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PubMed2002

The effect of the growth phase of Staphylococcus aureus on resistance to disinfectants in a suspension test.

The influence of growth phase on the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to the surface-active agents benzalkonium chloride and dodecylbenzyl sulfonic acid and the oxidizing agents sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide was studied. The resistances of cells in different growth phases were compared to those of solid medium cells grown according to the European phase I suspension test. Using cells from different growth phases (+/- 3 x 10(7) CFU ml(-1)), we found that decline-phase cells were the most resistant cells. However, the decline-phase cell suspension contained more than 90% dead cells. A 10-fold-diluted suspension with a total concentration of cells equal to that of the other cell suspensions still revealed decline-phase cells to be generally the most resistant cell type. However, the resistance was drastically reduced, indicating that the large proportion of dead cells provided significant protection to the viable decline-phase cells. Hydrogen peroxide resistance could be partly explained by the high catalase activity in the dead-cell fraction. Exponential-phase cells were less resistant than decline-phase cells, and, surprisingly, stationary-phase cells were the least resistant of the three. Cells grown according to the European phase 1 suspension test were never the most resistant cells. Their survival was 1 to 3 log units lower than that of the most resistant cells. These findings show that the solid-medium cells currently used in disinfectant tests are not the most resistant cells that can be used.

Catalase↗
PubMed1999

Cardiopulmonary response of anesthetized polar bears to suspension by net and sling.

Since 1995, at least three polar bears (Ursus maritimus) have died in the area of Churchill (Manitoba, Canada) as a direct result of being suspended in a net during helicopter-assisted translocations. To assess and improve methods of suspending anesthetized polar bears, we conducted a study during November 1997 to determine the cardiopulmonary responses of eight captive polar bears to suspension by net and by sling. Each bear was anesthetized on two occasions in which the sequence of activities followed and the type of data collected was identical, with only the method of suspension differing. Control data obtained from 11 captive polar bears during 1995-96 was included in the statistical analyses of cardiopulmonary data to help clearly differentiate the cardiopulmonary effects of suspension from those of drug metabolism. Suspending polar bears above the ground by net caused acute hypertension (e.g., 17 to 49% increase in mean arterial pressure), possibly as a result of increased venous return due to body compression. Increased arousal (e.g., head, tongue, and limb movement) also occurred consistently during net-suspension and suggested a stress response. Surprisingly, most suspended bears showed little change in blood gas values, but at least one bear became hypoxemic (i.e., PaO2 < 60 mm Hg) with each method of suspension. Because of the potential health risks of hypertension and hypoxemia, we recommend modifying the method by which polar bears are suspended with the goal of reducing body compression.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1999

