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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

"Tar", nicotine, and carbon monoxide content of Thai cigarettes, and implications for cancer prevention in Thailand.

This report presents new findings on the very high contents of nicotine (i.e., 1.64 to 5.77 mg) and "tar" (i.e., 21.3 to 28.1 mg) in major brands of commercially produced Thai cigarettes and local tobacco used for rolled cigarettes. These nicotine levels are relevant to the addictive properties of Thai cigarettes, while the "tar" levels are related to risk of cancer of the lung and other sites. Consumption of tobacco products nearly tripled over the last 2 decades (1966 to 1987). The relative frequency of lung cancer in Thailand in 1982 was high in both urban and rural areas, with geographic differences particularly for females, and increased from 1975 to 1982 in both males and females. The important implications of cigarette contents and consumption are presented in relation to future cancer patterns and cancer prevention in Thailand. Labeling of cigarettes, in terms of "tar" and nicotine contents is needed along with educational programs dealing with the harmful and addictive effects of these substances.

Carbon Monoxide↗
PubMed1990

How I use coal tar in dermatology.

Coal tar has been used in dermatology for over a hundred years. It was the main therapeutic agent for the treatment of various skin orders before the introduction of topical steroid. Since the advent of topical steroid the use of coal tar has reduced considerably. It is still being used a lot in the treatment of psoriasis. In this paper I will describe how I use coal tar not only in psoriasis, which is well known, but also in acne, folliculitis, eczema and seborrheic dermatitis and vitiligo, which are less well known.

Coal Tar↗
PubMed1986

The epidermal Langerhans' cell population in psoriasis during topical coal tar therapy.

We have studied the effect on the Langerhans' cell (LC) population of topical 3% coal tar therapy. Biopsies were taken from psoriatic plaques and from controls with no skin disease before and after the application of 3% coal tar for one week; LC were identified by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody. LC counts expressed per unit epidermal surface length were similar in untreated psoriasis plaques and in normal skin. Differences in the LC population in paired biopsies from both patients and controls showed considerable variation following coal tar treatment but no consistent effect could be demonstrated.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1987

Effect of phenolic tar on the work of activated sludge.

The effect of different phenolic tar concentrations on the work of activated sludge in petrochemical and synthetic wastewater was investigated. The concentrations of 440 and 300 mg/l of phenolic tar did not show a destructive effect on the activated sludge and its work. The highest concentration of phenolic tar (880 mg/l) reduced the efficiency of purification and changed the structure of the activated sludge.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of cigarette-smoke tar on oxygenation activity of granulocytes detected by luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence response of rabbit whole blood].

Both luminol- and lucigenin-dependent rabbit whole blood chemiluminescence showed a concentration-dependent inhibition response to cigarette-smoke tar of 0.26 to 2.6 mg/ml. Tar showed no cytotoxicity to granulocytes by Evans blue exclusion. It is suggested that oxygenation activity of granulocytes in smoker's blood could be depressed by tar, resulting in harmful effects on the host defense mechanism with increase of susceptibility to infection and incidence of tumorigenicity.

Acridines↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of the level of "tar" in tobacco smoke on the risk of the occurrence of malignant tumors].

Carcinogenic effect exerted by smoking on people depends on the chemical composition of tobacco smoke. It has been shown that relative risk of lung cancer, as well as its incidence and mortality are closely related to "tar" yield. Cigarettes produced in the USSR contain still high levels of "tar" and nicotine. A decrease of "tar" levels in the Soviet cigarettes may cause in 15-20 years a substantial reduction of lung cancer incidence and mortality in young and middle-aged people.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Is there a future for lower-tar-yield cigarettes? Participants of the Fourth Scarborough Conference on Preventive Medicine.

An international workshop was held to consider whether the policy adopted in many countries to encourage the decline in cigarette tar yields was beneficial. The consensus was that the policy had been beneficial and that tar yields should be further reduced. In addition the yield of other smoke components should be reduced even in the absence of conclusive evidence of their specific toxicity. The lower-tar policy should be monitored to ensure that the concentration of smoke components (or their metabolites) in smokers declines as the yields decline. The public need to be made aware of the uncertainties of the policy with respect to its effects on the risk of diseases other than lung cancer and that the benefits from smoking lower-yield cigarettes are smaller than those derived from avoiding cigarettes altogether.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1987

[Stability of cignolin (dithranol) in ointments containing tar with and without the addition of salicylic acid. Oxidation to danthron and dithranol dimer].

