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PubMed1985

Effects of television modeling on residential energy conservation.

A combination of social marketing, communications, social learning (particularly modeling), and behavior analysis may provide an effective framework for behavior change via films and television. We used this approach in developing special television programs about residential energy conservation. The programs were tailored and directed to preselected middle-class homeowners (N = 150), and delivered over a public access channel of a cable TV system. The results indicated that after one program exposure (about 20 minutes), viewers adopted simple strategies modeled in the programs which led to savings of approximately 10% on their home energy use for a substantial part of the cooling and heating season. Although the potential benefits to costs of large-scale media efforts seemed great, institutional barriers for such programs were identified. Less expensive, more local programs seem more viable.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Television and sexual education].

The author describes television as a factor of influence in the sexual (mis)education in adolescence. He considers the role of eroticism in television as a dysfunctional factor in the sexual education of youth. In accordance with its pervasion, accessibility and attractive and seductive contents TV may be considered an alternative source and an efficient instrument of sexual (mis)education, because adolescents find in it a lot of information that satisfies their curiosity about the sexual world of adults. This occurs through a process of more and more explicit eroticism that abuses the freedom of sexual expression and exhibition and transmits all kinds of sexual information: faithful, correct, tendentious, preconceptual, ambiguous and distorted.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1990

Television and Adolescents: Sex, Drugs, Rock 'n' Roll.

Television and other media represent an important and widely unrecognized influence on adolescent behavior in American society. This article is a review of the major media to which teenagers are heavily exposed-television, movies, radio, print media, and pornography. The potential concerns of practitioners and parents and society as a whole are emphasized and some solutions suggested.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Television, Obesity, and Eating Disorders.

Two national survey from the early 1960s indicate that the prevalence of obesity is directly related to the amount of time spent in viewing television in young people aged 6 to 17 years. The author discusses the mechanisms by which television affects obesity and other eating disorders.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Sex Roles and Stereotyping on Television.

Gender-role images on television emphasize ideal body types and stereotypical patterns of behavior that influence the way in which adolescents view their peers of both sexes as well as themselves. The degree of change in society is not reflected in the content of television commercials or programs, which continue to reinforce traditional concepts of physical appearance, marriage, power, and occupational roles.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Television and School Performance.

Although the question of whether television harms, helps, or has no effect on school performance has engaged researchers for many years, the answer remains elusive. Before-after studies and survey studies are controversial in terms of both interpretation and methodology. The author argues for integration of television into the curriculum to take advantage of its unique potential for democratization.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Assessing the Value of Television as Environmental Enrichment for Individually Housed Rhesus Monkeys: A Behavioral Economic Approach.

The goal of this study was to evaluate television as a source of environmental enrichment for individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by using the concepts of behavioral economics. Phase I entailed the use of operant conditioning to assess the behavior of eight rhesus monkeys given the opportunity to control their environment through lever activation of a television (TV). Success in shaping was variable, and only two animals successfully acquired lever pressing. Phase II used an alternating reinforcement/ extinction procedure as a control method to determine the degree to which lever pressing depended on TV presentation. Both animals responded with more lever pressing on the days when lever pressing produced TV. The first animal, tested with the alternating reinforcement/extinction procedure for 12 weeks yielded a mean significant difference of 3.85 (p = 0.036); the second assessed for 9 weeks was associated with a mean significant difference of 6.0 (p = 0.018). Therefore, TV (and not lever pressing itself) was positively reinforcing. The final phase of the study progressively increased the fixed ratio (FR) from 1 to 8. Linear regression of the data points, plotted as the log of price (or FR) vs the consumption of TV, revealed a significantly negative slope (-2.179, p, 0.05) and accounted for 89% of the variance. The negative demand curve suggested that TV is not a valued commodity and is highly elastic. TV provided to individually housed rhesus monkeys appears to be a weakly positive reinforcer for some animals, which may contribute to overall environmental enrichment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

[Television-EEG-department in research and clinical use (author's transl)].

The article reports about findings which have been acquired during a time of three and a half years of work in a television-EEG-department. Both, the individual construction elements as well as the entire conception are critically valuated according to their reliability and in view of their practical usefulness. After overcoming numerous technical difficulties the television-EEG-department has become a necessary instrument for research as well as for clinical work of a special hospital for epileptic seizures.