Carter-Thomason uterine suspension and positioning by ligament investment, fixation and truncation.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a technique and results of uterine suspension and positioning by extraperitoneal ligament investment, fixation and truncation (UPLIFT). STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-five women aged 19-48 years in a private referral center with chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia and dysmenorrhea seeking treatment were evaluated and treated over a two-year period. Laparoscopic uterine suspension was performed using the Carter-Thomason 2-mm needle point suture passer. The instrument was passed within and along the round ligament. Thus, a pledget of round ligament and bridge of fascial tissue were created. Performing the uterine suspension procedure in this manner created shortened, thickened and strengthened ligaments that suspended the uterine fundus securely in a mildly anteverted position at the level of the exit point of the round ligaments through the inguinal canal. RESULTS: The procedure was performed without complications in 75 patients over a two-year span. Each patient was evaluated for degree of retroversion and was assessed by ultrasound to identify any uterine or ovarian abnormalities. Pelvic pain and dyspareunia were reproduced by palpation of the retroverted uterus. The procedure took an average of 12 minutes to perform. All procedures were performed as outpatient procedures with same-day discharge, and there were no intraoperative complications. Delayed postoperative pain at the suspension site significant enough to require oral analgesia or injection with local anesthesia occurred in five patients (7%), four for one week and one for one month. For all 75 patients the pain with menses decreased from 8.4 to 1.7, with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain the patient had ever experienced (P < .01, Wilcoxon's Signed Rank Test). Pain with intercourse decreased from 8.1 to 1.5 (P < .01, Wilcoxon's Signed Rank Test). Sixty-three patients (84%) reported essentially no pain (0-2), while 5 (7%) reported mild pain (2-5), 3 (4%) reported moderate pain (5-7), and 4 (5%) continued to have the pain that they had had before the surgery (8-10). For the 20 patients for whom a retroverted uterus was the only significant pathologic finding, 18 of these (90%) had immediate and sustained relief from their symptoms. CONCLUSION: When dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain are associated with a retroverted uterus, the uterus can be repositioned to a slightly anteverted position by UPLIFT with the Carter-Thomason needle point suture passer. Results with this anatomically correct technique are consistent with those previously given for other uterine suspension procedures. The advantages of this procedure are ease of performance, strengthening of the ligaments by shortening and the investment procedure, and a repair that maintains normal anatomic relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Percutaneous needle bladder neck suspension for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: long-term results.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the long-term results of percutaneous needle suspension using bone anchor devices for treating stress urinary incontinence in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the long-term results of percutaneous bladder neck needle suspension performed at our institution. None of the women had undergone any anti-incontinence surgery before percutaneous needle suspension. A telephone survey was done for all available patients. Subjective cure was defined as no evidence of incontinence, significant improvement as 0 to 1 protective pad soaked daily and patient satisfaction with incontinence level, and failure as more than 1 pad used daily, lack of patient satisfaction or a secondary procedure required to treat stress urinary incontinence. In cases considered failures a detailed video urodynamic study was performed when possible before any secondary procedure. RESULTS: In 1996 and 1997, 49 patients underwent percutaneous needle bladder neck suspension with bone anchors, of whom 42 (86%) were available for telephone interview. Mean patient age was 57 years (range 31 to 77) and mean followup was 29 months (range 16 to 52). As defined, subjective outcome in the 42 women was cure in 2 (5%), significant improvement in 5 (12%) and failure in 35 (83%). Of the 35 patients with treatment failure who did not undergo a secondary procedure 25 were asked to present for video urodynamics and 18 were evaluated. Urodynamics revealed demonstrable urinary incontinence, urethral hypermobility in 16 (88%), intrinsic sphincter deficiency in 1 (6%) and detrusor instability in 1 (6%). In 2 cases x-ray revealed that a bone anchor had dislodged and migrated into the pelvis. Serious osteomyelitis at the bone anchor site in 1 case required surgical débridement and 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous needle suspension is associated with poor long-term results in women with stress urinary incontinence. Other procedures should be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Mechanism of peroxidase actions for salicylic acid-induced generation of active oxygen species and an increase in cytosolic calcium in tobacco cell suspension culture.

Extracellularly secreted peroxidases in cell suspension culture of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow-2, cell line BY-2) catalyse the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent formation of active oxygen species (AOS) which, in turn, triggers an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Addition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to tobacco cell suspension culture enhanced the SA-induced increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, suggesting that HRP enhanced the production of AOS. The mechanism of peroxidase-catalysed generation of AOS in SA signalling was investigated with chemiluminescence sensitive to AOS and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, using the cell suspension culture of tobacco, and HRP as a model system of peroxidase reaction. The results showed that SA induced the peroxidase inhibitor-sensitive production of superoxide and H2O2 in tobacco suspension culture, but no production of hydroxy radicals was detected. Similar results were obtained using HRP. It was also observed that SA suppressed the H2O2-dependent formation of hydroxy radicals in vitro. The results suggest that SA protect the cells from highly reactive hydroxy radicals, while producing the less reactive superoxide and H2O2 through peroxidase-catalysed reaction, as the intermediate signals. The formation of superoxide was followed by that of H2O2, suggesting that superoxide was converted to H2O2. In addition, it was observed that superoxide dismutase-insensitive ESR signal of monodehydroascorbate radical was induced by SA both in the tobacco suspension culture and HRP reaction mixture, suggesting that SA free radicals, highly reactive against ascorbate, were formed by peroxidase-catalysed reactions. The formation of SA free radicals may lead to subsequent monovalent reduction of O2 to superoxide.

Calcium↗
PubMed2001

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the sedimentation kinetics of concentrated red cell suspensions in a centrifugal field: determination of the aggregation and deformation of RBC by flux density and viscosity functions.

