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PubMed1984

A simple test for acetylator phenotype using caffeine.

A method is presented for the use of caffeine, in the forms commonly ingested by a large proportion of the world's population, to test for the clinically important acetylation polymorphism. Each of 146 subjects provided a spot sample of urine between 2 and 6 h after coffee, tea or cola soft drink consumption, and the molar ratio of 5-acetylamino-6- formylamino -3-methyluracil ( AFMU ) to 1-methylxanthine (1X) was determined by a simple h.p.l.c. assay. The ratio afforded segregation of three apparent modes of acetylation capacity in this population, in concordance with a standard sulphamethazine phenotyping procedure and with other methods using controlled caffeine intake and urine collections. The day-to-day consistency of the method was established in eight selected subjects.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiological trend in the distribution of cancer in Kashmir Valley.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study the distribution of cancers, with particular emphasis on oesophageal cancer. DESIGN: Patient records for 1986-88 in the Department of Oncology, SK Institute of Medical Sciences, were searched to identify cases and types of cancer. SETTING: The Valley of Kashmir, India. SUBJECTS: Patients with cancer resident in the valley. MAIN RESULTS: The seven most common types of cancer in men were those of the oesophagus, lungs, stomach, skin, upper respiratory tract, and urinary tract. In women the most common types of cancer were those affecting the oesophagus, breast, cervix, stomach, skin, colon/rectum, and lungs. Cancer of the oesophagus was the most frequent type in both sexes, accounting for 42.9% of all types of cancer in the valley. This distribution of cancer types is strikingly different from that in the rest of India where oropharyngeal cancer is the most common form. Again, contrary to the trend in India as a whole, cervical cancer is not a leading type of cancer in the valley and is less frequent even than cancer of the breast in the women. CONCLUSIONS: The preponderance of oesophageal cancer was attributable to the local practice of drinking boiling hot salt tea. Universal male circumcision in the majority community in the valley was considered to be partly responsible for low cervical cancer frequency.

Circumcision, Male↗
PubMed1991

Boiled coffee and blood pressure. A 14-week controlled trial.

The question of whether long-term elimination of coffee from the diet lowers blood pressure has not been settled. Consumption of Scandinavian-style "boiled coffee" is associated with coronary heart disease. However, little is known about the effect of brewing method on the blood pressure-raising potential of coffee. We have studied the effects on blood pressure and heart rate of total elimination of coffee and tea in comparison with drinking boiled coffee consumed as such, or boiled coffee consumed after filtration through paper filter. Thirty-one women and 33 men first consumed 6 cups/day of boiled and filtered coffee for 17 days. Then they were randomly divided into three groups, which for the next 79 days received either unfiltered boiled coffee (caffeine content 860 mg/l), boiled-and-filtered coffee (887 mg caffeine/l), or no coffee, the latter being replaced by fruit juice and mineral water. Total elimination of coffee did not significantly affect blood pressure or heart rate relative to boiled-and-filtered coffee. In subjects who drank boiled coffee, mean ambulant systolic blood pressure rose significantly relative to those who consumed boiled-and-filtered coffee (mean difference +/- SEM, 3.1 +/- 1.1 mm Hg, p = 0.006). This response showed a tendency to be stronger for women (4.5 +/- 1.8 mm Hg) than for men (1.7 +/- 1.2 mm Hg). We conclude that elimination of filtered coffee has no substantial long-term effect on blood pressure, but consumption of unfiltered boiled coffee may cause a slight but significant rise in systolic blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Effect of different drinks on fluid and electrolyte losses from a jejunostomy.

