SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “T2DM”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

[A study on endothelial function and inflammation factors in the first degree relatives of type 2 diabetics with normal glucose tolerance].

OBJECTIVE: To study the vascular endothelial function and the level of inflammation factors in the first degree relatives (FDR) of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients with normal glucose tolerance and related factors. METHODS: Vascular endothelial function, plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and insulin active index (IAI) were measured in 57 FDR and 31 controls. RESULTS: As compared with the controls, there were less endothelium-dependent vasodilation [(12.45 +/- 3.37)% vs (5.03 +/- 0.34)%] and IAI [(-3.79 +/- 0.57) vs (-4.11 +/- 0.46)], higher PAI-1 [(30.46 +/- 12.28) microg/L vs (39.25 +/- 6.54) microg/L] and higher VCAM-1 [(637.31 +/- 107.32) microg/L vs (742.39 +/- 124.31) microg/L] in the FDR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There were decreased IAI, damaged endothelial function and impaired fibrinolysis in the first degree relatives of T2DM patients with normal glucose tolerance.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in Turkish subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: allele frequency and relation to serum lipid concentrations.

The role of apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotypes in modulating plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels was studied in 112 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 94 healthy individuals. ApoE genotypes were identified by PCR amplification and subsequent restriction endonuclease digestion. The apoE allele and genotype frequencies were similar in both the diabetic and control subjects. The apoE allele frequencies were found to be 74.3 for e3, 10.1 for e2, 15.6 for e4 in the diabetic group, and 68.1 for e3, 13.2 for e2 and 18.7 for e4 in the control group. Sex-specific genotypic distribution of apoE polymorphism did not differ between the study groups. To elucidate the association of apoE with lipid abnormalities with respect to gender, serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels were compared among apo e2 (e2/2 and e3/2), e3 (e3/3) and e4 (e4/3 and e4/4) groups of T2DM and control subjects. Apo e2 allele was found to be associated to triglycerides for both sexes, and associated to glucose, and BMI only in females. Subjects with e2 allele had higher levels of BMI, glucose and triglyceride in comparison to e3 and e4. Our data suggest that genetic variation at the apoE locus in Turkish subjects is a genetic factor that influences lipid levels. Further studies attempting to correlate apoE polymorphism with lipid profile in a large number of individuals would be helpful in establishing the true significance of this polymorphism in the Turkish population.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2004

Estimation of physical activity by different questionnaires in overweight subjects and patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship with anthropometric and metabolic variables.

AIM: This study assessed the level of physical activity in overweight and obese subjects, and overweight and obese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It also compared their physical activity level with that of the general population and investigated benefits of physical activity on anthropometric and metabolic parameters and blood pressure in the studied groups of patients using Baecke's questionnaire and the Lipid Research Clinics Physical Activity (LRC PA) questionnaire. The two questionnaires were also compared in the evaluation of benefits. METHODS: Physical activity level and other parameters (body weight, body height, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipoprotein and creatinine concentrations in the blood, concentration of fasting glucose and HbA1c in the blood, albuminuria-to-creatinuria ratio) of 136 subjects and their relationships were investigated during their out-patient visits. RESULTS: No difference in physical activity level was found among the four groups of investigated patients. The comparison between the level of physical activity in the investigated patients and the general population obtained by Baecke's questionnaire revealed a lower sports index in all groups of investigated men and obese women with diabetes mellitus. Our results confirm the benefit of physical activity on a high number of investigated parameters in the studied patients. The Baecke's questionnaire was found to estimate the effects of physical activity on metabolic and anthropometric parameters, as well as blood pressure, better than the LRC PA questionnaire, especially the two-point scoring system. CONCLUSIONS: LRC PA and especially Baecke's questionnaires are valuable aids in the estimation of physical activity level and its benefits in overweight and obese patients and patients with T2DM.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Insulin resistance syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome: implications for diagnosis and treatment.

Both insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are common endocrinopathies. IRS, usually associated with ages of 50+, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), is highly prevalent in young PCOS patients, exceeding the expected rate from their prevailing obesity. While it is clear that women with PCOS cluster risk factors, prospective studies to prove a higher morbidity and mortality from T2DM and CVD are not available. Nevertheless, apart from cosmetic concerns and gynecological problems, therapeutic intervention should also be designed to reduce the metabolic risk of PCOS, which may well be the main determinant of long-term health in affected women.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Study on the associations between inflammatory factor and insulin resistance as well as type 2 diabetes with macrovascular complications].