The flow properties of blood are mostly determined using various viscometric approaches, and described in terms of a shear rate or shear stress dependent apparent viscosity. The interpretation of results are rather difficult, especially at low shear rates when particle sedimentation and migration within the viscometer gap are significant. By contrast, analysing the separation process in concentrated RBC suspensions in a centrifugal field also yields information about the viscosity function, including particle-particle interaction and deformation parameters. In this paper, the sedimentation process is approached by means of the theory of kinematic waves and theoretically described by solving the corresponding one-dimensional quasi-linear partial differential equation based on viscosity/flow function as a function of volume concentration. The sedimentation kinetics of rigid spherical RBC suspended in saline and normal RBC suspended in Dx-saline solutions were investigated by means of a separation analyser (LUMiFuge 114). The instrument detects the light transmission over the total length of the cell containing the suspension. During centrifugation the analyser automatically determines the position of the particle free fluid/suspension interface or the sediment by means of a special algorithm. The data obtained with sedimentation of rigid spherical RBC at different volume concentrations demonstrate that, in the case of suspensions rotated in containers of constant cross section, there is good agreement between the theory of kinematic waves developed by Anestis and Schneider (1983) and the results of the experiments. Such good agreement was obtained even though a restrictive one-dimensional model was used to obtain the theoretically derived sedimentation time course. In addition, we describe an algorithm enabling the experimental determination of the viscosity and related flux density function to be made for any suspension. Through this approach, we investigated in detail the rheological behavior of suspended rigid spheres at low Reynolds numbers ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-3). The method here introduced also enabled us to investigate RBC suspensions with respect to the deformability and interactions of the cells by means of the separation analysis. Normal, rigid as well as aggregating RBC exhibited marked differences in the sedimentation kinetics, which were quantified by means of the flux and viscosity functions based on the theory of kinematic waves.

Blood Sedimentation↗
PubMed1979

Dissociation of adult mammalian heart into single cell suspension: an ultrastructural study.

Adult rat heart was dissociated into a single cell suspension by a perfusion technique which used 0.05% collagenase and 0.1% hyaluronidase in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (KRP). The non-muscle cells of the suspension were separated from the myocytes by centrifugation through 3% Ficoll solution in KRP with 0.01 mM Ca2+. An approximately 90% pure suspension of isolated single muscle cells was obtained with this method. The effects of the successive steps in the dissociation procedure on the ultrastructure of the heart were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After 30 minutes of enzyme digestion, dissociation of the inner endothelial lining of the ventricle into single cells or small groups of cells became apparent. In addition, the underlying cardiac skeleton began to disintegrate and linear arrays of cardiac muscle cells were observed. After 45 minutes of enzyme digestion the number of released single cells was higher because of the separation of intercalated discs. The majority of non-muscle cells were by now dissociated from the surfaces of muscle cells. Widening of the lateral intercellular spaces between the myocardial cells was associated with separation of desmosomes. In some regions of the heart, intact desmosomes, fasciae adherentes and gap junctions were observed even though lateral intercellular spaces had widened greatly. The majority of myocardial cells had become separated from one another after 60 minutes of enzyme digestion. Separation of gap junctional sites took place in two ways: (1) by 'unzipping' them through enzyme action; (2) by tearing them mechanically. Gap junction remnants were sometimes observed in a vesiculated state within the cell. The dissociation of the heart was ineffective when perfused with media containing 1.0 or 2 mM Ca2+. Alcian blue treatment after 60 minutes of enzyme digestion revealed that the basement membrane, and its accompanying collagen fibrils, was still present on the plasma membrane of dissociated single cells. The isolated myocardial cells retained their normal morphological characteristics. This study has enabled us to understand in detail how dismantlement of highly ordered adult cardiac tissue into a single cell suspension takes place. Cell suspensions of this type should be invaluable in the study of metabolic and synthetic activities in adult myocardial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Role of leukocyte adhesion in filterability of blood cell suspensions].