The effectiveness of 5 different solutions on the absorption of fluid and electrolytes was tested in 7 patients with a proximal intestinal stoma and large fluid losses, all of whom previously needed intravenous infusions to maintain balance. In 4 patients it proved possible to replace the intravenous infusions with an enteral supplement. The WHO glucose/electrolyte solution without added potassium (NaCl 3.5 g, NaHCO3 2.5 g, glucose 20 g/l) gave satisfactory results, though was slightly less effective than a solution containing more sodium in which maltose was substituted for glucose. Neither sucrose nor an oligosaccharide (Caloreen) gave an advantage over glucose in the formulations used. In 3 patients losses were so great, and absorption of sodium from oral solutions so small, that intravenous supplements had to be continued. These 3 patients could be distinguished from the other 4 by the fact that more than 250 ml emerged from the stoma during the 3 hours after a drink of 500 ml of glucose/electrolyte solution. In all patients a drink of water or tea led to a loss of sodium from the stoma; water should be restricted in such patients and replaced by a glucose/electrolyte solution.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

[A population survey on bone mineral density in a fishing village in Wakayama prefecture. (Part 1) Distribution of bone mineral density by sex and age based on a representative sample of the community].

To establish reference values for bone mineral density (BMD), a population survey was carried out in a fishing community in Wakayama Prefecture. The BMD measurements of the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle area) were performed by sex and age, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Four hundred subjects, aged 40 to 79 years, were recruited randomly to give 50 persons in each of eight age-sex strata from a list of 2,261 residents (1,028 men and 1,233 women) living in a fishing village. The validity of sampling methods was assessed using a questionnaire about lifestyle factors, which was used for all residents aged from 40 to 79 years in the baseline survey. There were no significant differences between the subjects for BMD measurements and all the residents of the community in the frequencies of past history of diseases, healthy habits, food intakes, and rates of smoking, alcohol drinking, coffee and green tea consumption. These findings suggested that the present study population could be considered representative of samples obtained from the entire population in the fishing community. The results of BMD measurements in these subjects, who were selected at random, showed that except for a slightly high BMD of the lumbar spine in men in their 60's, the mean BMD of the lumbar spine and the three proximal segments of the femur decreased with increasing age in both sexes.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[A study of preventive medicine in relation to mental health among middle-management employees (Part 2)--effects of long working hours on lifestyles, perceived stress and working-life satisfaction among white-collar middle-management employees].

Recently, we have introduced the holistic method into health care of workers and aimed at improvement of Quality of Life (QOL). It has been made clear that primary prevention of diseases needs lifestyle appraisal. Therefore, we studied the daily working hours and the effects of long working hours on lifestyles, perceived stress and working-life satisfaction, which we used as a subjective index of Quality of Life (QOL), based on data obtained from a survey of 1,026 department chiefs and 2,902 section chiefs in 110 large companies in Japan in 1990. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The percentage of those working 10 hours per day was 41.6% for department chiefs and 40.4% for section chiefs, and for 11 or more working hours it was 24.1% in department chiefs and 30.9% in section chiefs. The younger both department and section chiefs, the longer their working hours. (2) Both department and section chiefs had a significant relationship between long working hours and poor sleeping habits, poor physical exercise, feeling busy, irregularity of daily life and irregularity of daily meals. The department chiefs had a significant relationship between long working hours and unbalanced nutrition or no hobbies. The section chiefs had a significant relationship between long working hours and drinking many cups of tea or coffee, taking a lot of salt or ill physical condition during the past six months.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Caffeine as an environmental indicator for assessing urban aquatic ecosystems.

This study aimed to evaluate the co-occurrence of caffeine and the extent of its influence as compared to other traditional water quality parameters (microbiological and physico-chemical) in order to characterize it as an efficient indicator of anthropic pollution of urban aquatic environments. Caffeine is an ingredient in a variety of beverages (coffee, tea, and caffeinated soft drinks) and numerous food products (chocolate, pastries, and dairy desserts). Although the human body metabolizes this stimulant efficiently, between 0.5 and 10.0% is excreted, mostly in the urine. Analysis of water samples from the Leopoldina Basin and Guanabara Bay revealed a significant difference between areas not commonly affected by nutrient enrichment or sewage inputs and areas chronically influenced by sewage discharges and elevated eutrophication. Monitoring caffeine will be fundamental in stressed urban aquatic environments where frequent accidental ruptures of sewer lines and discharges of untreated effluents impede effective water quality evaluation with traditional indicators.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of gender on vasomotor function of the vascular endothelium and cardiovascular remodelling during aging].