The stability of dithranol in white petrolatum was investigated over a period of 10 weeks in dithranol ointments containing liquor carbonis detergens (LCD) and/or coal tar, in the presence and absence of salicylic acid. Qualitative and semiquantitative analysis using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that dithranol (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%) remained rather stable in white petrolatum for 10 weeks, regardless of the presence or absence of salicylic acid. The addition of 5% LCD or 5% crude coal tar resulted, however, in the rather rapid oxidation of dithranol into its products, danthron and dithranol dimer. The addition of 2% salicylic acid to these combined ointments did not stabilize the dithranol: rather, it reduced the amount of danthron but resulted in a considerable increase in the amount of dithranol dimer. The oxidation of dithranol into its products danthron and dithranol-dimer was almost complete in 0.1% ointments and ranged between 16.3% and 53.8% in 0.5% white petrolatum after 10 weeks. These findings may explain why the addition of tar minimizes dithranol-induced erythema, as reported in clinical studies. Such combinations may have an important influence on the antipsoriatic activity of dithranol and the appearance of brownish discoloration.

Anthralin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of machine smoking parameters for measurement of cigarette tar yield in the United Kingdom.

The smoking and analytical methods used by government and tobacco industry laboratories are the result of many years of collaborative work within the industry and through international bodies such as the International Standards Organization. Recently, some publications have criticized the validity and scientific soundness of these procedures. It is shown that such criticisms are totally unfounded by reviewing the work that led to the adoption of the current technique. Tar tables, published by the UK Health Departments are valid in ranking brands in order of their yields, while not necessarily reflecting the absolute tar delivery to the smoker. These tables are intended to and do provide a relevant guide for smokers about the proportional tar yields of UK cigarettes.

Smoking↗
PubMed1982

The role of tar in Goeckerman therapy.

Seventeen patients with psoriasis were treated with 5% crude coal tar in an absorbent ointment base (Aquaphor) to one half of the body and with the absorbent ointment base alone to the other half. They received twice-daily erythemogenic doses of ultraviolet irradiation (UVR). Both modalities, crude coal tar and absorbent ointment base alone, combined with UVR were equally effective in improving psoriatic plaques. On the basis of this and previous studies, we question the therapeutic role of tar in the Goeckerman regimen.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Comparative treatment of psoriasis with UV-light, trioxsalen plus UV-light, and coal tar plus UV-light.

Areas within psoriasis plaques have been treated with UV-light alone, trioxsalen plus UV-light, and coal tar (liquid carbonis detergens) plus UV-light, using the 313, 365 and 405 nm wavelength bands in various doses. With the 313 nm band, the same degree of healing was obtained with all three types of treatment. With the 365 nm band, no healing was achieved with UV-light alone, but healing did occur with UV-light when the skin was sensitized with trioxsalen. Coal tar itself has a certain healing effect on psoriasis but the effect is so markedly enhanced by light of the 365 nm band that the healing is comparable to that obtained with the 313 nm band. No healing was seen with light of the 405 nm band. The patients who were healed with the 313 nm band alone, also healed with trioxsalen or coal tar plus UV-light of the 365 nm band. With each method there is an individual optimal light dose of 1--2 MED that gives healing.

Coal Tar↗
PubMed1982

Responses to cigarettes of various tar contents.

Specific conductance was measured before and within ten minutes of smoking a cigarette in 36 smokers on 210 occasions. Five types of cigarette were used including the equivalent of a 1956 unfiltered cigarette. Cigarettes were smoked in the smokers' usual fashion. Significant decreases in specific conductance occurred on only 19 occasions in 13 subjects and were most frequent with the cigarette with the highest tar content currently available. Examining the overall results the only significant change was an increase in specific conductance in the control, non-smoking period. We conclude that irritant qualities of tobacco smoke increase with tar content but airway narrowing lasting up to ten minutes is an uncommon event when cigarettes are smoked normally. Most smokers adapt to or avoid any sustained acute airway response to tobacco smoke whatever its tar content.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1980

Whole coal tar shampoo: a therapeutic hair repair system.

An alkaline whole coal tar shampoo has been clinically re-evaluated for its therapeutic and cosmetic properties. Its efficacy, as anticipated, is confirmed in psoriasis, dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and pruritus. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the whole coal tar shampoo's ability to repair hair similar to protein cosmetic shampoos. Body, luster, and manageability improved throughout this eight week study. A new shampoo action was recorded, described as "corrective;" both oily-haired and dry-haired persons simultaneously exhibit substantial improvement towards the norm. It is postulated that the alkaline-whole coal tar shampoo stimulates natural corrective mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of psoralen with solar ultraviolet light (puvasol) and adjunctive topical tar therapy in psoriasis.