We investigated blood cells suspension filterability of 16 donors. The filtration was performed trough 5 microns-pore nuclear filters at constant perfusion pressure 10(5) din/cm2. We estimated also the adherence of leukocytes and platelets on nylon. The adherence of platelets and mononuclear leukocytes reduced the level of the suspension filterability only by 21% (p > 0.05). The presence of nonadhesive polynuclear leukocytes in the suspensions did not change practically their filterability. The addition in the suspensions of adhesive polynuclear leukocytes reduced suspension filterability dramatically.

Blood Cells↗
PubMed1959

Factors affecting the suspensibility of DDT water-dispersible powders.

The authors describe some experiments carried out to determine the effect of moisture, temperature, and pressure on the suspensibility of DDT water-dispersible powders.It was found that the removal of moisture brought about a slight increase in suspensibility; that heating for one hour at temperatures below 70 degrees C resulted in an increase in suspensibility, due probably to the drying effect of the heat, whereas heating for the same period at temperatures above 70 degrees C resulted in a decrease; that on prolonged heating at 70 degrees C and 75 degrees C the suspensibility decreased sharply in the first four hours but thereafter showed little change up to 20 hours; and, finally, that low pressures-for example, 25 g per cm(2)-had little effect on the suspensibility, but that at pressures of 100 pounds per square inch (7 atm.) and over, it varied in inverse proportion to the logarithm of the pressure.

DDT↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aspiration of gastric contents in hanging with typical position of the strangulation cord and free suspension].

Among 193 cases of hanging from the years 1978 to 1991 examined in the institute of Forensic Medicine of the Freie Universität Berlin 8 cases with an aspiration of stomach contents had been reported. Herefrom 3 cases were hanging in a "typical" position (suspension point at the back of the head, free suspension of the hanging body) and did not undergo resuscitation. By free suspension of the hanging body the observed massive aspiration of gastric contents only can be explained by an at least partly open connecting passage between the laryngeal entry and the entrance of the oesophagus. The post mortem flowing in of stomach contents as well as a post mortem gastro-oesophageal peristalsis seem not to be able for explicating the findings. Differences in important parameters (e.g. gastric contents, alcoholization) to the cases of hanging without aspiration were not found. Even by free suspension of the body, running noose and point of suspension in the back of the neck sometimes the connection between larynx and oesophagus may stay open, especially when by emesis a high pressure is produced by the stomach.

Accidents↗
PubMed2003

Pellet coating by air suspension technique using a mini-model coating unit.

Air suspension coating is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, as an attractive alternative to pan coating in that it can successfully coat small particles, pellets and tablets irrespective of size or shape with a wide variety of coating materials. The commercially available air suspension coating equipments require at least one kilogram of material for optimum efficiency of their working. Therefore, it is felt that there is a potential need for a small, compact air suspension coating instrument, which can work with gram quantities of material. The main objective of the present work is to design and evaluate a laboratory model top spray air suspension coating instrument. The performance of the instrument was evaluated for both, drug loading on to non-pareil pellets and coating of drug-loaded pellets. Terbutaline sulphate was selected as model drug, while Surelease (aqueous polymeric dispersion of ethyl cellulose) as representative coating material. The drug loading efficiency of the instrument was found to be around 82% with a pellet load of 10 g. The drug loading efficiency was found to be satisfactory and reproducible. Scanning electron micrographs of coated pellets indicated that coating was homogenous and uniform around the pellets. The maximum deviations observed in the in vitro drug release studies were +/- 2.7397% of the mean percent quantity of drug released, which is low enough for the coating to be considered uniform and reproducible. Reproducibility of the coating process was further confirmed by determining the 95% confidence interval for average difference in cumulative percentage drug release between two runs of each batch, which was found to be less than 5% set as the maximum allowable difference. The release data obtained were found to show best fit with first order kinetic model. A significant influence of coating thickness on the drug release rate was observed. From the results and observations of this work, it may be concluded that the mini-model air suspension coating instrument designed, may be a useful piece of equipment for preparing coated multiparticulate dosage forms in small quantities for sustained drug delivery, especially in research works.

Bronchodilator Agents↗
PubMed2004

Conductometric study of shear-dependent processes in red cell suspensions. II. Transient cross-stream hematocrit distribution.