OBJECTIVE: To study the possible association between C-reactive (CRP) and insulin resistance (IR) as well as the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes macrovascular complication. METHODS: Serum CRP was measured by ultrasensitive immuoturbidimetric, which was determined on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with or without macrovascular complication (70 and 60 cases respectively) and on normal controls (90 cases). IR was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Results showed that the concentration of CRP was higher in T2DM with or without macrovascular complications than that in the healthy subjects (P < 0.01), while it was higher in diabetic patients with macrovascular complications than that in diabetic patients without macrovascular complications (P < 0.01). In diabetic patients with macrovascular complications, person correlation analysis indicated that there existed positive correlations between CRP and FINS, HOMA-IR, triglyceride (TG) while stepwise linear regression showed that usCRP and HOMA-IR, TG having linear correlation. CONCLUSION: CRP seemed to play a role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes, possibly was by the way of IR.

C-Reactive Protein↗

PubMed2006

[Effect of gegen qinlian decoction combined with short-term intensive insulin treatment on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of dampness-heat syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) in combination with short-term intensive insulin treatment on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of dampness-heat syndrome and its influence on dosage of insulin used. METHODS: The GQD group (n = 14) was treated by GQD and insulin, while the conventional group (n = 16) was given insulin intensive treatment alone. RESULTS: In the GQD group, the treatment was markedly effective in 5 patients, effective in 6 and ineffective in 3, the total effective rate being 78.6%, much better than that in the conventional group (2, 7, 7 and 56.3% respectively, u = 2.58, P < 0.01). And it took less time for controlling blood glucose (BG) in the GQD group (4.54 +/- 0.50 days) than that in the conventional group (5.31 +/- 0.57 days, P <0.01); furthermore, by the end of the treatment course, as compared with that at the time just after BG being controlled, the daily average insulin dosage used in the GQD group reduced by 9.07 +/- 6.51 U, while it was only 4.38 +/- 5.94 U in the conventional group, showing significant difference between them (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on short-term insulin intensive treatment, the combined using of GQD could reduce the dosage of insulin used and shows better clinical curative effect for patients with T2DM of dampness-heat syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Clinical features and CD38 polymorphisms of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) in Chengdu].

OBJECTIVE: To find out the clinical characteristic elements as parameters and detect the polymorphism at PvU II endonuclease site and Arg(140) Trp mutation of the CD38 gene of LADA patients in the Chengdu area. METHODS: The clinical parameters, islet cell-specific autoantibodies, C-peptide levels, genetic and mutation frequency of the CD38 gene in 44 patients with LADA and 67 patients with T2DM were investigated and compared with those in 25 normal controls. RESULTS: The patients of 30-50 years of age had higher prevalence of LADA. A number of LADA patients were obese or over-obese. The positivity of GAD-Ab, ICA and IAA declined with the increase of age. Both LADA and T2DM patients had the polymorphisms of B/B and A/B of the CD38 gene, but the healthy controls did not have such polymorphisms. Arg1140 Trp mutation was not found in both patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: This research revealed no relationship between the on-set of LADA and the CD38 polymorphism and CD38 Arg(140) Trp mutation.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1↗

PubMed2006

Effects of melatonin and zinc on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients poorly controlled with metformin.

OBJECTIVE: This project was designed to evaluate the effects of melatonin and zinc on the glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with inadequate response to the oral hypoglycemic agent metformin. METHODS: A placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial was performed at the Specialized Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Al-Rusafa Directorate of Health, Baghdad, Iraq during the period from February to July 2005, in which 46 type 2 diabetic patients were selected and allocated into 3 groups, these groups were treated with single daily oral doses of both 10 mg melatonin and 50 mg zinc acetate alone; 10 mg melatonin and 50 mg zinc acetate in addition to the regularly used metformin or placebo, given at bed time for 90 days. We measured the fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and serum C-peptide before starting the treatment (zero time) and after 30 and 90 days of treatment. We also performed post-prandial glucose excursion test (PPGE) for selected patients from the second and third groups before starting the treatment and after 90 days. RESULTS: Daily administration of melatonin and zinc improved the impaired fasting and post-prandial glycemic control and decreased the level of glycated hemoglobin; addition of this treatment regimen in combination with metformin improved the tissue responses to this oral hypoglycemic agent. CONCLUSION: The combination of melatonin and zinc acetate, when used alone or in combination with metformin improves fasting and post-prandial glycemic control in T2DM patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Discussion on correlation between intrahepatic inflammatory pathogenesis and the TCM theory of liver collateral injury by toxins in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance].