Fifty patients having psoriasis were studied with a view to assess the efficacy of 'puvasol' (Oral psoralen with sun-rays exposure) alone and in combination with topical tar therapy and were placed in 2 groups, each group being consisted of 25 patients. At the end of 8 weeks, out of 25 patients (Group 1) receiving 'Puvasol' in combination with topital tar therapy 15 patients (60%) showed complete clearance, marked improvement of lesions were seen in 4 cases (16%) and deterioration in one case (4%). Out of 25 patients (Group I) receiving 'Puvasol' alone 8 cases (32%) showed complete clearance of lesions and 11 patients (44%) showed marked im-provement of lesions. It is found that topical tar therapy when used as an adjunct to 'Puvasol' was more effective than 'Puvasol' alone.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1997

[Effects of some Chinese herbal medicine and green tea antagonizing mutagenesis caused by cigarette tar].

Anti-mutagenic effects of some Chinese herbal medicine and green tea antagonizing cigarette tar was studied with unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test in human peripheral lymphocytes in order to exploit the better use of Chinese herbal resources. Results showed that Scutellaria barbata, Hedyotis diffusa wildi, Xihuangwan, green tea and tea polyphenol all had anti-mutagenic effects, to some extent. And, 125 g/L of Scutellaria barbata, 125 g/L Hedyotis diffusa wildi, 325 g/L Xihuangwan, 78 g/L green tea and 25 g/L tea polyphenol could inhibit obviously the damage to DNA in lymphocytes caused by the total particle material (TPM) extracted from cigarette tar. If the Chinese herbal medicine and green tea were injected into cigarettes beforehand, extracted TPM (containing herbal medicine and green tea) also could protect DNA in lymphocytes from damage caused by cigarette tar, to even greater extent. This result is basically consistent with other anti-mutagenesis tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Prenatal diagnosis of thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome and vaginal delivery.

A fetus with bilateral radial aplasia was identified on routine ultrasound. The diagnosis of thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome was confirmed with cordocentesis. The differential diagnosis of radial aplasia and prenatal tests available to assist with management are discussed. Cordocentesis offered useful information in the management of this case for both diagnosis and in deciding the route of delivery. We believe our case represents the first prenatal diagnosis of TAR syndrome in which vaginal delivery of a liveborn infant was intentionally allowed. Caesarean delivery may not be necessary for all fetuses diagnosed with TAR syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

New inhibitors of the Tat-TAR RNA interaction found with a "fuzzy" pharmacophore model.

TAR RNA is a potential target for AIDS therapy. Ligand-based virtual screening was performed to retrieve novel scaffolds for RNA-binding molecules capable of inhibiting the Tat-TAR interaction, which is essential for HIV replication. We used a "fuzzy" pharmacophore approach (SQUID) and an alignment-free pharmacophore method (CATS3D) to carry out virtual screening of a vendor database of small molecules and to perform "scaffold-hopping". A small subset of 19 candidate molecules were experimentally tested for TAR RNA binding in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. Both methods retrieved molecules that exhibited activities comparable to those of the reference molecules acetylpromazine and chlorpromazine, with the best molecule showing ten times better binding behavior (IC50 = 46 microM). The hits had molecular scaffolds different from those of the reference molecules.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1999

A free-energy-based stochastic simulation of the Tar receptor complex.

We recently developed a stochastic-based program that allows individual molecules in a cell signalling pathway to be simulated. This program has now been used to model the Tar complex, a multimeric signalling complex employed by coliform bacteria. This complex acts as a solid-state computational cassette, integrating and disseminating information on the presence of attractants and repellents in the environment of the bacterium. In our model, the Tar complex exists in one of two conformations which differ in the rate at which they generate labile phosphate groups and hence signal to the flagellar motor. Individual inputs to the complex (aspartate binding, methylation at different sites, binding of CheB, CheR and CheY) are represented as binary flags, and each combination of flags confers a different free energy to the two conformations. Binding and catalysis by the complex are performed stochastically according to the complete set of known reactions allowing the swimming performance of the bacterium to be predicted. The assumption of two conformational states together with the use of free energy values allows us to bring together seemingly unrelated experimental parameters. Because of thermodynamic constraints, we find that the binding affinity for aspartate is linked to changes in phosphorylation activity. We estimate the pattern of Tar methylation and effective affinity constant of receptors over a range of aspartate levels. We also obtain evidence that both the methylating and demethylating enzymes must operate exclusively on one or other of the two conformations, and that sites of methylation of the complex are occupied in sequential order rather than independently. Detailed analysis of the response to aspartate reveals several quantitative discrepancies between simulated and experimental data which indicate areas for future research.

Bacteria↗