatment group. The anxiety treatment increased ocular motility and visuospatial questioning decreased motility, but neither variable had a significant effect on the direction to which the eyes were moved. The anxiety content of questions affected neither the number nor direction of gaze shifts. The results fail to support previous claims that lateral eye movements reflect the cerebral lateralization of emotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Electrical stimulation of the human hippocampus produces verbal intrusions during memory testing.

Verbal memory testing was conducted during electrical stimulation of the human hippocampus in 12 epilepsy surgery candidates with unilateral temporal lobe seizure onset. Performance was assessed during baseline, left hippocampal stimulation and right hippocampal stimulation. Verbal intrusion errors were greater during electrical stimulation of the hippocampus contralateral to the seizure focus. These findings suggest that verbal intrusions are related to memory deficits, and that patients with cerebral disease who intrude words from an earlier portion of a learning test are likely to have bilateral cerebral dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Mixed transcortical aphasia. On relative sparing of phonological short-term store in a case.

A case of Mixed Transcortical Aphasia is reported. The patient showed completely impaired verbal comprehension and speech production, with preservation of automatic speaking and singing; repetition was relatively spared. A detailed study of word and nonword repetition is reported, in order to demonstrate that the patient's residual repetition ability is based on relative sparing of short-term phonological store.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Haloperidol and cognitive shifting.

In this study haloperidol appeared to affect the performance on a selected category of cognitive tasks considered to represent shifting aptitude. A pretest--post-test design was used with two groups of subjects: 17 patients suffering from idiopathic spasmodic torticollis, and 17 controls who were matched for age and intelligence. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings on haloperidol and cognition, shifting disorder in Parkinson's disease and changes in behavioural organization found in animals with an experimentally induced dopaminergic hypoactivity.

Attention↗
PubMed1992

Contribution of the cerebellum to neuropsychological functioning: evidence from a case of cerebellar degenerative disorder.

A detailed neuropsychological evaluation was performed on a patient with an idiopathic cerebellar degenerative disorder. Significant deficits were found in verbal and nonverbal intelligence, verbal associative learning, and visuospatial skills. These deficits were not readily explained by motor control difficulties. In contrast to the patient's moderately impaired language abilities, he was severely impaired on a test of verbal fluency and demonstrated mild naming deficits. Severe cerebellar parenchymal volume loss was demonstrated by magnetic resonance examination. Supratentorial structures showed only minimal posterior parietal and occipital sulcal prominence. On neurological examination, this patient had signs of severe involvement of the cerebellar systems and mild-to-moderate dysfunction of the corticospinal tract. As is characteristic of patients with cerebellar degeneration, there was neurophysiological evidence of subclinical involvement of auditory and somatosensory pathways at the level of the brain stem. Since relatively little cerebral cortical atrophy was noted in this patient, these findings suggest that an intact cerebellum is important for normal cognitive functions.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: a double dissociation in normal subjects using interference tasks.

Recent evidence suggests that letter and semantic category verbal fluency tasks may use different component processes of a distributed word retrieval system. We hypothesized that the retrieval of words that begin with the same letter places greater demands on frontal lobe mediated strategic search processes than on temporal lobe mediated semantic knowledge. Conversely, generation of words from the same semantic category places greater demands on semantic knowledge than on strategic search. This hypothesis was tested by requiring subjects to generate lists of words to letter and semantic cues alone and while performing an interference task. A motor sequencing task (developed by Moscovitch, Neuropsychology of Memory, pp. 5-22, 1992) was used to activate frontal regions and an object decision task was used to activate posterior temporal cortex. In support of the hypothesis, letter fluency was reduced to a greater extent by concurrent performance of the motor sequencing task than by the object decision task. The opposite interference pattern was found for semantic category fluency.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A dissociation in the relation between memory tasks and frontal lobe tests in the normal elderly.

In this study a group of elderly subjects were examined on three tests of frontal lobe function. Two of these tests, FAS word fluency and the Alternate Uses Test, were considered tests of spontaneous flexibility, as defined by Eslinger and Grattan [Neuropsychologia 31, 17-28, 1993]. The third, the modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), is considered a test of reactive flexibility. Performance on two tests of memory, release from proactive interference (PI) and a matched recall and recognition test was also measured. The elderly were shown to be impaired on all tests when compared with young controls. Analysis revealed that release from proactive interference was significantly correlated with performance on alternative uses but not WCST while the size of subjects' discrepancy between recall and recognition correlated strongly with WCST but not with Alternate Uses. In addition there was a strong correlation between the two measures of spontaneous flexibility but these measures did not correlate with WCST. Performance on the two measures of memory was also uncorrelated. The data indicate that the pattern of frontal deterioration in the elderly does not comprise a single deficit and, furthermore, that the relationship between frontal dysfunction and normal age-related memory loss is not unidimensional.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Hippocampal sclerosis and verbal encoding ability following anterior temporal lobectomy.

Previous research has shown that the degree of verbal memory decline following left anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) is inversely related to the extent of neuronal dropout in resected left hippocampus. The goal of this investigation was to clarify further the nature of the free recall impairment and to determine the relative contribution of verbal retrieval and encoding processes. Seventy-six patients who underwent left (n = 46) or right (n = 30) ATL were classified according to the presence or absence of hippocampal sclerosis and pre- to postoperative changes in free recall, cued recall and recognition memory for verbal material were examined. Surgically induced free recall impairments were selectively associated with resection of nonsclerotic left hippocampus and represented a 29-35% decline in verbal learning ability. These free recall deficits were due to postoperative impairment in verbal encoding efficiency, not retrieval difficulties. Assessment of false positive recognition errors indicated that resection of nonsclerotic left hippocampus selectively impaired the ability to encode stimulus uniqueness within correct semantic fields. The clinical and theoretical significance of these results are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Differential perseverations in verbal retrieval related to anterior and posterior left hemisphere lesions.

Sixty-two patients with focal cerebral lesions and 11 control patients were examined using alternating tasks of learning, generation, and recall of words beginning with "K." The results supported the hypothesis that "recurrent" and "stuck-in-set" varieties of perserveration are related to posterior and anterior left hemisphere lesions, respectively. Patients with left posterior lesions usually failed to suppress the expression of previously generated words in the subsequent generation task, whereas patients with left anterior lesions stated a greater number of new (incorrect) words in the recall of previously learned words, presumed to indicate stuck-in-set perseveration of the previous generation performance.

Adult↗