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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Anatomy of the temporal bone: detailed three-dimensional display based on image data from high-resolution helical CT: a preliminary report.

Our purpose was to demonstrate the application of helical computed tomography (CT) for computer graphics of the normal temporal bone with special regard to inner ear structures. Three-dimensional reconstruction of temporal bones was performed from helical CT data on 41 patients with various otologic diseases. Image postprocessing was carried out on an independent work station. In contrast to former surface-rendered three-dimensional visualizations of the temporal bone, a volumetric-rendering algorithm was used. This technique allows automated segmentation, thresholding, and simultaneous visualization of different planes (cube-cutting) in near-real time. We were able to demonstrate the three-dimensional display of the labyrinth during clinical routine. Anatomic details (internal auditory canal, cochlea, vestibulum, semicircular canals, distal part of the vestibular aqueduct, complete ossicular chain, fallopian canal, internal carotid canal) were comprehensively demonstrated by interactive segmentation or thresholding. Difficulties were found in three-dimensional delineation of the complete vestibular and cochlear aqueduct, as well as the modiolus. Initial experience with an advanced helical CT-based three-dimensional display showed excellent images of temporal bone anatomy. Validation studies with correlative histologic sections and surgical dissections remain to be done.

Ear, External↗
PubMed1983

A new technique for the study of temporal bone pathology.

A new technique for the study of the temporal bone at autopsy is presented in which thin slices of the fixed bone are prepared on a special cutting machine which preserves the configuration of the delicate anatomical structures. Selected areas are then processed for light microscopy. There is thus opportunity for gross examination, only a short period for immersion in acid for decalcification if required, and special histological procedures may also be carried out. The method is quick and technically easier than serial sectioning and storage of the smaller numbers of sections from each case is less of a problem. Temporal bones which have been perfused through the perilymph within 3 h of death may also be cut in the same way in order to allow removal of samples of membranous labyrinth for surface preparation or electron microscopy, avoiding the need for drilling to reach the membranous labyrinth, and being quicker and less damaging.

Histological Techniques↗
PubMed1998

High-resolution computed tomography of the canals of the temporal bone: anatomic correlations.

The aim of this study was to define precisely the imaging of the canals of the temporal bone by means of high-resolution computed tomography (HR CT). Based on 24 temporal bones removed from embalmed cadavers and investigated with HR CT, several canals were studied: the canal of the chorda tympani (CdT), the canal of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABV), the canal of the tympanic nerve, the canal of the carotico-tympanic nerve and that of the lesser petrosal nerve. Anatomic correlations for six temporal bones were made to confirm the validity of our radiologic hypotheses. In CT, in axial sections OM 0 degree, the posterior canal of the CdT was visualized in 71% of cases, the ABV canal in 4%, the inferior tympanic canal in 12.5%, the carotico-tympanic canal in no cases and the canal of the lesser petrosal nerve in 50% (and in 75% with an incidence of OM + 10 degrees). In coronal incidence, the posterior canal of the CdT was seen in 20% of cases, the ABV canal in 25%, the inferior tympanic canal in 85%, the caroticotympanic canal in 65% and that of the lesser petrosal nerve in 15%. The six anatomic comparisons confirmed the radiologic hypotheses in every case. These different structures are easy to identify in HR CT and are important to define so that any lesion (tumoral or vascular) developing in their vicinity may not be overlooked.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Osteoblastoma of the temporal bone: CT findings.

A case of recurrent benign osteoblastoma of the temporal bone is presented with discussion of the clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. Previously reported cases of osteoblastoma of the temporal bone are briefly reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Observations of the anterior epitympanic recess in the human temporal bone.

The structure of the anterior epitympanic recess was examined in 50 human temporal bones. The recess was found in 48 temporal bones (96%) and showed three different structural types. In type A, the least developed type (38%), a main cavity is seen above the tensor tympanic fold. The recess is divided into two cavities by the tensor tympanic fold, which stretches to the anterosuperior tympanic tegmen in type B, the intermediate type (40%). The tensor tympanic fold is fused with the superior mallear fold in type C, the best-developed type (18%), with the recess being contiguous with the eustachian tube. The shape of the anterior epitympanic recess is influenced by the ratio between the cavities above and below the tensor tympanic fold, ie, by the embryologic development of the saccus anticus and the anterior saccule of the saccus medius. The structural variations in this recess must be kept in mind during the surgical management of middle ear diseases.

Ear, Middle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The visible ear: a digital image library of the temporal bone.