Electroencephalography↗
PubMed2001

Physical activity and television watching in relation to risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in men.

BACKGROUND: Television (TV) watching, a major sedentary behavior in the United States, has been associated with obesity. We hypothesized that prolonged TV watching may increase risk for type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In 1986, 37 918 men aged 40 to 75 years and free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer completed a detailed physical activity questionnaire. Starting from 1988, participants reported their average weekly time spent watching TV on biennial questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 1058 cases of type 2 diabetes were diagnosed during 10 years (347 040 person-years) of follow-up. After adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol use, and other covariates, the relative risks (RRs) for type 2 diabetes across increasing quintiles of metabolic equivalent hours (MET-hours) per week were 1.00, 0.78, 0.65, 0.58, and 0.51 (P for trend, <.001). Time spent watching TV was significantly associated with higher risk for diabetes. After adjustment for age, smoking, physical activity levels, and other covariates, the RRs of diabetes across categories of average hours spent watching TV per week (0-1, 2-10, 11-20, 21-40, and >40) were 1.00, 1.66, 1.64, 2.16, and 2.87, respectively (P for trend, <.001). This association was somewhat attenuated after adjustment for body mass index, but a significant positive gradient persisted (RR comparing extreme categories, 2.31; P for trend,.01). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing physical activity is associated with a significant reduction in risk for diabetes, whereas a sedentary lifestyle indicated by prolonged TV watching is directly related to risk. Our findings suggest the importance of reducing sedentary behavior in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Association of maternal obesity and depressive symptoms with television-viewing time in low-income preschool children.

BACKGROUND: Decreasing television (TV)-viewing time may improve child health and well-being. These viewing patterns are shaped during the preschool years. Because mothers play an important role in determining how much TV their preschool children watch, a better understanding is needed of the maternal factors that influence children's TV viewing. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of depressive symptoms and obesity in low-income mothers with TV-viewing time in their preschool children. METHODS: Cross-sectional, self-administered survey of 295 low-income mothers of 3- and 4-year-old children (92% white) enrolled in the Vermont Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Mothers reported children's usual weekday and weekend-day TV-viewing time. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Maternal body mass index was calculated from self-reported height and weight measurements (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). RESULTS: Children watched a mean of 2.2 +/-1.2 hours of TV per day. Those in the upper quartile of TV-viewing time (high TV viewers) watched 3 or more hours of TV per day. Of the mothers, 12% had both obesity (BMI > or =30) and depressive symptoms (CES-D score > or =16), 19% were obese only, and 18% had depressive symptoms only. Children were more likely to be high TV viewers if their mothers had clinically significant depressive symptoms (35% vs 23%; P =.03) or if their mothers were obese (35% vs 22%; P =.03). Forty-two percent of children were high TV viewers if the mother had both depressive symptoms and obesity, 30% if the mother had only depressive symptoms, 29% if the mother had only obesity, and 20% if the mother had neither depressive symptoms nor obesity (P =.06 overall; P for trend =.009 using the chi2 test). CONCLUSIONS: Among low-income preschool children, those whose mothers had either depressive symptoms or obesity were more likely to watch 3 or more hours of TV a day. Strategies to reduce TV viewing in young children should consider the role that maternal obesity and depressive symptoms may play in how preschool children spend their time.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The use of television in 2- to 8-year-old children and the attitude of parents about such use.

BACKGROUND: It has been recognized that uncontrolled use of television (TV) in childhood is potentially harmful. Few data about family habits regarding TV use are available. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quantitative-qualitative TV viewing habits of children and the relationship between the attitudes of parents about TV programs and TV use by their children. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: General pediatric community. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample. All the parents of the children attending the nursery school, kindergarten, and the first 2 years of elementary school in a neighborhood of Padova, a city in northern Italy. The parents of 156 children (95%) responded. RESULTS: Nine percent of the children viewed TV for more than 3 hours per day, and 50% of the children viewed TV for 1 to 3 hours per day. A range of TV programs were viewed. Parents were involved in the TV use of their children; the most frequent way was by prohibiting some programs. The attitudinal profiles of the parents about the contents and the value of TV messages were notably associated with different kinds of TV use. A high score (ie, an optimistic judgment) on the attitudinal profile about the contents of TV programs was significantly associated with greater quantitative (P < .04), uncritical exposure (P < .05) of children to TV messages. A high score (ie, severe judgment) on the attitudinal profile regarding the values of TV programs was associated with qualitatively better exposure to TV (P < .05) and greater selectivity of programs watched (P < .05). In the parents, a critical attitude seemed to have a direct relationship with a higher social and educational level. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that the attitude of parents about TV may influence the TV viewing habits of children. A broader study that accounts for this factor and other factors that influence TV use is necessary to better understand the reasons for the excessive exposure of children to TV.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.

