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PubMed2004

[Determination of IL-1beta, IL-4 and IL-10 contents in the seminal plasma of infertile patients and its clinical value].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the relationship between the contents of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the seminal plasma of infertile males and sperm function indexes. METHODS: By radioimmunoassay (RIA), we determined the contents of IL-1beta, IL-4 and IL-10 in the seminal plasma of 126 infertile and 20 normal males. According to the sperm count, the infertile were divided into three groups: Groups A (sperm count > or = 20 x 10(6)/ml), B (sperm count < 20 x 10(6)/ml) and C (azoospermia). Based on sperm vitality and motility, Group A was subdivided into a normal and abnormal vitality group and a normal and decreased motility group. In line with the serum results of antisperm antibody (AsAb) and semen WBC, the infertile males were divided into AsAb positive and negative, and WBC semen and non-WBC semen groups. According to the assay results of normal males, Groups A and B were each subdivided into normal and decreased groups of sperm penetrating power, intact acrosome rate and terminal swelling rate. RESULTS: The content of IL-1beta in the seminal plasma of the infertility group was obviously higher, but the content of IL-4, IL-10 significantly lower than that of the normal group (P < 0.01). In the infertility group, there existed significant differences in the contents of IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-10 in seminal plasma between the WBC and non-WBC semen groups, as well as between the AsAb positive and negative groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); and the same was true for the content of IL-4 between the normal and decreased groups of sperm vitality, motility, penetrating power, intact acrosome rate, and terminal swelling rate (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The contents of IL-1beta, IL-4 and IL-10 in seminal plasma are closely related to male reproduction. The increase or decrease of the contents reflects the state of immunity and infection of the reproductive system, and influences sperm functions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The use of a newly designed nonabsorbable polymeric stent in reconstructing the vas deferens: a feasibility study in New Zealand white rabbits.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the use of a newly designed stent in the reconstruction of the vas deferens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 26 New Zealand White rabbits, 13 conventional one-layer microscopic reconstructions were compared with 13 stented reconstructions of the vas deferens. The newly designed nonabsorbable polymeric stent was shaped to facilitate the rejoining of the two loose ends of the vas deferens, using a central ridge to prevent migration. Semen was collected before and after surgery, using an artificial vaginal system (26 samples before and 115 after surgery). The individual and average total sperm count, motility and progressive motile sperm density (PMSD), were compared after surgery for both groups. After the final semen analysis, rabbits were killed and patency was assessed histologically at the site of the anastomosis. RESULTS: After an initial decline the mean total sperm count increased in both groups. The increase was significantly larger (P = 0.05) in the stented rabbits. The mean motility and PMSD showed no significant differences between both groups (P = 0.11 and 0.71, respectively). Histological examination of the anastomosed area showed partial obstruction (>50% narrowing of the original lumen) in five of the 13 conventionally treated rabbits, with no strictures in the stented group. Despite the narrowing in the conventional group the patency rates were not affected. The mean (range) operating time for the conventional and stented groups was 132 (99-168) and 98 (62-113) min, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The total sperm counts, motility and PMSD showed no or little difference after surgery between the conventional and stented rabbits. The stented reconstruction was easy, had no secondary stricturing and reduced the operating time.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship of the postcoital test and semen characteristics to pregnancy rates in 200 presumed fertile couples.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the postcoital test (PCT) and semen analysis (SA) in the prediction of pregnancy in 200 potentially fertile couples. METHODS: 200 couples without risk for infertility were prospectively followed for 1 year. Couples were attempting pregnancy for 12 menstrual cycles. In the first three cycles, the women underwent monthly PCTs and collected daily urines while the men provided bimonthly semen analyses. For the next nine cycles, the couples were monitored for pregnancy. The PCT included hours post-coitus, amount of mucus, spinnbarkeit, number of motile sperm, and percent of motile sperm. Since multiple PCTs and SAs were available for each couple, values were averaged to provide one mean value per couple. The Wilcoxon ranked sum test was used to detect differences in PCT and SA. RESULTS: Pregnancy occurred in 163/200 couples (82%) in 12 cycles. Mean sperm count per high-power field (p = 0.01) and mean number of highly motile sperm (p = 0.03) were higher among women in whom pregnancy occurred. Amount of mucus and spinnbarkeit were similar between women who became pregnant and those who did not. Semen concentration, motile sperm count, and percent motile sperm were significantly higher among men whose partner conceived (P < .02). Only 93 couples (47%) had PCTs that were correctly timed. CONCLUSIONS: Measures predictive of pregnancy included vigorously moving sperm per high-power field, sperm concentration, motile sperm count, and percent motility. Mucus characteristics were not predictive of pregnancy. Additionally, a high number of sperm seen in the PCT correlated with a high number of motile sperm in the SA. These results support the use of the PCT for initial evaluation of the infertile couple.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Male reproductive effects of lead, including species extrapolation for the rabbit model.