INTRODUCTION: Aging is correlated with decreased endothelial vasomotor influence, increased carotid intima-media thickness and stiffness, increased left ventricular mass index and increased blood pressure [1-3]. However, these changes are not expressed in the same way in both genders [4, 5]. It seems that females are more protected from cardiovascular changes during aging compared to males [1, 6]. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of gender on brachial vasomotor responses (reactive hyperemia test) as well as the correlation with vascular and cardiac remodelling in healthy volunteers of different ages. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on healthy subjects (n = 66; 37 males, 29 females) of different ages (20-82 years) with no history of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. All subjects were normotensive, non-smokers with normal blood lipid and glucose values, were not taking any medication at the time of investigation and were asked to refrain from eating and drinking alcohol, coffee or tea 12 hours before the examination. Subjects were divided in two groups (male and female) and 5 age-related groups according to appropriate decade (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and above 60 years). All subjects underwent regular cardiologic examination, ECG recording and cardiac ultrasound in order to exclude valvular diseases, decreased myocardial contractility and ejection fraction. During the study blood pressure and ECG were recorded continuously. Carotid artery intima-media thickness and brachial artery diastolic internal diameter (mm) and blood flow (ml/min) values were measured continuously using high-resolution ultrasound. Brachial artery parameters were measured in baseline condition, during ischaemia and reactive hyperemia (endothelium-dependent relaxation) and after nitroglycerin administration (endothelium independent relaxation, 2 x 400 micrograms, sublingual) [7, 8]. Brachial ischaemia was induced by inflation of a pneumatic tourniquet placed at the forearm to a pressure of 300 mmHg followed by deflation after 3 min. We analyzed changes in peripheral arteries (changes in brachial artery diastolic diameter and flow during 90 sec after cuff deflation), structural changes of carotid artery, functional and structural changes of the left ventricle (19-11). We used cardiac ultrasound (Hewlett Packard Sonos 2500) with a 2.0-2.5 MHz imaging transducer and a 7.0-MHz linear array transducer for vascular measurements. Demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects are presented in Table 1. All results are expressed as mean and S.E.M. Data analysis was done by linear regression analyses, multivariate test (LSD procedure) and Student's T-test. P values less than 0.05 were considered to be significant. RESULTS: Relative changes in brachial artery diastolic diameter in reactive hyperemia in comparison to aging (with gender distribution) are shown in Graphs 1 and 2. Our study showed decrease in brachial vasodilator response to reactive hyperemia during aging (male p < 0.05, female p < 0.001). Data analysis showed a significant difference between age-related groups above 40 years and groups below 30 years of age (p < 0.001). The analysis of carotid intima-media thickness showed increased values during aging in both genders but without statistical significance (Graph 2). Analysis of relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and aging (by gender) showed a good correlation of these parameters expressed by the following formula: intima-media thickness (cm) = 0.0009 x years of age + 0.0139. ANOVA test for age-related groups showed significant correlation (p < 0.01) between all age-related groups except 30-40 vs. 40-50 year group. Student's T-test showed no significant correlation between genders. The relationship between the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and aging (with gender distribution) is shown in Graphs 3 and 4. The left ventricular mass index was increased during aging

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development, validity and reliability of a general addiction scale. A preliminary study].

