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PubMed1999

Detailed content and terminological properties of DSM-IV.

DSM-IV, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, is the internationally accepted standard for nomenclature and diagnosis in psychiatric practice. The objective of this project is to parse the rubric criteria of the DSM to extract the clinically detailed signs, symptoms, findings, and conditions that are present. These are a "latent terminology" implicit within the DSM, which is highly granular and clinically specific. This manuscript describes the content of these terms that heretofore existed sub rosa, though we recognize that during the authorship of the DSM such terms were constructed deliberately and systematically. Relevant characteristics of the classification system are briefly reviewed. Summary results of parsing the defining criteria for the 400 ICD-9 Codes enumerated in DSM-IV are presented.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Terminology issues in user access to Web-based medical information.

We conducted a study of user queries to the National Library of Medicine Web site over a three month period. Our purpose was to study the nature and scope of these queries in order to understand how to improve users' access to the information they are seeking on our site. The results show that the queries are primarily medical in content (94%), with only a small percentage (5.5%) relating to library services, and with a very small percentage (.5%) not being medically relevant at all. We characterize the data set, and conclude with a discussion of our plans to develop a UMLS-based terminology server to assist NLM Web users.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Galen: a third generation terminology tool to support a multipurpose national coding system for surgical procedures.

GALEN has developed a new generation of terminology tools based on a language independent concept reference model using a compositional formalism allowing computer processing and multiple reuses. During the 4th framework program project Galen-In-Use we applied the modelling and the tools to the development of a new multipurpose coding system for surgical procedures (CCAM) in France. On one hand we contributed to a language independent knowledge repository for multicultural Europe. On the other hand we support the traditional process for creating a new coding system in medicine which is very much labour consuming by artificial intelligence tools using a medically oriented recursive ontology and natural language processing. We used an integrated software named CLAW to process French professional medical language rubrics produced by the national colleges of surgeons into intermediate dissections and to the Grail reference ontology model representation. From this language independent concept model representation on one hand we generate controlled French natural language to support the finalization of the linguistic labels in relation with the meanings of the conceptual system structure. On the other hand the classification manager of third generation proves to be very powerful to retrieve the initial professional rubrics with different categories of concepts within a semantic network.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Motives for a revision of the physiology of labor and an updating of obstetric terminology].

During the second half of our century, revolutionary progress has been made in obstetrics in terms of care, prevention and technology, but curiously a number of doctrinal questions have been left unresolved which are more important in cultural and practical terms than is commonly thought. We refer in particular to the physiology of the mechanics of labour whose inveterate lacunae of interpretation and major conceptual inaccuracies would be easily resolved if tackled with sufficient interest. These are easy questions to resolve because the missing or incorrect aspects of the traditional model used to interpret the mechanics of labour are for the most part only caused by clashes with the basic principles of physical science. If the mechanics of labour are re-examined with a view to anchoring them rigorously and satisfactorily to the principles of physics, the traditional model of interpretation, which is currently in vogue, is completely invalidated and replaced by another based on a series of hydrodynamic phenomena of considerable obstetric interest. The advantages of these hydrodynamic phenomena are represented by the onset of the so-called "pelvic press", doubling the motor forces of labour during the release of the fetus, the constant maintenance of a balance of forces in the fetal environment, the rotary movements caused autonomously by a hydraulic and muscular system of fixing the womb during the release of the fetus, and above all by the equal interaction of the fetus in the mechanics of its own birth. Clearly, this new interpretative model calls for the use of partly updated and partly innovative obstetric terminology.

Female↗
PubMed2000

The use of a standardized terminology for comparison of free text and structured data entry.

The Minimal Standard Terminology (MST) for gastrointestinal endoscopy, the product of an international effort, is to be been used in a study comparing free text to structured reports of esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGDs). This requires some assumptions and adaptations in order to map to the MST in a uniform and quantifiable manner. Initial mapping has suggested a number of problem areas which require further investigation.

Endoscopy, Digestive System↗
PubMed2000

Confrontational analysis of motivation in medical terminology.