CONTEXT: Current public health campaigns to reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes have largely focused on increasing exercise, but have paid little attention to the reduction of sedentary behaviors. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between various sedentary behaviors, especially prolonged television (TV) watching, and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective cohort study conducted from 1992 to 1998 among women from 11 states in the Nurses' Health Study. The obesity analysis included 50 277 women who had a body mass index (BMI) of less than 30 and were free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or cancer and completed questions on physical activity and sedentary behaviors at baseline. The diabetes analysis included 68 497 women who at baseline were free from diagnosed diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or cancer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Onset of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: During 6 years of follow-up, 3757 (7.5%) of 50 277 women who had a BMI of less than 30 in 1992 became obese (BMI > or =30). Overall, we documented 1515 new cases of type 2 diabetes. Time spent watching TV was positively associated with risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the multivariate analyses adjusting for age, smoking, exercise levels, dietary factors, and other covariates, each 2-h/d increment in TV watching was associated with a 23% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17%-30%) increase in obesity and a 14% (95% CI, 5%-23%) increase in risk of diabetes; each 2-h/d increment in sitting at work was associated with a 5% (95% CI, 0%-10%) increase in obesity and a 7% (95% CI, 0%-16%) increase in diabetes. In contrast, standing or walking around at home (2 h/d) was associated with a 9% (95% CI, 6%-12%) reduction in obesity and a 12% (95% CI, 7%-16%) reduction in diabetes. Each 1 hour per day of brisk walking was associated with a 24% (95% CI, 19%-29%) reduction in obesity and a 34% (95% CI, 27%-41%) reduction in diabetes. We estimated that in our cohort, 30% (95% CI, 24%-36%) of new cases of obesity and 43% (95% CI, 32%-52%) of new cases of diabetes could be prevented by adopting a relatively active lifestyle (<10 h/wk of TV watching and > or =30 min/d of brisk walking). CONCLUSIONS: Independent of exercise levels, sedentary behaviors, especially TV watching, were associated with significantly elevated risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes, whereas even light to moderate activity was associated with substantially lower risk. This study emphasizes the importance of reducing prolonged TV watching and other sedentary behaviors for preventing obesity and diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Complex partial seizures on closed-circuit television and EEG: a study of 691 attacks in 79 patients.

Automatisms of 691 complex partial seizures in 79 patients were studied on closed-circuit television (CCTV) and by electroencephalography. Simple stereotyped perseverative automatisms such as chewing, swallowing, and fumbling with clothes or sheets followed an initial motionless stare and lapse of consciousness in type I attacks. Ambulatory automatisms, bilateral arm and leg perseverative movements, and tonic adversive head or eye movements (or both) characterized type II attacks, in which a motionless stare was not observed. Type III started with a drop attack followed by confusion, amnesia, and gradual recomposure. Some type II and III attacks are suspected to begin in areas outside the temporal lobe, while type I attacks are thought to originate from the temporal lobe. Further studies using CCTV and depth electrode recordings are necessary to verify these suspicions.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

An integrated television and real-time ultrasonic imaging system.

A mechanical sector scanning ultrasonic imaging system was integrated with a video character generator and an infrared sensitve television camera to add patient data and scanner position information to a recorded ultrasonic image. A permanent record is made by recording the final composite image on video tape together with simultaneous audio of examiner's comments during examination. This has facilitated both the interpretation of scans and the relocation of the scanner on successive procedures.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Effects of television content on physical risk-taking in children.