High-fidelity computer-based modeling, simulation and visualization systems for the study of temporal bone anatomy and training for middle ear surgery are based on a sequence of digital anatomical images, which must cover a large tissue volume and yet display details in high resolution and with high fidelity. However, the use of existing image libraries by independent developers of virtual models of the ear is limited by copyright protection and low image resolution. A fresh frozen human temporal bone was CT-scanned and serially sectioned at 25 microm and digital images of the block surface were recorded at 50- to 100-microm increments with a Light Phase(TM) single-shot camera back attachment. A total of 605 images were recorded in 24-bit RGB resolution. After color correction and elimination of image size variation by differential cropping to 15.4 cm x 9.7 cm, all images were resampled to 3,078 x 1,942 pixels at a final resolution of 50 microm/pixel and stored as 605 one-Mb JPEG files together with a three-dimensional viewer. The resulting complete set of image data provides: (1) a source material suitable for generating computer models of the human ear; (2) a resource of high-quality digital images of anatomical cross sections from the human ear, and (3) a PC-based viewer of the temporal bone in three perpendicular planes of section.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Thickness of the lateral surface of the temporal bone in children.

The placement of implantable auditory prostheses in children has raised questions concerning the thickness of the temporal bone in the region of implantation. The purpose of this study is to describe the thickness at specific sites of the lateral surface of the temporal bone in children of different ages. One hundred twenty-five intact temporal bones from 83 children of known sex, race, and age between birth and 20 years were measured. Thickness was measured with a specially designed micrometer at specific locations from a fixed reference point by use of a surface projected grid for site identification. Thickness was plotted against age on scattergraphs for each site, and regression analysis revealed a bimodal linear relationship. Sites medial to the temporalis muscle were the thinnest; sites associated with the posteroinferior insertion of the temporalis muscle, along the supramastoid crest, were the thickest. However, wide interindividual variability was the rule.

Cephalometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Metastases to the temporal bone. A report of two cases].

Two cases of metastasis to temporal bone from primary tumors are reported, one from bronchogenic carcinoma and the other from prostate adenocarcinoma. Metastasis to temporal bone is rare and the literature is reviewed.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry used for routinely processed celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections: standardization and development.

The use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in routinely processed celloidin-embedded human temporal bone section has created a fruitful field in understanding the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the human inner ear at a molecular level since the early 1990s when the antigen retrieval (AR) technique was developed. This review article focuses on several critical technical issues of AR technique based predominantly on our experiences and suggestions concerning further development and standardization of AR-IHC for IHC study of human temporal bone section, as well as other tissues embedded in celloidin. Examples of using AR-IHC in human temporal bone sections collected include our unpublished data in order to indicate the potential utility of this novel method. Suggestions of further development of AR techniques are proposed for references and comments.

Collodion↗
PubMed1992

[Glomus tumors of the temporal bone--surgical concept and results].

Between 1985 and 1991, 36 patients with glomus tumors of the temporal bone were operated. More than 60% of the patients presented with an advanced disease (Class C and D) according to the initially discret and slowly progressive clinical signs. Pulsatile tinnitus, hearing loss and paresis of the lower cranial nerves IV to XII were most often found. The management of the patients requires a complete surgical resection with different approaches depending on the extension of the tumor. High resolution CT of the temporal bone and selective angiography of the tumor feeding vessels proved as reliable and necessary imaging tools to determine the size of the tumor and thereby the surgical procedure. Class A tumors (n = 4) were completely resected by an enaural transmeatal approach. Class B tumors (n = 10) were removed completely in all cases by a combined transmeatal-transmastoid approach. A conductive hearing loss in 2 cases and transient facial paresis in one case were observed. Class C tumors (Glomus jugulare tumors, n = 16) required an infratemporal fossa approach type A. A complete resection was achieved in 87.5%. Class D tumors (n = 6) with intracranial extension were managed in a two stage otoneurosurgical procedure. Due to the tumor size and the required surgical procedure a higher incidence of functional lesions (combined hearing loss, vertigo, cranial nerve pareses) was observed. A facial paresis occurred in all cases but was transient in most of them. The results show that functional conservation surgery for glomus tumors of the temporal bone is only possible in Class A and B and some of the Class C tumors. This requires an early diagnosis.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed1999

Study of systemic lupus erythematosus in temporal bones.

Despite some reports of sensorineural hearing loss with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), its pathologic correlate has remained unidentified due to the scarcity of human temporal bone studies. We here present findings in 14 temporal bones from 7 patients with SLE, examined histologically and immunohistochemically for pathologic conditions in the cochlea that might relate to their otologic histories. Blue-staining concretions were seen in the stria vascularis of 6 ears. Most of the cases showed a loss of spiral ganglion cells, with various degrees of hair cell loss and atrophy of the stria vascularis. One ear demonstrated formation of fibrous tissue and bone throughout the cochlea, with complete loss of the membranous labyrinth. Cochlear hydrops was found in only 1 ear. These findings in temporal bones from patients with SLE are discussed in relation to autoimmune disease of the inner ear.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of transverse temporal bone fracture on the fluid compartment of the inner ear.