Correlation between the intrahepatic inflammatory pathogenesis and the TCM theory of liver collateral injury by toxins in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with insulin resistance (IR) was investigated, to elucidate that removing toxins, dredging collateral and modulating Gan could be one of the effective approaches for inhibiting intrahepatic inflammation mechanism of T2DM with IR.

Chemokine CCL2↗

PubMed2006

Effect of variation in 5'-regulatory region of insulin receptor substrate-1 gene on gene expression.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE; To determine the effect of a variation of CAG-rich region, which was found in the 5'-regulatory sequence of insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1) gene in Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients, on gene expression and its mechanism. METHODS: The recombinants, pGL2.P-T3 and pGL2.P-T5, were constructed with luciferase reporter vector, pGL2 promoter. T3 and T5 were wild-type and variant alleles, respectively. The recombinants were cotransfected with pSV-beta-galactosidase control vector to Hela cells. Luciferase assay was performed to assess transcriptional activity. The electrophoresis mobility shift assay(EMSA) and DNA footprint assay were applied to determine the interaction between the DNA regulatory sequences and nuclear proteins of Hela cells. RESULTS: The relative transcription activity of T5 was lower than that of T3 [(7.76+/-1.05)% vs (9.98+/-1.40)%, P<0.05]; EMSA showed both T3 and T5 formed a single retarded band in gel with the same mobility with nuclear proteins; T5 had 2 binding sites for transacting factors, CGCGCCCGCGGGCGGCGGC and GGGCGGCTGGTGGCGGCTG, which was the same as T3. CONCLUSION: Although the variation in T5 do not alter the DNA-binding sites for Hela cell nuclear extracts, the notable decrease in gene transcription activity induced by it may be an important factor to the development T2DM in the carrier.

5' Flanking Region↗

PubMed2006

[Effect of plasma glucose on the vascular endothelial function and analysis of relevant factors].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) among the newly diagnosed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the normal controls (NC) and to analyze relevant factors under different glucose levels. METHODS: The study included IGT (n=34), DM1 (n=52), DM2 (n=33) and NC (n=25). Levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), fasting insulin (FINS), 2-hour postprandial insulin (PINS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) were determined in all participants. High resolution ultrasound examining FMD was performed to measure vascular endothelial function subsequently. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference between IGT, DM, HG and NC group in FMD (P=0.008). Partial correlation analysis found that a significant negative correlation existed between FMD and homeostasis model assessment-index (HOMA-IRI), difference of plasma glucose (DPG), FPG and PPG (P<0.01), and a negative correlation between FMD and HbA1C (P<0.05). Setting FMD as dependent variable to conduct multiple linear stepwise regression, in IGT group it was the waist/hip ratio (WHR) and HOMA-IRI that entered the regression equation; in DM1 group it was HOMA-IRI, PPG and DPG that entered the regression equation; in DM2 group it was FPG and HOMA-beta that entered the regression equation. CONCLUSION: There exists a flow-mediated vasodilatation dysfunction in patients of newly diagnosed IGT and T2DM. Effect of relevant factors on FMD differs with different glucose levels.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

U-500 insulin: why, when and how to use in clinical practice.

Some patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have severe insulin resistance. Their insulin requirements are significantly greater. These patients need to take 2-3 injections at the same time to take the correct insulin dose or to redial the insulin pen. When daily insulin requirements are in excess of 300 units/day, the volume of the injected insulin becomes an issue. Large-volume injection can cause discomfort and lead to poor concordance with treatment. Using high-strength insulin e.g. U-500 insulin can reduce the volume of the injected insulin. Despite publications of small case reports or case series, no universal guidelines exist on the use of U-500 insulin. We discuss common sense approaches when considering the use of U-500 insulin in clinical practice.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗

