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PubMed2001

Association of PCR and feeding bioassays as a large-scale method to screen tropical Bacillus thuringiensis isolates for a cry constitution with higher insecticidal effect against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae.

AIMS: To verify whether the presence of any of the cry1C, 1D, 1E and 1F genes could be associated with high toxicity against fall armyworm. METHODS AND RESULTS: A sample of 60 strains from a large collection of tropical Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) isolates was subjected to feeding bioassays and gene-specific PCR. Positive amplification of cry-specific fragments, so confirmed by sequencing, revealed that cry1C was ubiquitous and distributed among high and low mortality classes, cry1D was underrepresented and showed no clear association to high toxicity, and cry1F was not detected. The presence of cry1E significantly correlated to high levels of insecticidal activity, as estimated by linear regression analysis. CONCLUSION: The PCR amplification of cry1E-specific fragments alone appears to be sufficient to identify B.t. strains with high mortality levels against tropical armyworm. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The approach presented is promising as a simple and efficient method for first-tier, marker-assisted screening of environment-specific B.t. germplasm effective in controlling a single target pest.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Restriction endonuclease analysis of a Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) isolate.

The DNA of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) propagated in the larvae of S. litura was analysed with AluI, ApaI, BamHI, BglII, BstEII, BstNI, ClaI, EcoRI, EcoRV, HindIII, HinfI, KpnI, MspI, PstI, PvuII, SalI, Sau3AI, SmaI, TaqI, XbaI, and XhoI. The unique restriction endonuclease profiles of the virus indicate it to be a distinct NPV isolate. The size of the viral genome was estimated to 132 kbp; the genome was mapped with HindIII and PstI.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Crystallization of retinol dehydratase from Spodoptera frugiperda: improvement of crystal quality by modification by ethylmercurythiosalicylate.

Retinol dehydratase is a sulfotransferase which is presumed to catalyze the dehydration of its substrate via a transient retinyl sulfate intermediate. Crystals (space group P2(1), unit-cell parameters a = 82.05, b = 66.61, c = 84.90 A, beta = 111.29 degrees ) are significantly improved by covalent modification of the protein with ethylmercury.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Circadian rhythm of glycoprotein secretion in the vas deferens of the moth, Spodoptera littoralis.

BACKGROUND: Reproductive systems of male moths contain circadian clocks, which time the release of sperm bundles from the testis to the upper vas deferens (UVD) and their subsequent transfer from the UVD to the seminal vesicles. Sperm bundles are released from the testis in the evening and are retained in the vas deferens lumen overnight before being transferred to the seminal vesicles. The biological significance of periodic sperm retention in the UVD lumen is not understood. In this study we asked whether there are circadian rhythms in the UVD that are correlated with sperm retention. RESULTS: We investigated the carbohydrate-rich material present in the UVD wall and lumen during the daily cycle of sperm release using the periodic acid-Shiff reaction (PAS). Males raised in 16:8 light-dark cycles (LD) showed a clear rhythm in the levels of PAS-positive granules in the apical portion of the UVD epithelium. The peak of granule accumulation occurred in the middle of the night and coincided with the maximum presence of sperm bundles in the UVD lumen. These rhythms persisted in constant darkness (DD), indicating that they have circadian nature. They were abolished, however, in constant light (LL) resulting in random patterns of PAS-positive material in the UVD wall. Gel-separation of the UVD homogenates from LD moths followed by detection of carbohydrates on blots revealed daily rhythms in the abundance of specific glycoproteins in the wall and lumen of the UVD. CONCLUSION: Secretory activity of the vas deferens epithelium is regulated by the circadian clock. Daily rhythms in accumulation and secretion of several glycoproteins are co-ordinated with periodic retention of sperm in the vas deferens lumen.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Enhancing the efficacy and persistency of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) nuclear polyhedrosis virus using UV irradiation protectants.

To enhance the field persistency of S. litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SLNPV), three chemicals viz. cupric ammonium nitrate, tinopal and cupric sulphate were tried as protectants (0.01 mg/ml) against natural sunlight (UV) irradiation. On exposure for 8 hr and subsequent bioassaying (diet surface treatment), it was found that cupric sulphate protected the polyhedrosis inclusion bodies (PIBs), recording 95.56% mortality which was statistically at par with unexposed PIBs recording 97.78% mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A new continuous cell line from larval hemocytes of Spodoptera litura (F.).