This study is an investigation of effects of risk-taking by characters in television programs on children's self-reported willingness to take physical risks. Twenty-four boys and 26 girls, ages 6 to 9 years, were assigned to view TV stimulus programs with infrequent physical risk-taking. TV stimulus programs with frequent risk-taking, or no TV stimuli. A self-report measure was used to assess children's willingness to take physical risks in several common injury-relevant situations. Five of the items were administered as a pretest before children watched the stimulus programs and five items were used as a post-test after they viewed the programs. A validation assessment on an independent sample of children indicated that the risk-taking measure was positively correlated with other measures of risk-taking as well as physical injuries. Results indicated that children who viewed the high-risk TV programs increased their self-reported risk-taking significantly more than children in the low-risk TV and no-TV control conditions. Findings are discussed within a theoretical context of observational learning processes, with implications for childhood injury.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

The television, school, and family smoking prevention and cessation project. VIII. Student outcomes and mediating variables.

BACKGROUND: This paper presents the student outcomes of a large-scale, social-influences-based, school and media-based tobacco use prevention and cessation project in Southern California. METHODS: The study provided an experimental comparison of classroom delivery with television delivery and the combination of the two in a 2 x 2 plus 1 design. Schools were randomly assigned to conditions. Control groups included "treatment as usual" and an "attention control" with the same outcome expectancies as the treatment conditions. Students were surveyed twice in grade 7 and once in each of grades 8 and 9. The interventions occurred during grade 7. RESULTS: We observed significant effects on mediating variables such as knowledge and prevalence estimates, and coping effort. The knowledge and prevalence estimates effects decayed partially but remained significant up to a 2-year follow-up. The coping effort effect did not persist at follow-ups. There were significant main effects of both classroom training and TV programming on knowledge and prevalence estimates and significant interactions of classroom and TV programming on knowledge (negative), disapproval of parental smoking, and coping effort. There were no consistent program effects on refusal/self-efficacy, smoking intentions, or behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Previous reports demonstrated successful development and pilot testing of program components and measures and high acceptance of the program by students and parents. The lack of behavioral effects may have been the result of imperfect program implementation or low base rates of intentions and behavior.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Fatness, physical activity, and television viewing in children during the adiposity rebound period: the Iowa Bone Development Study.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the determinants of adiposity in young children may be particularly critical for preventing adult obesity since the age at which body fatness reaches a postinfancy low point (typically 4-6 years) is inversely associated with obesity later in life. METHODS; We examined cross-sectional associations among fatness, leanness, and physical activity in 467 children (range 4-6 years). Activity was measured using accelerometry and parental report of children's television (TV) viewing. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to quantify body composition. RESULTS: Minutes spent in vigorous activity and TV viewing were the variables most consistently and most highly associated with adiposity. Children in the lowest quartile for vigorous activity had on average (absolute) body fat percentages that were 4% greater than those children in the highest quartile for vigorous activity. Body fat percentages for children in the highest category for TV viewing were on average 3% greater than those children who watched the least amount of TV. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of vigorous physical activity and high levels of TV viewing are associated with fatness in young children during the adiposity rebound period. This suggests that increasing children's active play may be important in preventing obesity later in life.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1990

Properties of visual evoked potentials to onset of movement on a television screen.

In 80 subjects the dependence of movement-onset visual evoked potentials on some measures of stimulation was examined, and these responses were compared with pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials to verify the effectiveness of pattern movement application for visual evoked potential acquisition. Horizontally moving vertical gratings were generated on a television screen. The typical movement-onset reactions were characterized by one marked negative peak only, with a peak time between 140 and 200 ms. In all subjects the sufficient stimulus duration for acquisition of movement-onset-related visual evoked potentials was 100 ms; in some cases it was only 20 ms. Higher velocity (5.6 degree/s) produced higher amplitudes of movement-onset visual evoked potentials than did the lower velocity (2.8 degrees/s). In 80% of subjects, the more distinct reactions were found in the leads from lateral occipital areas (in 60% from the right hemisphere), with no correlation to handedness of subjects. Unlike pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials, the movement-onset responses tended to be larger to extramacular stimulation (annular target of 5 degrees-9 degrees) than to macular stimulation (circular target of 5 degrees diameter).

Adult↗