A novel experimental approach based on electrical properties of red blood cell (RBC) suspensions was applied to study the effects of the size and morphology of RBC aggregates on the transient cross-stream hematocrit distribution in suspensions flowing through a square cross-section flow channel. The information about the effective size of RBC aggregates and their morphology is extracted from the capacitance (C) and conductance (G) recorded during RBC aggregation, whereas a slower process of particle migration is manifested by delayed long-term changes in the conductance. Migration-induced changes in the conductance measured at low shear rates (< or =3.1 s(-1)) for suspensions of RBCs in a strongly aggregating medium reveal an increase to a maximum followed by a decrease to the stationary level. The ascending branch of G(t) curves reflects the aggregate migration in the direction of decreasing shear rate. A further RBC aggregation in the region of lower shear stresses leads to the formation of RBC networks and results in the transformation of the rheological behavior of suspensions from the thinning to the thickening. It is suggested that the descending branches of the G(t) curves recorded at low shear rates reflect an adjustment of the Hct distribution to a new state caused by a partial dispersion of RBC networks. For suspensions of non-aggregating RBCs it is found that depending on whether the shear rate is higher or lower compared with the prior value, individual RBCs migrate either toward the centerline of the flow or in the opposite direction.

Conductometry↗
PubMed2005

[Correlation of GLC-82 lung carcinoma cell aggregation in suspension culture to the activation of protein kinases FAK, AKT, ERK, and SRC].

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Our previous study revealed that tyrosine kinase FAK can partly mediate the aggregation of tumor cells in suspension culture, therefore, suppress cell apoptosis and promote cell proliferation. However, the downstream pathway of FAK in the formation of cell aggregation is unclear. This study was to investigate the roles of FAK and its potential downstream molecules ERK, AKT, and SRC in mediating aggregation of lung adenocarcinoma GLC-82 cells in suspension culture. METHODS: Morphology of the aggregations of GLC-82 cells and normal lung HBE cells in polyHEMA suspension culture was observed. Cell apoptosis was studied by DNA electrophoresis on agarose gel. The ability of cell transformation was studied by colony formation assay. The phosphorylation of the protein kinases was investigated by Western blot. FAK was silenced by RNA interference. RESULTS: GLC-82 cells survived and aggregated in suspension culture; while apoptosis occurred in HBE cells which formed no aggregation in suspension culture. Phosphorylation levels of FAK, ERK, AKT, and SRC were related to GLC-82 cell aggregation. FAK silencing partly blocked the formation of GLC-82 cell aggregation, and decreased the phosphorylation levels of ERK and AKT; the colony formation rate in soft agar was significantly lower in GLC-82 cells with FAK silencing than in GLC-82 cells without FAK silencing [(12.2+/-1.1)% vs. (3.6+/-0.7)%, P=0.001]. CONCLUSION: The formation of GLC-82 cell aggregation is partly mediated by FAK signal pathway, and ERK and AKT are the downstream molecules of FAK.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Use of red blood cells stored in saline suspension for immediate spin crossmatch.

The purpose of this study was to validate a procedure for using red blood cell suspensions stored for up to 10 days in an immediate spin crossmatch. Ten group A and 10 group B SAG-M donor unit segments were opened on day 0. The red cells were divided into 2 tubes and each diluted with saline to a 3% to 5% cell suspension. The cell suspensions were tested using a standard immediate spin technique against pooled group A, group B, and group O plasma each day for 10 days. One set of cells was stored refrigerated as a 3% to 5% cell suspension. Saline was removed from the parallel set of cells before storage. All 480 tests that were expected to be negative were negative. On 2 separate occasions 1+ or 2+ reactions that disappeared before the cell button was completely resuspended were noted. All 960 tests that were expected to be positive were positive. All but 4 results were graded as 3+ or 4+. Four 2+ reactions occurred with 2 units that were typed as A1 negative. Our results indicate that cells stored refrigerated in normal saline as a 3% to 5% cell suspension may be used for immediate spin crossmatch for up to 10 days.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2006

[The production of gastrodin through biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by cell suspension culture of Datura stramonium].