A new cell line has been established from larval hemocytes of the moth, S. litura (tobacco cut worm). It took 147 days to form a monolayer and one year for the first 17 passages. At present, the culture is at 86th passage level and is designated NIV-SU-1095. Three cell types could be distinguished, viz. plasmatocytes (53%), prohemocytes (36%) and granular hemocytes (11%). The chromosome number was very high, 74% metaphase cells showed more than 100 chromosomes. The cells could be cryopreserved. The cells were susceptible to the baculoviruses, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and S. litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SLNPV). Plaques could be observed on 7th post infection day with SLNPV. Six cloned cell lines have been developed of which clone II-1F was more sensitive to both the baculoviruses compared to the original cell line.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Effects of mating experience and temperature on sex pheromone production of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua].

Mating experience could not affect the production of sex pheromone in the female glands 24 h later, which meant that the beet armyworm females might call and mate again in next scotophase. This result explained the phenomenon why the beet armyworm could mate several times in their life under field conditions. On the contrary, ambient temperature greatly influenced the pheromone biosynthesis in the beet armyworm females. The optimal temperature for the biosynthesis of sex pheromone was between 15-25 degrees C. Under the temperature beyond this range, the biosynthesis of the pheromone components was disturbed in terms of absolute titers, proportions, and their CVs. The biosynthesis of component B was suppressed under 35 degrees C, and the proportion of A to B was significantly higher. In contrast, under 10 degrees C, the titer of A and the proportions of A to B were disturbed significantly, and the proportions of A in AB and AD binary blends changed significantly. Furthermore, the CVs of the ratios of A to B and A to D became larger than 10% under 10 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Influence of juvenile hormone analogue on food consumption and digestive enzyme activities in Spodoptera mauritia Boisd.

Final instar larvae of S. mauritia treated topically on day 0, 1, 2 and day 3 with a daily dose of 20 microg juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) showed an increase in most of the nutritional parameters such as approximate digestibility, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, consumption index and growth rate. Also, the activities of digestive enzymes amylase, invertase, trehalase and protease increased significantly in JHA treated larvae. The supernumerary larvae formed after JHA treatments showed an increase in the activities of digestive enzymes. Neck-ligated larvae treated with 10 microg JHA exhibited a significant increase in the activities of trehalase and protease. The results demonstrate that treatments of JHA increase the activities of digestive enzymes in the last instar larvae of S. mauritia.

Amylases↗
PubMed2003

Macromolecular synthesis in wing discs of Spodoptera mauritia Boisd: effects of a juvenile hormone analogue.

Last instar larvae of S. mauritia treated topically on day 0, day 1, day 2 and day 3 with a daily (dose of 25 microg juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) moulted into supernumerary larvae. The imaginal discs of the supernumerary larvae especially those of mouthparts and thoracic appendages showed pupal characteristics. However the wing discs, which showed only partial differentiation, were uneverted and highly tanned. In an effort to provide an explanation to this anomaly the RNA, DNA and protein profile in the wing discs of supernumerary larvae were studied. Quantitative analysis of DNA, RNA and protein showed a considerable increase in the amount of DNA and protein and a decline in RNA level. SDS-PAGE analysis of wing disc proteins of JHA treated larvae showed a reduction in the expression of many major proteins that were predominant in the wing discs of control larvae. The results suggest that JHA induced inactivation of genes involved in the synthesis of proteins needed for evagination process may be responsible for the formation of uneverted, partially differentiated pupal wing discs in supernumerary larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Toxicity assessment of wild bean seed protein--arcelin on Asian armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).

Arcelin, an anti-metabolic protein was purified from the seeds of wild bean, Lablab purpureus. The feeding assay containing arcelin at 5, 10 and 15 microg concentrations revealed no antifeedant effect against fifth instar larvae of S. litura. However, the enhanced activity of alpha- and beta-naphthyl esterases in the mid-gut samples of S. litura treated with arcelin suggests countermeasure against the toxic effect of arcelin.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bioactivities of seven chrysanthemum species flowers powder on Spodoptera littoralis (Boiduval) larvae.

We have screened seven Chrysanthemum species, collected from different biotope in Tunisia for the antifeeding and growth regulatory activity against S. littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) an insect pest of tomato. The flowers powder was added to the Poitout and Bues (1974) artificial diet at three concentrations: 4, 8, and 16%. After ten days of treatment, the consumed quantity determination revelled that these species have an antifeeding activity proportional to the concentration, more considerable for the C. fuscatum and C. Myconis flowers powder. At the concentration of 16% the larvae weight was significantly delayed in the average time to the control, these results were compared to the effect of Cestrum parquii on S. littoralis and Pieris brassicae The moulting date determination showed an elongation of the third, fourth and fifth stages at the high concentration probably due to the presence of juvenile hormones Analogues.

Animals↗