The effects of elevated blood lead on semen quality were evaluated in the rabbit model and compared to published effects in humans. Mature, male rabbits were given lead acetate by subcutaneous injection in the dose range of 0 to 3.85 mg/kg on a Monday-Wednesday-Friday basis. In each of eight treatment groups, a dosing regimen was developed to produce blood lead levels of 0, 20, 40, 50, 70, 80, 90, and 110 microg/dL. A 5-week pre-exposure period was followed by a 15-week exposure testing period allowing for response through six cycles of the seminiferous epithelium. Semen analyses revealed that increased blood lead levels were associated with adverse changes in the sperm count, ejaculate volume, percent motile sperm, swimming velocities, and morphology. Hormonal responses were minimal. Testicular pathology revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of spermiation. For six measures of semen quality, threshold estimates ranged from 16 to 24 microg/dL. Using the species extrapolation factor derived in this study, a rabbit dose would have to be divided by 1.56 to obtain the equivalent human dose for an equal percentage decrease in sperm concentration; however, rabbits are 3.75 more sensitive in terms of absolute decrease in sperm count for a given blood lead level.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of tamoxifen on spermatogenesis and tubular morphology in rats.

AIM: To observe the effect of tamoxifen citrate on spermatogenesis and tubular morphology in rats. METHODS: The effect of tamoxifen citrate i.g. at doses of 400 and 800 mg.kg(-1).day(-1) in 0.1 mL olive oil for 30 days on seminiferous tubular morphology, seminiferous epithelial diameter (STD), epithelial height (SEH), epididymal sperm count and percent abnormal sperm were evaluated at day 1, 12 and 36 after treatment. Controls were given the vehicle. RESULTS: The higher dose resulted in tubular atrophy on day 31. The STD, SEH and sperm count were decreased and the abnormal spermatozoa increased in a dose-dependent manner with the maximal effect on day 36. CONCLUSION: Tamoxifen citrate induces tubular shrinkage and atrophy and sperm abnormality at a dose-dependent manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Normal sexual development of rats exposed to butyl benzyl phthalate from conception to weaning.

Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) has been administered in drinking water (1000 micrograms/liter) to pregnant AP rats during gestation and lactation. The sexual development of the pups was then monitored until their termination at postnatal day 90 (pnd 90). Pups derived from animals exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in drinking water (50 micrograms/liter) acted as a positive control group. Glass drinking bottles were employed following demonstration of absorption of BBP into plastic drinking bottles. Drinking water intake was monitored and the estimated average exposures of the dams was 182.6 micrograms/kg/day BBP and 8.6 micrograms/kg/ day DES. A total of 240 control pups, 204 BBP pups, and 64 DES pups were obtained for study. The sexual development of both genders of pups was monitored. The body weights of the DES pups were significantly reduced at birth, an effect that persisted until pnd 90. The body weights of the BBP pups were marginally increased at birth, but this difference resolved by pnd 90. DES affected the sexual development of the pups for all endopoints monitored-anogenital (AG) distance on pnd 2; average day of vaginal opening and prepuce separation; uterus, testes, and accessory sex gland weight; and cauda epididymis sperm count and homogenization resistant testicular sperm count at pnd 90. BBP failed to affect any of these parameters, with the exception of a 1.1-day advance in the average day of vaginal opening and a small increase in male AG distance on pnd 2. These last two effects are related to the increased weight of the BBP pups. The incidence of FSH-containing cells in the pituitary gland of animals from each group was unaffected at pnd 90. The effects observed for the DES pups are consistent with the results of earlier studies by Sharpe et al. (Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 1136-1143, 1995). However, the absence of an effect of BBP administration on pup testis weight and testicular sperm count at pnd 90 is in contrast to reductions in these measurements reported earlier by Sharpe et al. (Environ. Health Perspect. 103, 1136-1143, 1995) for similarly derived BBP pups.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Lack of evidence of a genetic origin in the impaired spermatogenesis of a patient cohort with low-grade varicocele.