AIM: To investigate the production of p-hydroxymethylphenol-beta-D-glucoside (gastrodin) through biotransformation by plant cell suspension cultures. METHODS: Using cell suspension cultures of Datura stramonium to convert the exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into gastrodin was conducted and the converted compounds were separated with a combination of multi-chromatography. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence. RESULTS: The conversion procedure of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into gastrodin by Datura stramonium cell suspension cultures was established. The synthesized gastrodin (II) was isolated from the fermental liquor and identified by spectral analysis. At the same time, the p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (I) converted through biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by cell suspension cultures of Datura stramonium was also isolated and identified. Two compounds were also isolated from the cell cultures and they were identified as beta-D-furanoallulose (III) and n-butyloxystyryl-beta-D-pyranoallulose (IV). CONCLUSION: Datura stramonium grown in suspension cultures can convert exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into the corresponding gastrodin.

Benzaldehydes↗
PubMed1987

Response to 5-azacytidine of leukemic blast cells in suspension: a biological parameter associated with response to chemotherapy.

Sensitivities to drugs acting on cells in culture can be measured as dose-response curves, provided a quantitative assay is available for a relevant cell function. We have used two such assays in the study of the blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Colony formation in culture with methylcellulose detects principally terminal divisions, while growth of clonogenic cells in suspension reflects self-renewal. In a previous study different cytosine arabinoside and 5-azacytidine dose-response curves were obtained with the two assays. For the former the slope of the dose-response curve measured in suspension was steeper than that obtained using the clonogenic assay. For the latter, 5-azacytidine, the relationship between sensitivity in suspension and in methylcellulose was reversed. Further, for cytosine arabinoside, sensitivity in suspension but not in methylcellulose was associated with successful remission-induction. In this article we report an association between 5-azacytidine sensitivity in suspension and successful remission induction, for patients treated only with high-dose cytosine arabinoside. There was no correlation between the 5-azacytidine dose-response curve in methyl-cellulose and clinical outcome. A model is presented that may explain these findings, based on the hypothesis that there are genetic mechanisms responsible for blast cell renewal.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Transvaginal needle bladder neck suspension procedures for stress urinary incontinence: a comprehensive review.

Transvaginal needle bladder neck suspension procedures for surgical correction of stress incontinence are increasing in popularity among genitourinary surgeons. Since 1959, three main modifications of the originally described procedure have emerged as representing various needle suspension procedures, ie, the modified Pereyra procedure among gynecologic surgeons and the Stamey and the Raz procedures among urologic surgeons. The overall success rate of 85% (range 40-100%) among a total of 1967 surgical procedures reported in the published literature may be misleading; the majority of reported studies relied upon subjective clinical cures rather than objectively demonstrable cures of urinary incontinence. The majority of studies lacked long-term follow-up of successfully treated patients. Few studies reported urodynamic changes after needle suspension procedures in terms of increased functional urethral length and improved pressure transmission to the proximal urethra. A 20-50% incidence of postoperative voiding difficulties has been reported in various studies. This publication reviews the controversies in the nomenclature of various needle suspension procedures, indication, suture materials, procedural details, and results of previously published needle suspension procedures and their modifications. Differences among commonly performed procedures are pointed out and analyzed for their role in the correction of stress urinary incontinence.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1989

Yeast-suspension as soiling matter in disinfectant testing.

Using the Kelsey-Sykes capacity-test, it was found that a sterile yeast suspension used to simulate 'dirty' conditions, gave an increased effect of Chloramine T against the fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium sp. compared with the effect under 'clean' conditions. This effect was not found with the fungus Rhodotorula rubra nor on the various bacteria tested. The enhanced effect was found with respect to both Chloramine T and Chloramine B, but not with the sodium hypochlorite solution when tested on C. albicans. This effect was due to a diffusible factor from the yeast cells. The factor was evident in the solution after heating of the yeast-cell suspension and in unsterilized yeast-cell suspension left at room temperature for 2 h or more. The effect of Chloramine T on the fungi C. albicans and A. fumigatus was reduced as expected when the yeast suspension was replaced by 20% normal horse serum. The results indicate that using sterile yeast suspensions in this type of test, may erroneously give high fungicidal effects of Chloramine, and thus lead to an incorrect use-dilution concentration, especially if the determination is made on the basis of the effect observed only under dirty conditions.

Aspergillus fumigatus↗