INTRODUCTION: The authors develop a General Scale to measure the intensity of the addiction to substances (not alcohol, not opiates) and addictive behaviors. METHODS: The General Scale is a self-scale compound by eleven ítems that was delivered to fifty and five students of the courses 5 masculine and 6 masculine of the Medicine of the University of Alcalá (Madrid, Spain), and was them requested that applied said scale from different supposed addictive: tobacco; tea, coffee or cola drinks; chocolate; others sweet; alcohol; sex; use of the personal computer and/or Internet and/or videoplay; and to practice sports. Of that manner, each subject provided a total of 440 complimented scales.Finally, it was requested the subjects that indicated in a scale apart, their degree of addiction from the different exposed concepts. Those data served of external criterion. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The Scale is monodimensional, and shows a high construct validity (account 63% of the total variance obtained by a Factorial Analysis), a high alpha reliability (alpha: 0.94) and a good internal consistency (split-half method with the Spearman-Brown correction; R: 0.92). All items share with the general addiction concept that represents the total score of the Scale, an common variance proportion equal or over the 52%. CONCLUSION: The Scale seems be a valid and reliable instrument to compare groups of the calls new addictions of a measurable manner.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[A study of Bo-Juyi's disease].

Hitherto, Bo-Juyi has been known as a sickly poet. But analysis of his disease according to the traditional Chinese medicine had not been until this paper. So many factors affected his illness; especially the weak life power which he was given from his mother and the heavy load of stress he suffered were worsening factors. His habits of heavy drinking of alcohol and tea weakened his constitution by creating bad waters in his body-which normally would have protected the flow of Qi, blood and fluids. Therefore, he was susceptible to many diseases.

Asia↗
PubMed1984

Methylxanthine composition and consumption patterns of cocoa and chocolate products.

This chapter has compiled and evaluated the current information on the methylxanthine composition of cocoa and various chocolate foods and beverages, as well as the consumption pattern for these commodities. Although the earliest recorded reference to cacao was in 1502, it was not until 1876 that milk chocolate was invented, an event that formed the backbone of the chocolate industry today. The consumption of cocoa throughout the world has been influenced by a number of factors, and the period of peak consumption occurred during the early to mid-1960s when these factors were highly favorable. The greatest consumption of cocoa in metric tons over the past 10 yr has been in the United States, although the highest per capita consumer during this period was Switzerland. The African continent has been historically the primary producer of raw cocoa, with the Ivory Coast currently being the largest individual supplier. Limited marketing survey data is available for the consumption of methylxanthines in chocolate foods and beverages. In children and teenagers, the major dietary source of caffeine was found to be tea, followed by soft drinks and coffee, respectively. Although chocolate foods and beverages ranked the lowest of these dietary sources to provide caffeine, they do constitute the major source of dietary theobromine. Cacao is the major natural source of the xanthine base theobromine. Small amounts of caffeine are present in the bean along with trace amounts of theophylline. The methylxanthine content of beans varies with the varietal type, and is influenced by the fermentation process. Chocolate liquor is a semifinished product commonly called "baking" or "cooking" chocolate. The average theobromine and caffeine content of liquors has been reported at 1.2% and 0.21%, respectively. Cocoa powder, which is prepared after removal of the cocoa butter, contains about 1.9% theobromine and 0.21% caffeine. Chocolate beverages comprise the most widely studied category of chocolate products. Hot cocoa provides 62 mg/serving of theobromine and 4 mg/serving of caffeine when prepared from commercial instant mixes. Instant cold chocolate milk mixes supply an average of 58 mg/serving of theobromine and 5 mg/serving of caffeine. The methylxanthine content of chocolate foods has received only slight attention in the literature. The methylxanthine content of sweet chocolate ranges from 0.359 to 0.628% for theobromine and 0.017 to 0.125% for caffeine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Beverages↗
PubMed1997

[Caffeine and children].

Beverages containing caffeine are consumed by most people in most countries most days. Consumption is mostly in beverages such as coffee, tea and some soft drinks, and smaller amounts from other foods such as chocolate. Children also consume caffeine, though in smaller amounts even relative to their smaller size. Many questions have been asked about possible health effects of caffeine and have been answered by scientific research. Studies on pregnant women consuming caffeine show no effects on the fetus, infants, or on development followed up to school age. There have been many studies on children of school age. For example, it has been shown that a single dose of 3 mg/kg is without appreciable effect on a variety of behavioral and physiological functions, and even 10 mg/kg, had only minimal effects, within the normal range of differences between the children without caffeine. While newborn infants metabolize caffeine slowly, children from less than 1 year to adolescence metabolize caffeine about twice as fast as non-smoking adults. The numerous studies showing safety of caffeine in adults, combined with the direct studies in children showing they are similar and not more susceptible to caffeine than adults, gives assurance that lifelong consumption of caffeine in foods and beverages, starting in childhood, is without deleterious effects on health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Oral hygiene, dietary pattern and smoking habits of Bedouin (nomadic Arabs) population in Saudi Arabia.

