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PubMed1989

[Dental health measures to psychopathic patients. II. The improvement of toothbrushing habit and its related factors].

This study was designed for an oral prophylaxis program to remedy the oral condition of the mentally subnormal patient who required treatment at an open type mental hospital. The subjects consisted of 115 inpatients. The mean age was 45.5 years. The mean number of teeth functioning in mastication was 19.6. In order to improve their oral health they were given guidance and their oral hygiene condition was inspected every month. "STPI" was applied to investigate the toothbrush behavior in these patients. After six months, oral condition improved. Relationship between toothbrush behavior and mental illness was analyzed by principle component analysis and rotated by normal valimax method. Four factors were designed as follows. (1) Depressional state; (2) Personality disorders; (3) Hypochondric factor; (4) Manic state. Dental health of chronically mentally ill patients related to suppressive toothbrush behavior. The other hand the findings of this study showed that it was possible to improve their oral health by improving their living condition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Plaque reduction by means of "multi-tuft" brushes connected to electric toothbrushes].

In 20 patients the plaque-removing properties of two toothbrushes were tested which work on the principle of an electric swing toothbrush. Brush A was of space-tufted type, brush B of multi-tufted type. The test ran for 14 days for each toothbrush. The study showed that the multi-tufted brush achieved a 30 to 50% better plaque reduction, measured on all tooth surfaces. When considering individual tooth surfaces it was shown that approximal surfaces were less well cleaned than the facial or oral surfaces. After a fortnight the cleaning power of both brushes was reduced. In spite of better plaque reduction by the multi-tufted type of brush the hand tooth brush by instructed patients is to be preferred.

Dental Devices, Home Care↗
PubMed1978

[Gingival injuries from toothbrush bristles].

The ability of two different toothbrush bristle ends to produce traumatic gingival abrasion was assessed in a double blind study on 15 male and 15 female young adults. Brushing was performed in a circular fashion using a modified Bass technique. An apparatus allowing continuous visual feedback of the average brushing force permitted a degree of standardisation of the system. The upper left canine and bicuspid area had to be brushed for 30 seconds with cut toothbrush bristles (CP) and with round ended toothbrush bristles (RP) respectively. A two-week interval separated the two brushing sessions. Traumatic lesions of the attached gingiva were stained with a disclosing solution, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. The "cut bristles" caused gingival abrasions 30% greater in extent than the round end bristles. The difference was not due to single brushing strokes accidentally greater for the "cut bristles". The size of the lesions was not sex-dependent.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Surface roughening of human enamel after toothbrushing.

Grooves and scratches on the enamel surface are potential and preferential sites for bacterial adhesion. During toothbrushing groove formation is a potential risk especially in dentin. To obtain information on groove formation in enamel a profilometric experiment has been carried out on polished human enamel. The main result is that no groove formation with a depth more than a few tenths of a micrometer is observable even after 50.000 toothbrush strokes. The fact that material is removed by toothbrushing is indirect proof that enamel is removed by continuous brushing in layers more or less parallel to the original surface.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of a single and a triple-headed toothbrushes in a population of mentally retarded patients.

Tooth brushing is a very simple and effective method for removing daily dental deposits and for preventing dental and periodontal diseases. However, it can cause considerable manipulative difficulties among some populations, e.g., young children, physically handicapped and mentally retarded patients. In order to test and compare the efficiency of a newly designed toothbrush (Superbrush), we have performed a pilot study on patients staying at the "Reine Fabiola Village No. 1", an institution for patients who are followed for mental retardation at different levels. 30 patients were included in the study, aged between 18 to 40 years. Among these 30, five had to be eliminated for their incapacity to follow the initial training in how to brush their teeth. The comparison was made with a normal single headed tooth brush, in a double blind trial, based on bleeding and plaque indexes, performed on 6 different teeth on day 0, 7 and 21. The results of this study indicate that there is no significant difference between the two types of toothbrushes with respect to the ability of plaque removing and gingivitis prevention, during the period of time of this study. However, the easiness of manipulating this newly designed toothbrush renders it a useful tool for the dental hygiene for this special part of the dental compromised population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Bristle end-rounding in children's toothbrushes: a comparative study.

