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PubMedDate not supplied

Antimicrobial activity, essential oil composition and micromorphology of trichomes of Satureja laxiflora C. Koch from Iran.

The antimicrobial activity, essential oil composition and micromorphology of trichomes of Satureja laxiflora C. Koch, a native plant from Iran, were studied. The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts at the flowering stage by hydrodistillation, and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-three compounds representing 99.1% of the total oil were characterized. The major compounds were thymol (63.9%) and gamma-terpinene (11.9%) followed by carvacrol (4.8%), p-cymene (3.9%), geraniol (3.2%) and geranyl acetate (3.1%). Furthermore, the essential oil and its three main components were tested against two bacteria and three fungi. The result of the bioassays has been shown that the oil possesses potent antimicrobial property. Chemical studies confirmed that a major portion of this antimicrobial activity is due to thymol present in the oil. Micromorphological analysis by SEM of both vegetative and reproductive organs revealed the presence of abundant sessile capitate and sparse short-stalked glandular trichomes along with retrorse eglandular hairs, giving useful diagnostic characters for identification of this medicinal plant.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2003

Larvicidal activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham. Against Aedes aegypti linn.

The aim of this work was to study the larvicidal activity of Lippia sidoides essential oil against Aedes aegypti larvae. The essential oil and its hydrolate (saturated solution of essential oil in water) were obtained by vapor extraction and their chemical composition determined by GL-chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. Bioassays were run with the essential oil, pure and diluted hydrolate and with their main constituents thymol and carvacrol. The results obtained showed that L. sidoides essential oil and its hydrolate have larvicidal action against the mosquito A. aegypti, causing an almost instantaneous mortality. Thymol, an alkylated phenol derivative and one of the major components of L. sidoides essential oil, was identified as the active principle responsible for the larvicidal action, causing 100% larval mortality at the lowest tested concentration of 0.017% (w/v). These results suggest that the essential oil of L. sidoides is promising as larvicide against A. aegypti and could be useful in the search of newer, more selective, and biodegradable larvicidal natural compounds to be used in official combat programs and at home.

Aedes↗
PubMed2006

Research into microscopic structure and essential oils of endemic medicinal plant species Satureja subspicata Bartl. ex Vis. (Lamiaceae).

In this study we looked into the cells and histological organization of leaves (Saturejae folium) as well as a phyto-chemical composition of overground parts (Saturejae herba) of endemic species Satureja subspicata Bartl. ex Vis. (Lamiaceae) collected during year 2003 on south slopes of mountain Velez in Herzegovina. Microscopic organization was analyzed in wet slides using light microscope. Estimation of stomata index was done according to Ph. Yug. IV. Chemical composition of overground material extracts was determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using thymol as a reference. In our research we found the following: Leaf structure of the analyzed species Satureja subspicata points at numerous specificities in anatomical and histological sense. In histological sense, leaf is of ventral type, with differentiated upper and lower epidermis and palisade and spongy tissue in between. Stoma index assigned according to Ph. Yug. IV leads to a conclusion that it is the case of diastitic stomata, which is common feature of most species from Lamiaceae family. Comparative qualitative analysis of essential oils in species Satureja subspicata showed similarities with other species from Lamiaceae family such as Thymus L. (thymol). In fact, we found more common substances that are part of the species Satureja montana L. extract, but in different concentrations.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMed2002

Detection and stability of Japanese encephalitis virus RNA and virus viability in dead infected mosquitoes under different storage conditions.

A semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated for detection of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in infected mosquitoes stored under simulated northern Australian summer conditions. The effect of silica gel, thymol, and a combination of the two on RNA stability and virus viability in dead mosquitoes were also examined. While JE virus RNA was relatively stable in mosquitoes held for up to 14 days after death, viable virus was not detected after day 1. Thymol vapor inhibited fungal contamination. Detection of single mosquitoes infected with JE virus in large pools of mosquitoes was also investigated. Single laboratory-infected mosquitoes were detected in pools of < or = 200 mosquitoes and in pools diluted to 0.2/100 and 0.1/100 mosquitoes, using the semi-nested PCR. However, the ability to detect live virus decreased as pool size increased. The semi-nested PCR proved more expensive than virus isolation for pools of 100 mosquitoes. However, the semi-nested PCR was faster and more economical using larger pools. Results indicate that surveillance of JE virus in mosquitoes using the semi-nested PCR is an alternative to monitoring seroconversions in sentinel pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

In vitro antifungal activity of several antimicrobial compounds against Penicillium expansum.