PubMed2026

Comparison of Traditional Chinese Exercise and Equipment-Based Exercise on Glycaemic Control and Vitamin D Levels in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients With Prediabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Prediabetes is a critical window for preventing progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both vitamin D deficiency and physical inactivity are associated with impaired glucose metabolism. This study compared the effects of Traditional Chinese Exercise (TCE) and Kuanle Equipment Exercise (KEE) on glycaemic measures, lipid profiles, body composition and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] in middle-aged and elderly adults with prediabetes. METHODS: We conducted a 12-week, single-centre, randomised controlled trial involving 62 participants with prediabetes (mean age 55.2 ± 8.4 years; 88.7% female). Participants were randomly assigned to control (usual care, n = 21), TCE (n = 20), or KEE (n = 21). Primary outcomes included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h OGTT glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum 25(OH)D3. Secondary outcomes comprised triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and body composition. RESULTS: At baseline, mean serum 25(OH)D3 was 21.53 ± 3.90 nmol/L. At 12 weeks, both TCE and KEE improved FPG, 2-h OGTT glucose, HbA1c and 25(OH)D3 versus control (all p ≤ 0.001). Relative changes in FPG were -9.4% (TCE) and -15.2% (KEE) versus -1.5% (control); corresponding changes were -14.6% and -21.2% for 2-h OGTT glucose, -6.7% and -12.9% for HbA1c, and +60.6% and +81.9% for 25(OH)D3. Direct TCE-KEE comparisons were not significant (all p > 0.05). In an exploratory analysis, change in 25(OH)D3 was inversely associated with change in 2-h OGTT glucose (partial r = -0.358, p = 0.006), but not with FPG, HbA1c, or triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: Both TCE and KEE improved glycaemic outcomes and increased serum 25(OH)D3 compared with usual care in middle-aged and elderly adults with prediabetes. Although KEE produced numerically larger estimates, direct between-group comparisons were not significant, and the superiority of KEE over TCE was not established. These vitamin D findings require confirmation in trials that quantify sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D intake.

Aged↗

PubMed2026

Associations of Illness Perception, Resignation Coping, and Social Support With Self-Regulatory Fatigue in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

AIMS: To examine the associations among illness perception, resignation coping, social support, and self-regulatory fatigue (SRF) in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study specifically explores whether resignation coping and social support exhibit indirect associations with SRF in the context of illness perception. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: From November 2024 to October 2025, a convenience sample of 302 adult patients with T2DM was recruited from a tertiary general hospital in China. Participants completed validated instruments with established psychometric properties, namely the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire, the Perceived Social Support Scale, and the Self-Regulatory Fatigue Scale. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlation and serial mediation analysis using the PROCESS Macro (Model 6) with bias-corrected bootstrapping. RESULTS: SRF was positively correlated with negative illness perception (r = 0.579, p < 0.01) and resignation coping (r = 0.612, p < 0.01), and negatively correlated with social support (r = -0.598, p < 0.01). Serial mediation analysis revealed that illness perception was associated with SRF through indirect pathways involving resignation coping and social support. Resignation coping and social support mediated the association between illness perception and self-regulatory fatigue, both individually and sequentially. CONCLUSIONS: Negative illness perception correlates with higher SRF. This observed correlation is additionally linked to indirect pathways involving resignation coping and lower social support. Collectively, these findings highlight a pattern of interrelated cognitive (illness perception), behavioural (resignation coping), and resource (social support) factors that are associated with self-regulatory fatigue in this cross-sectional study. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION: The findings offer a clear, evidence-based framework for nursing practice. They highlight the potential value of integrated assessment and intervention that simultaneously addresses patients' illness beliefs, maladaptive coping strategies, and social support systems, which are associated with lower SRF and better diabetes self-management. REPORTING METHOD: This study adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for cross-sectional studies. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patients participated solely as research participants by providing survey data. They were not involved in the study design, implementation, data analysis, interpretation, or manuscript preparation. All patients provided written informed consent prior to questionnaire completion.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

Pleiotropic effects of thiazolidinediones: taking a look beyond antidiabetic activity.

Thiazolidinediones (TZD) [Troglitazone (TRO), Pioglitazone (PGZ), Rosiglitazone, (RGZ)] are a novel class of antidiabetic drugs for patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) able to decrease blood glucose, working through a reduction of insulin resistance. The family of TZD exerts its effect specifically bound to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y (PPARy). This is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors, together with PPARalpha and deltabeta. Although PPARgamma is essentially expressed in adipose tissue, it has also been found in endothelial cells, macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, glomerular mesangial cells, hepatic stellate cells and in several cancer cell lines. In these cells, the PPARgamma activation by TZD determines modulatory effects on growth factor release, production of cytokine, cell proliferation and migration, extracellular matrix remodeling and control on cell cycle progression and differentiation. In addition, TZD have been shown to have a potent antioxidant effect. This review, taking a quick look beyond the antidiabetic activity of PPARgamma, shows the dramatic ranging of medical implications that the use of TZD could have modulating the PPARgamma activity in several diseases with a strong social impact, such as insulin resistance syndrome, chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis and cancer.