Animal and clinical studies have shown that sharp, unpolished toothbrush bristles can injure gingival tissues and that substantial variation exists in the degree of end-roundness of commercially available toothbrushes. In this study, eight brands of children's toothbrushes were assessed for their relative potential to cause oral tissue injury based upon the degree of end-roundness of their bristles. The brands studied were: Blend-a-dent Jr., Butler GUM Jr., Colgate Plus Jr., Johnson & Johnson Prevent Jr., Johnson & Johnson Reach Child, Lever Bros. Disney, Oral-B P20, and Sensodyne Jr. Brushes were ranked on the basis of three criteria: the percentage of bristles with sharp ends (89% roundness or less), the percentage of bristles with smooth edges (96% roundness or greater), and the average roundness of bristle ends. The Oral-B P20 brush had significantly more (p < 0.05) bristles with a roundness of 96% or greater; it also was in the group having the lowest number of bristles with sharp edges and had the highest average roundness. Based on these criteria, the Oral-B P20 showed the least potential for oral tissue damage, whereas the Johnson & Johnson Reach Child and Butler GUM Jr. showed the most potential for tissue injury. The other brands investigated were intermediate in end-rounding values and damage potential.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Effectiveness of an electric toothbrush on plaque removal in periodontal patients.

A blind, two-way crossover clinical trial was carried out to compare the effectiveness of plaque removal between an electric toothbrush (Interplak) and a conventional manual toothbrush (Butler 311). Twenty adult patients having completed all active periodontal therapy and currently on periodontal maintenance program participated in the study. Each toothbrush was used for a period of 2 weeks by all subjects. The mean differences between baseline plaque scores and after the subjects used the brushes were analyzed by the paired t-test. The results indicated no difference in plaque removal between the Interplak and the control brush with the exception of the distal surfaces of the maxillary teeth.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toothbrushing ability is related to age in children.

Methods to assess toothbrushing ability vary. The purpose of this study was to determine whether age could be a predictor for toothbrushing ability in children. This study evaluated the brushing patterns of 122 children utilizing the horizontal scrub technique. The results obtained suggest that a child's age is a reasonable predictor for toothbrushing ability.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Clinical evaluation of an ionic toothbrush in the removal of established plaque and reduction of gingivitis.

The clinical effectiveness of a manual ionic toothbrush in the removal of dental plaque and the reduction of gingivitis was evaluated. A double-blind study evaluated the effect of a small, imperceptible electric current on established dental plaque and gingivitis during toothbrushing. Sixty-four adults completed the study. Gingivitis and plaque scores were determined at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. The baseline indices of the two groups were well balanced. At each examination, the participants were instructed how to hold the toothbrush properly and reminded to change brush heads every 4 weeks. Statistically significant improvements in Löe Gingival Index scores were observed from baseline to 6 months between the control and test groups and within the test group. The Quigley-Hein Plaque Index scores also showed a significant improvement from baseline to 6 months between the control and test groups and within the test group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Impact of improved toothbrushes on dental diseases. II.

The new generation of manual and powered toothbrushes that have been tested in recent years exhibit better plaque removal than do older brushes. Differences are most significant when individuals have been instructed in proper brushing technique. Comparisons of powered and manual brushes show the clear superiority of newer powered brushes, but there is no such effect with older powered brushes, which stop when force is applied. Newer powered brushes reduce gingivitis and gingival abrasions. In a limited 18-month trial, a powered oscillating toothbrush improved existing periodontal conditions, thus effecting a considerable savings in treatment costs. At present, under optimal conditions, improved designs of both manual and powered toothbrushes, which do not stop or break down in use, produce more significant plaque removal in critical sites. Long-term trials are needed to confirm these results.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1997

A robot system for evaluating plaque removal efficiency of toothbrushes in vitro.