Varicocele is the most common clinical finding in infertile men but controversy continues to surround the utility of its treatment. An increased response of FSH to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone testing has been described in patients with varicocele, while the co-influence of Yq chromosome microdeletions in the infertility associated to this pathology is still under investigation. We studied 30 patients with first- and second-grade varicocele, 15 idiopathic oligozoospermic men and 21 age-matched healthy controls. All subjects underwent testicular Doppler ultrasonography, semen analysis, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone testing and baseline blood sampling for total and free testosterone, PRL, 17beta-estradiol, SHBG evaluation and Yq chromosome analysis. Apart from FSH, no difference in baseline hormonal levels was found between the groups. The patients with varicocele showed both an increased basal (p=0.007) and GnRH-induced FSH response (peak and AUC) (p=0.004) in comparison with the controls, while the idiopathic oligozoospermic men had only higher GnRH-induced FSH AUC (p=0.04). In the varicocele group, FSH peaks after GnRH testing correlated positively with the grade of disease (r=0.42, p=0.02) and negatively with sperm count (r=-0.50, p=0.005) and bilateral testis volume (r=-0.52, p=0.005). Sperm count and sperm motility were similarly significantly reduced both in patients with varicocele and in patients with idiopathic oligozoospermia in comparison with healthy controls. Yq chromosome analysis by sequence-tagged site PCR revealed no microdeletion in the AZF regions in any subject studied. Given the quite small number of subjects studied, our overall findings can only prompt us to suggest a possible causal role of varicocele in the impairment of spermatogenesis in our patients. Furthermore, although a genetic co-influence (i.e. Yq microdeletions) does not seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of infertility in men with varicocele and mild to moderate oligozoospermia, genetic screening seems to be advisable, especially in those patients who present a severe impairment of sperm count, as has been suggested by recent literature data.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Sperm parameters in men with suspected infertility. Sperm characteristics, strict criteria sperm morphology analysis and hypoosmotic swelling test.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of sperm abnormalities in a population of suspected infertile men presenting for the initial investigation of male factor infertility. STUDY DESIGN: Results obtained in the analysis of sperm viability, motility, conventional morphology (including 12 sperm anomalies), strict criteria sperm morphology analysis (SCSMA) and hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) were compared in oligozoospermic (< 5.0, 5.1-10.0 and 10.1-20.0 x 10(6)/mL), normozoospermic (20.1-40.0, 40.1-100.0 and 100.1-250.0 x 10(6)/mL) and polyzoospermic (> 250.0 x 10(6)/mL) semen samples from 233 suspected infertile men. RESULTS: Percentage of sperm viability, category a and categories a plus b of sperm motility, oval-headed sperm, and normal-headed sperm according to SCSMA and HOST had a direct relationship with sperm counts (P < .001). Percentage of amorphous heads, pinheads, tapering and combined defects showed an inverse relationship with sperm counts (P < .001), whereas the percentage of large-headed sperm was highest in semen with > 40.0 x 10(6)/mL (P = .003) and of neck/midpiece defects was lowest in semen with < 10.0 x 10(6)/mL (P = .03). No significant differences were found in the percentage of small heads, double heads, round heads, partially elongated heads, cytoplasmic droplet and tail defects. Based on the cutoff points established previously for the sperm characteristics analyzed, normal values were found in semen with > 250.0 x 10(6)/mL (viability and motility), > 100.0 x 10(6)/mL (conventional morphology) and > 40.0 x 10(6)/mL (SCSMA and HOST). CONCLUSION: The incidence of defective spermatozoa is lowest in semen with the highest sperm count. However, sperm abnormalities that affect male fertility may be detected at any level of sperm density. The data indicate that an increase in any sperm abnormality should be regarded as a possible cause of decreased fertility.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Defining regions of the Y-chromosome responsible for male infertility and identification of a fourth AZF region (AZFd) by Y-chromosome microdeletion detection.