Fungicides used in the prevention and control of mold rots in stored apples are subjected to legal, social, and biological limitations. The aim of this study was to find an alternative to postharvest fungicides currently used in the prevention and control of blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apples. For this purpose, the antimicrobial activity and MIC of several substances against P. expansum were evaluated in vitro using different end point methods: agar diffusion assay, volatility method, and agar dilution and broth dilution MIC assays. Most of the substances tested are common food ingredients and have a recognized antimicrobial activity. Essential oils, such as thymol, eugenol, citral and cineole, vanillin, sodium hypochlorite, acetic acid, potassium sorbate, and hydrogen peroxide, were the substances evaluated. Thymol and citral were the essential oil components that showed the greatest inhibitory effects. The effectiveness of 5 and 10% hydrogen peroxide in growth inhibition of P. expansum in the agar diffusion assay was total, and its MIC as determined by the agar and broth dilution assays was less than 0.025%. These results indicate that the application of small quantities of hydrogen peroxide to the apple skin might be an alternative to fungicides in the elimination of P. expansum.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The essential oil composition of Thymus tosevii and Thymus macedonicus from Bulgaria.

Essential oils composition of Thymus tosevii Velen. and Thymus macedonicus (Deg. et Ur.) Ronn. from Bulgaria were examined by analytical GC and GC-MS techniques. 39 components were separated in the oil of T. tosevii and 22 of them were identified, representing 94.37% of the oil. The most abundant constituents were: terpinyl acetate (43.59%), thymol (11.43%) and nerol (11.72%). More than 70 components were separated in the essential oil of T. macedonicus, 35 were identified, representing 96.03% of the oil. The major components were geranyl acetate (30.00%) and terpinyl acetate (17.30%), followed by lower amounts of nerol (14.25%), linalool (12.94%) and thymol (4.14%). Both examined taxa contained essential oils composed mainly from monoterpene oxygenate compounds while the fractions of monoterpene hydrocarbons as well as sesquiterpene components were very low.

Bulgaria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Investigation of antimicrobial activity of essential oils of several Macedonian Thymus L. species (Lamiaceae).

Antimicrobial activity of twenty specimens of essential oils of eleven Thymus species, naturally occurring in the Macedonian flora, was investigated by agar diffusion and broth dilution methods. Inhibition of growth and microbicidal action was examined on three Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae). In spite of wide variability in essential oil composition, ranging from traces of thymol to the amount of about 50% thymol in oils, all examined samples of Thymus essential oil possessed strong antibacterial activity. Zones of inhibition of growth (for 25% dilution of oils) was from 10-54 mm in diameters. MICs ranging from 0.012-0.1% while MMCs were from 0.025-0.4% for essential oils that contained large amounts of phenols and 0.2-1.6% for those which contained traces of phenols and large amounts of geraniol, linalool and (Z + E)-citral.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Influence of Erbium:YAG laser energies on the microleakage of Class V resin-based composite restorations.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of three Erbium:YAG laser energies on the microleakage of Class V resin-based composite restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 extracted human premolar teeth stored in 0.12% thymol solution were randomly allocated to three groups. Buccal and lingual box-shaped Class V cavities were prepared on each tooth. One cavity served as the control and was cut using a conventional diamond bur in a high-speed handpiece. The test cavity was prepared using a pulse repetition rate of 5 Hz with 1 of 3 pulse energies; 200 mJ, 240 mJ, and 300 mJ with a 100 mJ dentin finish. The cavities were restored with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and Z100 and were finished immediately before being stored for 3 months in thymol solution at 37 degrees C. Following thermocycling between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C for 240 cycles and a further 12 hrs storage, the teeth were immersed in a 2% aqueous solution of methylene blue for 24 hrs. They were then sectioned through the mid-point of the restorations in a bucco-lingual plane and dye penetration was scored as 0 (none) to 4 (to the axial wall) for the enamel and dentin margins of both sections. The worst score for each margin was used for statistical analysis using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at P < 0.05. RESULTS: When the lased groups were compared, optimum sealing was achieved with energies of at least 240 mJ at the enamel margin and with energies no higher than 200 mJ to finish the dentin margin. However, while all the pulse energies compared favorably to the control group in enamel, a similar result was found only using the 300 mJ, with 100 mJ, finish at the dentin margins.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2003

Release and skin permeation studies of Naproxen from hydrophillic gels and effect of terpenes as enhancers on its skin permeation.

The skin permeation parameters of Naproxen through albino mouse abdominal skin was investigated. Out of 5 formulations those prepared from carbomer gels showed promising results and were chosen for investigating enhancing effect of various terpene alcohol viz. Geraniol and Nerolidol and cyclic terpenes viz menthol and thymol on skin permeation of Naproxen. Out of the four terpenes studied Geraniol exhibited the highest enhancing effect with enhancement ratio 4.6, while Nerolidol had an enhancement ratio 4.2. The cyclic terpenes had less prompt enhancing effect compared to the alcohol terpenes, out of the two, methol showed the largest effect with an enhancement ratio of about 3.7 and thymol had an enhancement ratio of 3.5.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Influence of storage methods on microtensile bond strength of dentin adhesive system].