Five temporal bones exhibiting transverse fractures were studied with a view to determining whether such fractures could lead to symptomatic endolymphatic hydrops. Four out of the five temporal bones showed the fracture line traversing the vestibular aqueduct. Two of these four showed complete obstruction of the endolymphatic duct. One of these had an intact membranous labyrinth and severe endolymphatic hydrops. The other had ruptures of the membranous labyrinth and no hydrops. Three ears exhibited partial preservation of auditory and vestibular hair cells and neurons. These findings are consistent with the concept that a transverse fracture may produce endolymphatic hydrops by obstructing the vestibular aqueduct while preserving enough audiovestibular epithelium and neurons to present as symptomatic Menière's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Eosinophilic granuloma of the bilateral temporal bone.

An unusual presentation of eosinophilic granuloma (EG) of the bilateral temporal bone in a 2-year-old male child is discussed with the literature review. Involvement of the temporal bone is relatively uncommon and otorrhea or symptoms resembling mastoiditis are nonspecific. This rare condition should be kept in mind in differential diagnosis of otitis media refractory to medical therapy.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1975

Temporal bone studies: findings with undecalcified sections in a 2,600-year-old Egyptian mummy.

Roentgenologic studies by polytomography of the temporal bones of a 2,600-year-old Egyptian mummy (PUM-II) revealed an increase in radiographic density throughout the left temporal bone. The superior portions of the petrous bones were removed with an electric saw for study by undecalcified techniques. For histological control, a similar specimen was removed from a cadaver immediately after autopsy. Light microscopy of sections showed excellent preservation of the Haversian systems. The vascular channels were clearly seen, and they were similar in appearance to those of the fresh specimen. The lacunae contained osteocytes with good preservation of the nucleus. Osteoid seams were identified and the osteon activity was described for the first time in an Egyptian mummy. There was a low turnover type of bone, but there was no evidence of metabolic bone disease. We postulate that the increased radiological density of the left temporal bone was due to a greater amount of resin infiltration in this bone as compared to the right. It appeared that the resin acted as a fixative preserving the bone cells and related elements.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1991

Temporal bone resection.

It must be emphasized that the greatest impact of survival can only be obtained through an early diagnosis and a radical treatment program. Any granulation tissue must be sent for biopsy to rule out the possibility of malignancy in the setting of chronic otitis media. Once carcinoma is diagnosed, imaging studies must be obtained to define the extent of the tumor. Under diagnosis is the rule with these malignancies. Tumors limited to the external auditory canal can be adequately resected with a lateral temporal bone resection. Extension into the middle ear and mastoid aircell systems requires either a subtotal temporal bone resection or a lateral temporal bone resection with a radical mastoidectomy and petrousectomy. The inclusion of the petrous apex with the resection, as in a temporal bone resection, does not add to survival but increases morbidity. Radical postoperative radiation therapy is essential for maximum local control and survival with these malignancies.

Ear Canal↗
PubMed2001

Histopathologic study of temporal bone and eustachian tube in oculoauriculovertebral spectrum.

Bilateral temporal bone specimens from a 21-month-old girl and a left temporal bone-eustachian tube (ET) specimen from a full-term female newborn, both with oculoauriculovertebral spectrum, were studied histopathologically. The external and middle ears demonstrated severe anomalies, similar to those of previous reports describing the histopathologic findings of this syndrome. In addition, despite having a normal auricle, the 21-month-old child had bilateral hypoplastic cochleas as seen in Mondini dysplasia. The newborn had several anomalies of the ET, including a widely opened cartilaginous portion of the ET lumen and absence of the lateral lamina of the ET cartilage. We discuss the implications of the observed anomalies with regard to developmental and clinical issues.

Eustachian Tube↗
PubMed1989

Congenital anomalies of the temporal bone.

Inner ear anomalies are a rare but important cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Combined external and middle ear anomalies are more common, causing conductive hearing loss and cosmetic deformity. The course of the facial nerve canal is altered in many temporal bone anomalies. Its location is of great importance when surgical therapy is anticipated. Vascular anomalies and bone dysplasias occasionally affect the temporal bone. High resolution CT, using thin sections and edge enhancement techniques, is capable of demonstrating the finer bony details of these temporal bone anomalies.

Ear↗
PubMed2004

Imaging of the temporal bone.

Classical descriptions of the temporal bone are based on its five embryologically distinct osseous components: the petrous, tympanic, mastoid, squamous, and styloid portions.

Journal Article↗