Cytogenetic and molecular deletion analyses of azoospermic and oligozoospermic males have suggested the existence of AZoospermia Factor(s) (AZF) residing in deletion intervals 5 and 6 of the human Y-chromosome and coinciding with three functional regions associated with spermatogenic failure. Nonpolymorphic microdeletions in AZF are associated with a broad spectrum of testicular phenotypes. Unfortunately, Sequence Tagged Sites (STSs) employed in screening protocols range broadly in number and mapsite and may be polymorphic. To thoroughly analyze the AZF region(s) and any correlations that may be drawn between genotype and phenotype, we describe the design of nine multiplex PCR reactions derived from analysis of 136 loci. Each multiplex contains 4-8 STS primer pairs, amplifying a total of 48 Y-linked STSs. Each multiplex consists of one positive control: either SMCX or MIC2. We screened four populations of males with these STSs. Population I consisted of 278 patients diagnosed as having significant male factor infertility: either azoospermia, severe oligozoospermia associated with hypogonadism and spermatogenic arrest or normal sperm counts associated with abnormal sperm morphology. Population II consisted of 200 unselected infertile patients. Population III consisted of 36 patients who had previously been shown to have aneuploidy, cytological deletions or translocations involving the Y-chromosome or normal karyotypes associated with severe phenotype abnormalities. Population IV consisted of 920 fertile (control) males. The deletion rates in populations I, II and III were 20.5%, 7% and 58.3%, respectively. A total of 92 patients with deletions were detected. The deletion rate in population IV was 0.87% involving 8 fertile individuals and 4 STSs which were avoided in multiplex panel construction. The ability of the nine multiplexes to detect pathology associated microdeletions is equal to or greater than screening protocols used in other studies. Furthermore, the data suggest a fourth AZF region between AZFb and AZFc, which we have termed AZFd. Patients with microdeletions restricted to AZFd may present with mild oligozoospermia or even normal sperm counts associated with abnormal sperm morphology. Though a definitive genotype/phenotype correlation does not exist, large deletions spanning multiple AZF regions or microdeletions restricted to AZFa usually result in patients with Sertoli Cell Only (SCO) or severe oligozoospermia, whereas microdeletions restricted to AZFb or AZFc can result in patients with phenotypes which range from SCO to moderate oligozoospermia. The panel of nine multiplexed reactions, the Y-deletion Detection System (YDDS), provides a fast, efficient and accurate method of assessing the integrity of the Y-chromosome. To date, this study provides the most extensive screening of a proven fertile male population in tandem with 514 infertile males, derived from three different patient selection protocols.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Variants in Deleted in AZoospermia-Like (DAZL) are correlated with reproductive parameters in men and women.

Qualitative and quantitative defects in human germ cell production that result in infertility are common and determined at least in part by genetic factors [Matzuk and Lamb, Nat Cell Biol 4(Suppl):s41-s49, 2002]. Yet, very few genes that are associated with germ cell defects in humans have been identified. In this study, we examined whether variants of the Deleted in AZoospermia-Like (DAZL) gene are associated with measures of germ cell production in three distinct populations of men and women. We identified 95 sequence variants in DAZL and further analyzed twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were present across ethnicities. We found that seven of the twelve SNPs were associated with at least one of the parameters studied (age at premature ovarian failure or menopause, total sperm count, or total motile sperm count). Surprisingly, many alleles exhibited opposing effects in men and women, which may be a result of different genetic requirements in male and female germ cells. Single SNP and haplotype analysis suggested that SNPs in the DAZL gene may act jointly to affect common reproductive characteristics in the human population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Relationship of varicocele to sperm output and fertility of male partners in infertile couples.