Arteriosclerosis↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of insulin release and insulin sensitivity through oral glucose tolerance test: differences between NGT, IFG, IGT, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. A cross-sectional and follow-up study.

We evaluated both insulin release (IR) and insulin sensitivity (IS) through a single oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (blood samples at 0, 60, 120 min, as routinely performed in Europe) in subjects with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance. The value 1/HOMA was used as an index of IS and deltaI/deltaG at 60 min was used as an index of IR. In preliminary experiments, 1/HOMA correlated with glucose infusion rate (GIR) at euglycaemic insulin clamp (r=0.495) and with insulin sensitivity index (ISI) at LDIGIT (r=0.714). At OGTT with blood samples at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min, insulin levels at 30 min correlated with insulin levels at 60 min (I30 vs. I60, r=0.584) and deltaI/deltaG at 30 and at 60 min correlated (r=0.365). Values of 1/HOMA from 345 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 32 with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 186 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 72 with type 2 diabetic mellitus were divided into quartiles. For each quartile, mean (+/- SE) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of deltaI/deltaG at 60 min were calculated, and subjects were represented by plotting IS vs. IR. Plots of NGT, IGT, and type-2 diabetes mellitus described different curves. Values of subjects with IFG, IGT and type 2 diabetes mellitus fell outside the 95% CI of NGT subjects in all quartiles of IS. To validate this finding, 113 morbidly obese subjects (basal OGTT: 55 NGT, 40 IGT, 18 T2DM) who underwent a major reduction of body weight through bariatric surgery received a second OGTT one year after surgery. Glucose tolerance improved in 40 patients, deteriorated in 8, did not change in 65; the new plots were concordant with the new class of glucose tolerance. OGTT can be used to evaluate both IR and IS in subjects with NGT, IFG, IGT, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in population studies and in follow-up studies. IFG, IGT and type 2 diabetes mellitus are characterized by reduced IR compared to IS.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on plasma fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes.

Insulin resistance is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is related to the fatty acid profile of the plasma membranes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of cell membranes in patients with type 2 diabetes and, thus, to evaluate the possible factors leading to the alteration of plasma membrane fluidity. The study was performed in 20 healthy control subjects and 32 patients with type 2 diabetes. The fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content of the erythrocyte (RBC) and leukocyte (WBC) membranes were determined by a gas chromatographic method. When one considers the membrane constituents increasing fluidity and the ones decreasing it, the diabetics had a membrane composition decreasing fluidity compared to controls. On the other hand, when compared to control subjects, type 2 diabetic patients showed a significantly higher proportion of C16:0 components in erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes and plasma samples (25.4+/-3.1% vs. 31.1+/-4%; 23.3+/-2.4% vs. 29.3+/-5.2%; 27.6+/-3.9% vs. 34.5+/-5.7%; p<0.005, p<0.01 and p<0.005, respectively). Our results suggest that the ratio of saturated:unsaturated fatty acids changes in plasma and cell membranes of patients with type 2 diabetes. This situation may cause, at least in part, RBC-WBC function abnormalities and insulin resistance because of inconvenient membrane fluidity.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Tissue-polypeptide-specific antigen levels in diabetic patients with normal and pathological biochemical profiles.

OBJECTIVES: To identify causes for the raised TPS levels seen in diabetic patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: Relationships between TPS levels and biochemical markers for glycaemic control, hepatic dysfunction and renal dysfunction were investigated in 402 diabetic patients, none with evidence of cancer. RESULTS: Median TPS level (range) was 34.6 (19-276) U/L in controls versus 40.5 (16-691) U/L in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients and 53 (6-1654) U/L in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. TPS levels above the 95th percentile were observed in 26.1% diabetic patients and in 68.6% of these diabetic patients, raised TPS was associated with clinical complications or biochemical indicators of hepatic and/or renal dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: The raised mean TPS levels seen in diabetic patients appear to be mainly due to the existence of hepatic or renal dysfunction.

Adolescent↗