The estimated population of the Bedouins are up to two million in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, but relatively little information is available about them. The aim of the study was to assess the oral hygiene dietary pattern and smoking habits of Saudi Bedouins population around Medina, Qaseen and Khamis Moshayte areas. Five hundred and twenty five Bedouins (296 male, 229 female) with the age range 2-90 years were interviewed and examined clinically over a period of four months (July to October 1998). It was found that 25% of the subjects were miswak users, 30% used miswak and tooth brush, while 26% never cleaned their teeth. Almost 50% of the subjects were regular in their oral hygiene habits. Seventy percent were rice eaters while meat and dates were second and third preference. Tea was the most common drink with 2-3 teaspoons of sugar per cup. Only ten percent were cigarette smokers and less than 5% used shisha (traditional smoking pipe). It is concluded from the study that within the surveyed Bedouin population one fourth of them never cleaned their teeth while almost the same number used miswak (Chewing stick) to clean their teeth. Rice was the most common food item, while tea with refined sugar was the most common drink. Only 15% were smoker. Further research is needed with a larger and a more representative sample of Bedouins from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health.

Tea is rich in antioxidant polyphenols (catechins, flavonols, theaflavins and thearubigins). Epidemiological evidence relating regular consumption of tea or related polyphenols to CHD is equivocal. Catechins are absorbed from tea, but low plasma concentrations are attained. The bioavailability of theaflavins and thearubigins is unknown. Tea does not reduce blood pressure or plasma lipids in well-controlled human trials. Tea polyphenols inhibit LDL lipid peroxidation in vitro, but the effect ex vivo is small. The plasma antioxidant potential increases after drinking green but not black tea. Tea consumption tended to reduce the development of aortic atherosclerosis in rabbits. Tea polyphenols exert marked effects on cells, and inhibit neutrophil migration and inflammatory responses, sometimes at low concentrations. These diverging results suggest potential beneficial effects, but emphasize the need for good human trials of tea using early markers of CHD before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

PCDD/PCDF, chlorinated pesticides and PAH in Chinese teas.

Four samples of Chinese tea (two green teas, and two brick teas) were analyzed for their concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), chlorinated pesticides and PAH. The infusions prepared from these teas were also analyzed for PCDD/PCDF. The levels of DDT and its metabolites in tea leaves were within the safety limit of 0.2 mg/kg. Rather high levels of total PAH were obtained in brick tea (1,048-1,162 mg/kg). when compared with green tea (497-517 mg/kg). In terms of PCDD/PCDF, the concentrations of green tea and brick tea differed by a factor of 16, while the concentrations of all infusions were within a factor of 2. The dioxin concentrations in green tea leaves can be explained through uptake of atmospheric PCDD/PCDF. The higher concentrations in the brick tea leaves are due the longer exposure time, and to certain extent, the use of old leaves, branches and roots when making the tea, and additional components such as soil particulates through contamination. Certain Chinese populations drinking a large amount of brick tea (>31 per day) indicated that individuals of these populations consume more tea than Europeans or North Americans result in a comparably higher intake of PCDD/PCDF. Tea consumption can attribute to up to 10% of the TDI recommended by WHO (only PCDD/PCDF considered, no PCB analyzed).

Benzofurans↗
PubMed1996

[Diet and migraine].