The work was directed to emphasize the role of motivation in the process of term formation in medicine. The authors present a confrontational analysis of a sample of medical terms. The aim of analysis is to show motivation in term formation in six different languages, that is in English, German, Russian, Slovak, Spanish and Latin. It is emphasized that there is a broad influence of ancient Greek and Latin terms, the basic source of much of our medical terminology. As for the motivation, terms are divided into three groups: the terms with direct, indirect and neutral motivation. The groups show different portions of motivation in the formation of the terms. The result of the analysis is the discovery that in the six compared languages, there are applied the same motivation elements, which are expressed by means of the same language elements. (Ref. 22.)

Linguistics↗
PubMed2000

Zygosity of twins: is it time for a new terminology?

The term zygosity reflects the origin of twins--when twins are monozygotic, they are derived from a single fertilized ovum; when twins are dizygotic--the come from two fertilized ova. Zygosity assessment seemed straightforward 50 years ago. Currently, as more information and more technology becomes available, zygosity testing becomes a real problem. It is important to realize the importance of correct zygosity testing not only in the antepartum care of the pregnant mother, but more importantly--during the whole lifetime of twin individuals. This paper discusses revolving around zygosity, methods of assessment, their limitations and proposes new terminology which incorporates the recent knowledge about early human development.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Is it possible to have a consensual terminology in disc diseases?].

The large variety of concepts and classifications for disc disease (anatomical, pathological, surgical and radiological) are reflected in the, often ambiguous, terminology of degenerative disc disease used on imaging study reports by neuroradiologists and radiologists. The attempts to standardize the nomenclature, made by some medical societies, lack general acceptance. This work reflects the conviction that morphological characterization of disc disease prevails over the anatomopathological due to the limitations of imaging study techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Basic review of radiation biology and terminology.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to review basic radiation biology and associated terminology to impart a better understanding of the importance of basic concepts of ionizing radiation interactions with living tissue. As health care workers in a field that utilizes ionizing radiation, nuclear medicine technologists are concerned about the possible acute and chronic effects of occupational radiation exposure. Technologists should have a clear understanding of what they are exposed to and how their safety could be affected. Furthermore, technologists should be knowledgeable about radiation effects so that they can adequately assuage possible patient fears about undergoing a nuclear medicine procedure. After reading this article, the nuclear medicine technologist will be familiar with: (a) basic radiation biology concepts; (b) types of interactions of radiation with living tissue, and possible effects from that exposure; (c) theoretical dose-response curves and how they are used in radiation biology; (d) stochastic versus nonstochastic effects of radiation exposure, and what these terms mean in relation to both high- and low-dose radiation exposure; and (e) possible acute and chronic radiation exposure effects.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed2001

Semantic features of an enterprise interface terminology for SNOMED RT.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of SNOMED RT in support of a natural language interface for encoding of clinical assessments. METHOD: Using a random sample of clinical terms from the UNMC Lexicon, I mapped the terminology into canonical data entries using SNOMED RT. Working from the source term language, I evaluated lexical mapping to the SNOMED term set, and the function of the SNOMED RT semantic network in support of a language-based clinical coding interface. RESULTS: Ambiguity in the source terms was low at 0.3%. Lexical (language-based) mapping could account for only 48.8% of meaning from the source terms. The RT semantic network accounted for 39.5% of meaning, and supplementing the lexical map this led to 80.2% capture of source content. Error rates in the segment of RT which I reviewed were low at 0.6%. 97.6% of source content could be accurately captured in SNOMED RT. CONCLUSION: SNOMED RT supported an accurate and reliable representation of clinical assessment data in this sample. The semantic network of RT substantially enhanced the encoding of concepts relative to lexical mapping. However these data suggest that natural language encoding with SNOMED RT in an enterprise environment is unlikely at this time.

Natural Language Processing↗
PubMed2001

The interface between information, terminology, and inference models.