A robot system simulating three-dimensional brushing motions as a function of time has been developed. In association with a typodont and either artificial plaque or chromogenic stain, the robot system can be used to assess the plaque removal efficiency or the cleaning effectiveness of toothbrushes. In particular, the influence of different brush head designs of powered toothbrushes was examined. The study compared the plaque removal efficiency of a cup-shaped brush head (Braun Oral-B EB 5) and a modified brush head (Braun Oral-B EB 9) that incorporates longer filaments on the outer ring, designed for additional interdental penetration. A specially designed artificial plaque was applied to the plastic teeth of typodonts. Artificial teeth were cleaned by the robot system for a 2-minute period with a wet brush head without a dentifrice. The remaining plaque was assessed visually by two independent examiners, with a modification of the global Plaque Index. In comparison to the EB 5, the new brush head significantly reduced artificial plaque overall. In vitro data demonstrated the ability of the robot system to reveal reproducible significant differences of the cleaning effectiveness of powered toothbrushes.

Dental Plaque↗
PubMed2002

Penetrating injury to the pharynx by a toothbrush in a pediatric patient: a case report.

Penetrating injury of the pharynx is rare, but it can cause serious sequelae in children. A 12-month-old boy was impaled with a toothbrush in the retropharyngeal space after falling from a baby-bed. The point of the toothbrush was embedded beside the carotid artery and was removed by endoscopic surgical technique. The patient was discharged without neurological complication or abscess formation. We present a rare case of a penetrating injury by a toothbrush and discuss such injuries.

Endoscopy↗
PubMed2004

Tongue-cleaning methods: a comparative clinical trial employing a toothbrush and a tongue scraper.

BACKGROUND: It is estimated that approximately 85% of all halitosis cases have their origin within the mouth; of these, 50% are caused by tongue residues. Previous studies have established that hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans are the primary components of halitosis. Thus, tongue cleaning gains importance as a means of halitosis management. METHODS: This investigation compared the efficacy of two mechanical methods for tongue cleaning through a handheld sulfide monitor. This crossover trial was carried out with 10 healthy subjects, 20 to 50 years old. Before the baseline measurement of the volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), the subjects were instructed to refrain from any tongue cleaning method for 48 hours. The 10 participants were then placed in one of two groups (five each): 1) first week: tongue scraper, second week: soft-bristle toothbrush; 2) first week: toothbrush, second week: tongue scraper, with a 48-hour wash-out period between each week. RESULTS: The baseline measurements were compared with those of the end of each week using the Dunn method (alpha = 0.01). The tongue scraper showed a 75% reduction in VSCs, while the toothbrush only achieved a 45% reduction in VSCs. CONCLUSION: Although the tongue coating was removed by both methods, the tongue scraper performed better in reducing the production of volatile sulfur compounds.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Collection of buccal cell DNA in seventh-grade children using water and a toothbrush.

We developed a simple and effective method for collecting a large quantity of buccal cell DNA in school-based studies of seventh-grade and older children. Seventh-grade students at schools in Wuhan, China brushed each buccal surface with a soft toothbrush and then rinsed with 10 ml of water. We added 5 ml of 99% ethanol to preserve the sample. Among 1563 samples transported at room temperature over 1 week and then stored for 13-14 months at -70 degrees C before extraction, using a modified Gentra Puregene protocol, the median total DNA yield was 108 microg, range of 14 to 416 microg. We assayed every 20th sample (n = 77) for NAT2 by the PCR, and all samples gave a 1093-bp product. From the 1563 samples, we obtained a result for single nucleotide polymorphisms in the interleukin-13 gene (at +2044) by RFLP-PCR on 98.8% and in the promoter of the myeloperoxidase gene (at -463) by real-time PCR on 99.7%. A water-rinse method, that we used among 12th-grade students in Southern California, gave a lower total DNA yield than the toothbrush rinse (median of 17 microg) and a slightly reduced ability to generate a PCR product. However, 26 of 27 water-rinse samples gave a result for two genes, albumin and CYP1A1, using real-time PCR methods. We did not quantify human, versus bacterial, DNA in our samples. However, given the amounts of total DNA required for genotyping, a sample with the median yield of 108 microg should suffice for approximately 2160 genotypes by RFLP-PCR methods or five times as many by real-time PCR. We recommend the toothbrush-rinse method, combined with a modified Gentra Puregene DNA extraction protocol, for large-scale, in-person collections of buccal cell DNA in children. The method requires only inexpensive, readily available materials and produces a large quantity of high-quality DNA for PCR analyses.