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of teeth stored with different methods and different durations of storage on the microtensile bond strength of the dentin adhesive system Single Bond. METHODS: 30 human first premolars were stored immediately after extraction in one of five commonly used methods respectively: 0.02% distilled water and thymol, 10% formalin, 1% chloramine, distilled water at 4 degrees C and were refrigerated at -20 degrees C. After 10 days, 90 days, the dentin adhesive system Single Bond and composite Z250 were applied to superficial occlusal flat dentin according to the manufacturers' instructions and microtensile bond strength measurements were evaluated, freshly extracted teeth being used as control. Stero-microscope and scanning electronic microscope were used to evaluate the fracture modes of the microtensile bond strength specimens. Two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of the microtensile bond strengths among different groups. RESULTS: The results showed that there was significant difference among five tooth storage methods on the microtensile bond strength of dentin bonding agent (P=0.01). Compared with freshly extracted teeth, two of five storage methods/media, 0.02% distilled water and thymol at 4 degrees C (P=0.008) and distilled water at 4 degrees C (P=0.024), resulted in significantly lower microtensile bond strengths. The duration of teeth storage had no effect on the microtensile bond strength of dentin bonding agent (P=0.279). The interaction of two factors was significant (P=0.000). Stero-microscope and SEM examination indicated that all fracture modes were adhesive failures. CONCLUSIONS: From this study, it can be concluded that the teeth storage methods/media can influence the microtensile bond strength of Single Bond adhesive system. If sufficient numbers of freshly extracted teeth are not available for bond strength test, the freezing teeth at -20 degrees C and teeth stored in 1% chloramine at 4 degrees C are preferred .

Dental Bonding↗
PubMed1983

[Diagnosis of acute hepatitis].

The following recommendations are to be given for the basis diagnosis of hepatitis: --In the blood donation and blood transfusion institutions the control of the donors is performed by means of the combination ALAT and HBs-antigen (transmigration electrophoresis); depending on methods limits were established showing a high diagnostic specificity. Thus, no doubt, the diagnostic sensitivity is decreased, but the number of the examined persons with falsely positive findings probably diminishes. --For the diagnostics in the clinic the parameters ALAT, ASAT, bilirubin and the thymol turbidity test are at the disposal as criteria of the liver cell damage as well as AP (alkaline phosphatase), AAP and GGT as criteria of the cholostasis and the thymol turbidity test, serum protein including immunoglobulins as criteria of the mesenchymal reaction. The reference areas must be established method-specifically corresponding to the interrogation of the physician. --The isoenzymes of the ALD, the ASAT and the LDH represent an essential enrichment of the diagnostic and prognostic estimation of hepatitis. But at present it is not yet possible to determine these parameters in routine work. However, there gradual introduction into practice should be the aim.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

[Discriminatory function of serum proteins in liver and biliary tract diseases].

In 104 patients with acute virus hepatitis, chronic hepatitides, cirrhoses, fatty livers and biliary diseases with partial and complete obstructive jaundice, respectively, IgG, IgA, IgD, beta1A- and beta1E-globulin, cholinesterase, total protein, and albumin, in 45 of these patients additionally prealbumin, retinol binding protein, thymol turbidity test were determined as well as an electrophoretic separation of the serum was performed. 11 persons with healthy liver served as control group. According to the results of univariate and multivariate variance analyses with following test of redundance (test for indispensability) and analysis of discriminance with calculations of reclassification IgD, beta1E-globulin and retinol binding protein were identified as not evident or redundant. Electrophoresis and thymol turbidity test give sufficient basis informations and can further be recommended for orienting examinations. Immune globulinogrammes from IgB, IgA and IgM are suitable as so-called mesenchyma tests particularly for controls of the course. Prealbumin and cholinesterase prove to be the most sensitive parameter of synthesis, whereas albumin and beta1A-globulin possess a high prognostic evidence.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seasonal, populational and ontogenic variation in the volatile oil content and composition of individuals of Origanum vulgare subsp. Hirtum, assessed by GC headspace analysis and by SPME sampling of individual oil glands.

Small-scale GC headspace analyses combined with SPME sampling of individual oil glands have been used to measure the variation in volatile content and composition in and within different oregano plants as affected by age, season and developmental state. The main monoterpenes found were p-cymene, carvacrol and their precursor gamma-terpinene. The early season preponderance of p-cymene over carvacrol was reversed as the season progressed and this pattern could also be seen at any time within the plant, from the latest leaves to be produced (low in cymene) to the earliest (high in cymene). Seedlings from the same mother plant developed this pattern at different rates. Within individual leaves the pattern was not observed, even within the youngest developing leaves. However it was found that the oil composition of individual glands within a single leaf varied considerably, most notably in respect of the production of carvacrol and its isomer thymol.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1995

Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity testing of six chemicals associated with the pungent properties of specific spices as revealed by the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay.