The interface between information, terminology, and inference (problem solving) models is now a central issue for the development of standards and of principled information systems. There is potential overlap amongst the models, and principled means are required to choose how to allocate information items amongst them. Any given set of choices implies mutual constraints and obligations amongst the models which together form a well defined interface allowing work on each to proceed independently of the other. This paper outlines the criteria for these choices and a possible notation for recording these choices and their consequences.

Information Theory↗
PubMed2001

[Adverse drug reactions definitions and terminology].

Any therapeutic substance is potentially harmful. There are many examples in the literature justifying the need to follow-up the drug throughout it's life cycle (post-marketing surveillance). It is estimated that only 50% of the undesirable reactions can be detected during the pre-marketing clinical trials. The drugs' manufacturers have the obligation to report any unwanted reaction or effect of a drug to the regulatory authorities. Furthermore, the regulatory authorities encourage physicians to report adverse effects immediately. The terminology used in these reports contains many different terms which describe an undesired reaction: adverse drug reaction, adverse event, adverse effect and side effect. The common definition of "Adverse Drug Reaction" (ADR) is: "A response to a drug which is noxious and unintended and which occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or the modification of physiological function." The use of many terms for the description of the same kind of event causes disharmony and difficulties in analysis. It is of utmost importance to use compatible terms in order to achieve accord throughout the development process and marketing of a drug. Today, adverse-drug-reaction reporting is of major importance in the regulatory authorities' agenda and the regard for drug safety is rising. The aim of this review is to introduce the various terms used to describe ADR's, to discuss their advantages and shortcomings and the differences between them.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2001

Staging and terminology of superficial urinary bladder tumors.

Ta and T1 transitional cell urinary bladder tumors are prone to recurrence in a large percentage of cases, but they uncommonly progress to invasive tumors. On the other hand, Tis bladder tumors progress to invasive tumors in a majority of cases. Even though all of these tumors are found in the superficial layers of the bladder wall, their natural histories are significantly different. In addition, new terminology has been developed for these lesions.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗
PubMed2001

[The surname of Adamkiewicz in the medical terminology in the last three decades of the 20th century].

Nearly eighty years after his death, Albert Adamkiewicz (1850-1921) has still been persisting in both the history of medicine owing to his work and in the medical terminology owing to eponymy: since his flourishing period toward the end of the XIXth century, the surname Adamkiewicz has entered the language of science as a proper-name constituent of anatomical, pathological, neurological, surgical as well as orthopaedic terms, combing with the appellatives stain, corpuscle or demilune, reaction or test, serum, syndrome as well as artery. Estimation of the actual vitality of particular eponymous terms compared with non-eponymous synonyms had to be the aim of the presented search in the scientific literature a century after. In contrast with the inert non-periodical (encyclopaedic) literature, periodicals have revealed all the eponymous terms fallen in oblivion except the 'Adamkiewicz artery' that has only recently been introduced in encyclopaedias although constantly preferred in periodicals of the period under investigation (appearing in 75% articles) over the most frequent non-eponymous synonym 'arteria radicularis magna / great(er) radicular artery' (scarcely 11% articles). Thanks to the 'artery' - joining furthermore several synonyms to appear nearly in 86% articles altogether - the surname Adamkiewicz persists in the living language of science; that is why its bearer ought to be remembered and mentioned even on the threshold of the XXIst century.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Refining clinical terminology for expert system development: an application in the neonatal intensive care unit.

PURPOSE: To clarify terms surrounding the clinical problem of initiating oral feeding in premature infants cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Understanding terminology at the outset of expert system (ES) development forms the crucial foundation needed to build a system that is accurate, relevant, and useful for assisting clinicians. METHOD: Ethnographic methods were used. In phase 1 participant observation with an interdisciplinary neonatology team was used to study oral feeding for premature infants. In phase 2 in-depth interviews were conducted with a neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) to explore feeding terms and the description and understanding of these terms. FINDINGS: Results showed that oral feeding was a complex term that encompassed several feeding options; specifically nipple, breast, gavage, and transpyloric feeding. CONCLUSIONS: Each of the terms had a specific meaning within the context of the NICU.

Expert Systems↗