Albumins↗
PubMed2003

Toothbrushing causes elemental release from dental casting alloys over extended intervals.

The release of elements from dental alloys has been linked to alloy biocompatibility. Much of the research measuring elemental release has been done in vitro under passive conditions. The current study supplements a previous report that measured elemental release from dental alloys during and after the equivalent of 1 week of toothbrushing. In the current study, toothbrushing times were extended to the equivalent of 2 years, and elemental release was measured during and after brushing, with and without toothpaste. The results showed that for the major classes of dental alloys, brushing alone caused no significant elemental release during the brushing, and only minor increases after brushing. Brushing with toothpaste caused significant increases in elemental release for all elements of all alloys, but the largest increases were for the two nickel-based alloys. Nickel released during brushing with toothpaste reached 600-800 microg/cm(2) of alloy surface. Both beryllium-containing and non-beryllium-containing nickel-based alloys behaved similarly, refuting claims that non-beryllium alloys are superior in this regard. Thus, brushing with toothpaste under these extended in vitro conditions appears to increase the biological liabilities from elemental release for all alloys, but primarily for nickel-based alloys.

Alloys↗
PubMed1997

Laparoscopic removal of a swallowed toothbrush.

Toothbrush swallowing is an uncommon occurrence. Unlike most cases of foreign-body ingestion, there have been no cases of spontaneous passage reported. Consequently, prompt removal is recommended before complications develop. We report a case of toothbrush ingestion which failed attempted endoscopic removal. This patient was managed successfully with laparoscopic assisted removal via gastrotomy. We recommend this approach for the removal of any ingested foreign bodies when surgical intervention is indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Toothbrush ingestion by bulimics may require laparotomy.

Two girls accidentally swallowed their toothbrush while inducing emesis; both had bulimia. Early removal of the brush is advised to prevent complications. Endoscopic removal is the preferred method, but because of the toothbrush's geometric qualities, surgical retrieval is often required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effect of toothbrushing on titanium surface: an approach to understanding surface properties of brushed titanium.

OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study aimed to characterize the surface morphology and composition of tooth-brushed titanium casting and thereby to elucidate interactions between the metal and abrasive material in dentifrice. METHODS: Specimens were cast from CP Ti ingots and then mirror-finished. Two fluoride-free toothpastes containing crystalline CaHPO4.2H2O and amorphous SiO2 particles as abrasive were slurried with distilled water (15 g/30 mL). While toothbrushes were reciprocated at 120 strokes/min for 350,400 strokes, the specimens were brushed with the respective slurries under a load of 2.45 N. The brushed and non-brushed surfaces were characterized by means of SPM, EPMA, and XPS. SPM data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc Tukey test (p<0.01). RESULTS: Irrespective of toothpastes, toothbrushing had a significant influence on surface roughness. The CaHPO4.2H2O-containing paste produced much rougher surface than the SiO2-containing paste. Both the surfaces were chemically altered due to reactions with the respective abrasive materials. Abrading chips had dimensions of micron to submicron order. A number of chips were attached to abrasive particles. SIGNIFICANCE: The alterations of surface morphology and composition may affect biological responses of titanium in the oral environment. Dentifrice with lower abrasivity might be advisable for daily oral hygiene practice of patients with dental titanium devices.

Calcium Phosphates↗