Some foods in our diet can spark off migraine attacks in susceptible individuals. Some foods can bring an attack on through an allergic reaction. A certain number such as citrus fruits, tea, coffee, pork, chocolate, milk, nuts, vegetables and cola drinks have been cited as possible allergens associated with migraine. This mechanism has however been criticized: an improvement in symptoms by eliminating some food(s) from our diet does not necessarily mean an immunologically based allergic reaction. The high IgE incidence rate is not greater in such patients than in the population at large. Other allergic reactions unrelated to diet may also be associated with migraine attacks. On the other hand substances in food may be the cause of modifications in vascular tone and bring migraine on in those so prone. Among such substances are tyramine, phenylalanine, phenolic flavonoids, alcohol, food additives (sodium nitrate, monosodium glutamate, aspartame) and caffeine. Another recognized trigger for migraine is hypoglycemia. Such foods as chocolate, cheese, citrus fruits, bananas, nuts, 'cured' meats, dairy products, cereals, beans, hot dogs, pizza, food additives (sodium nitrate, monosodium glutamate in Chinese restaurant food, aspartame as a sweetener), coffee, tea, cola drinks, alcoholic drinks such as red wine, beer or whisky distilled in copper stills, all may bring on a migraine attack. For every patient we have to assess which foodstuffs are involved in the attack (not necessarily produced by consuming the product concerned) in order to try to avoid their consumptions as a means of prophylaxis for migraine.

Diet↗
PubMed1994

Effects of green and black tea on hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing systems in the male F344 rat.

1. The induction of phase I and II enzymes in the liver of the male F344 rat drinking 2% (w/v) solutions of green or black tea for 6 weeks was investigated. Also studied were glutathione (GSH) and cyst(e)ine in blood, liver and kidney, as well as serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total and free testosterone. 2. The total carbon monoxide-discernible liver P450, b5 and NADPH-cytochrome c(P450) reductase activities were similar in all groups. 3. There were significant increases in liver of rat drinking green or black tea of P4501A1, 1A2 and 2B1 activities, but no change in P4502E1 and 3A4 activities. Of the phase II enzymes, UDP-glucuronyltransferase was increased, but glutathione S-transferase was not. 4. Serum GSH was higher in the group administered black tea, but GSH and cyst(e)ine in other groups was at control levels. Serum cholesterol was lower in rat given black compared with green tea. Triglycerides had a declining trend after green and black tea exposure compared with water controls. Free and total testosterone were not affected. 5. Thus, beverages widely used by man altered host biochemistry as regards specific phase I and II enzymes in liver of rat and specific serum parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Sociodemographic and behavioural correlates of severe dental fluorosis.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with the prevalence of severe dental fluorosis in moderate- and high-fluoride areas of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. METHODS: Three hundred and six adolescents (12-15 years) and 233 mothers participated in the study. The children were examined for dental fluorosis according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI). The children and their mothers were subsequently interviewed. Sixty mothers had more than one participating child. In order to perform a paired parent/child analysis, a total of 73 younger siblings had to be excluded. RESULTS: Among the remaining 233 children, the prevalence of severe dental fluorosis (TFI >or= 5) was 24.1% and 75.9% in the moderate- and high-fluoride areas, respectively. According to bivariate as well as multivariate analyses, a number of sociodemographic and behavioural factors were related to severe fluorosis. The odds for having severe fluorosis varied according to the fluoride concentration of the drinking water, age, consumption of tea, length of breastfeeding and method of storing water. The adjusted odds ratios ranged from 2.6 to 26.1. Breastfeeding for > 18 months and the use of clay pots for storing drinking water helped protect against severe dental fluorosis. Bivariate analyses indicated that being male and consuming fish might be associated with higher TFI scores. CONCLUSION: In order to avoid dental fluorosis, low-fluoride drinking water should be provided in the relevant villages. A prolonged period of breastfeeding, the use of clay pots for storing water, and possibly a reduced intake of tea and whole fish in infants might also help to avoid severe fluorosis in children growing up in traditionally fluoride-endemic areas.

Adolescent↗