Three compounds, capsaicin, thymol and borneol, were initially screened for mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98 and TA100, with and without S9 metabolic activation, and 20 min standard preincubation time. Three other compounds, allyl isothiocyanate, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, were screened for mutagenic activity as above, but with a prolonged, nonstandard preincubation time of up to 120 minutes. All six test compounds used in the assays are associated with the pungent properties of some specific spices in which the test compounds can be found to exist naturally. The first objective of this study was to observe if mutagenic activity can be correlated to the pungent properties of these six test compounds. However, due to toxicity and the observation that only capsaicin was mutagenic, using strain TA100 in the presence of S9 metabolic activation, it was not possible to deduce any relationship between mutagenicity and the test chemicals' pungent properties. Naturally occurring capsaicin, found in the spice Capsicum annum, was detected and quantified using thin layer and gas chromatographic techniques. The final objective was to detect the presence of antimutagenic factor(s) in C. annum that would suppress the mutagenicity of capsaicin. When the mutagenic capsaicin and 2-aminoanthracene were assayed in the presence of C. annum acetone extract, using strain TA100 with S9 metabolic activation, the mutagenic response of both the mutagens were reduced by approximately 50%. Assaying capsaicin and 2-aminoanthracene in the presence of chlorophyll, the mutagenic response of the two mutagens was reduced by less than 40%. From this observation it was inferred that chlorophyll can successfully suppress the mutagenicity activities of capsaicin and 2-aminoanthracene, together with other antimutagenic factors that were present in the acetone extract of C. annum.

Acrolein↗
PubMed1991

Free calcium transients and oscillations in nerve cells.

Changes in the intracellular level of free calcium induced by different influences in neurones of the snail Helix pomatia have been measured by changes in Fura-2 fluorescence. Thymol in submillimolar concentrations induced the release of stored intracellular calcium. This effect was similar to xanthine-induced release. IP3 and Gpp[NH]p injections also released intracellular calcium. The response to cAMP injections was more complicated and included, probably, both the release of stored calcium and its influx through membrane channels. Oscillations of intracellular free calcium are described. It has been suggested that oscillations can occur only in cases where the mechanism of Ca-dependent calcium release is activated.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗
PubMed1997

Palliative iodized talc pleurodesis with instillation via tube thoracostomy.

Pleural effusions are a severe complication of advanced malignant disease. Palliative treatment strategies should be simple and effective. We investigated iodized talc pleurodesis through tube thoracostomy for this purpose. A total of 43 patients received a suspension of 5 g talc with 3 g thymol iodine via chest tube. The procedure was well tolerated without major complications in all cases. Unfortunately, 4 patients died of disease within the 1st month after treatment, so that only 39 patients were evaluable for treatment outcome. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 14 months. The success rate after 3 months was 92.5%. In conclusion, iodized talc pleurodesis is an excellent tool in the palliative management of malignant pleural effusions. Administration via chest tube is sufficient for treatment success.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Effects of membrane stabilizers on pancreatic amylase release.

Compounds with membrane stabilizing activity were studied as to their ability to affect pancreatic amylase release and the steps in the stimulus-secretion coupling process. Chlorpromazine, propranolol, and thymol were all found to inhibit bethanechol-stimulated amylase release and at slightly higher concentrations to induce release regardless of the presence of the secretagogue. This biphasic effect was similar to that found previously for the local anesthetic tetracaine. Release by high concentrations of propranolol and tetracaine was accompained by ultrastructural evidence of cell damage. Membrane stabilizers at concentrations which inhibited amylase release were shown to block bethanechol-induced depolarization and stimulation of 45Ca++ efflux although the drugs alone partially depolarized pancreatic cells. Release of amylase induced by Ca++ introduced by the ionophore A23187 was also abolished. The findings indicate that membrane stabilizers independently inhibit the steps leading to a rise in intracellular Ca++ and the subsequent Ca++-activated amylase release.

Amylases↗
PubMed1995

Induction of geranyl pyrophosphate pyrophosphatase activity by cholesterol-suppressive isoprenoids.

Diets supplemented (1 mmol/kg) with thymol, carvacrol, and beta-ionone significantly decreased the serum cholesterol levels of cockerels. These mevalonate-derived end products of plant secondary metabolism (isoprenoids) had no impact on two cytosolic prenyl alcohol (and ethanol) dehydrogenase activities; each treatment increased microsomal geranyl pyrophosphate pyrophosphatase activity by greater than twofold. The structural diversity of the isoprenoids which suppress cholesterol synthesis may be reconciled by their ability to increase pyrophosphatase activity, thus leading to the production of the endogenous, post-transcriptional regulator of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity.

Animals↗