Both partners of 455 infertile couples seen consecutively were evaluated. When indicated the female partners were treated. Six semen specimens from each male subject were analyzed. A varicocele was diagnosed in 23.7 per cent of the men. More than 60 per cent of the men with a varicocele had sperm counts less than 40 million per ml., while 67 per cent without a varicocele had sperm counts more than 40 million per ml. The mean and total sperm counts of men with a varicocele were significantly lower than those without a varicocele. However, the pregnancy rates were not significantly different. The pregnancy rate was 46 per cent in couples whose male partners underwent a varicocelectomy, not significantly different from the pregnancy rate achieved in couples when the varicoceles were not corrected surgically (51 per cent). Varicocelectomy resulted in improvement in sperm count only when preoperative counts were more than 10 million per ml. Pregnancy rates for couples in which a varicocelectomy did or did not result in improvement in sperm count or motility were identical (45.1 and 45.5 per cent, respectively). These findings suggest that in male partners of infertile couples the presence of a varicocele is associated with compromised semen quality but not with diminished fertility when the female partners are treated. This observation emphasizes the importance of considering infertility as a problem of a couple, rather than a specific disorder of one of the partners.

Cell Count↗
PubMed1984

Spermatotoxicity associated with acute and subchronic ethoxyethanol treatment.

Investigations of the male reproductive toxicity of ethoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monoethyl ether) have been restricted exclusively to histopathological assessments of the testes. The present study consisted of two experiments designed to document the spermatotoxicity of ethoxyethanol (EE) as reflected in evaluations of ejaculated rat semen. The basic strategy involved the evaluation of individual ejaculates recovered from the genital tract of a female rat prior to exposure of the males to EE. Repeated assessments of the ejaculate were made during the experimental phase according to specified protocols. Adult Long-Evans hooded male rats received 0, 936, 1872 or 2808 mg/kg (PO) of EE for five consecutive days. Semen evaluations were then conducted at weeks 0, 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 after exposure. Males in the highest two dose groups showed declines in sperm counts by week 4 and were essentially azoospermic by week 7. At this time, males receiving the lowest dose of EE also exhibited decreases in ejaculated sperm counts. An increase in abnormal sperm shapes was also observed. Over the ensuing weeks all males exhibited varying degrees of recovery as reflected by increasing ejaculated sperm counts. In a second experiment, males were treated with 0 or 936 mg/kg of EE daily (5 days/week) for 6 weeks with semen evaluations conducted weekly. By week 5, sperm counts were significantly depressed and there was an increase in the number of abnormal shapes. Sperm motility was depressed by week 6. The temporal trends seen in these experiments suggested a differential sensitivity of the spermatocyte stage to EE toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Male reproductive effect of arsenic in mice.

Arsenic, a known human carcinogen, was given to mice via drinking water as sodium arsenite at a dose 53.39, 133.47, 266.95 and 533.90 micromol 1 for 35 days. A decrease in the activity of 17 beta HSD along with increase in LDH, gammaGT activity were observed at 533.90 micromol l. The observed sperm count, motility and morphological abnormalities in sperm were similar to control at lower dose levels. However at 533.90 micromol l a significant decrease in sperm count and motility along with increase in abnormal sperm were noticed. Significant accumulation of arsenic in testes and accessory sex organs may be attributed to the arsenic binding to the tissues or greater cellular uptake. No effects were observed on indices studied for reproductive effects at 53.39 micromol l arsenic close to which human being are exposed through drinking water under the present set of experimental conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of metronidazole on fertility and testicular function in male rats.

The reproductive toxicology of metronidazole was studied in rats. Male Charles River Crl:CD(SD)BR rats (10/group) were treated with metronidazole as a dietary admixture at doses of 0 (control), 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. The reversibility of effects after a 3 1/2-month recovery period was determined in separate groups of 10 control and 10 rats treated with 400 mg/kg/day of metronidazole. After 2 and 4 weeks of metronidazole treatment, mating performance and fertility in treated and control animals were comparable. After 6 weeks of treatment, all high-dose rats were infertile; however, fertility in low- and middose rats was not affected. High-dose male rats killed after 8 weeks of treatment showed markedly decreased testicular and epididymal weights, and markedly decreased testicular spermatid counts and epididymal sperm counts. Most of the few epididymal sperm present in high-dose rats were viable, but morphologically abnormal. Histologically, severe degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium was observed in the testes of high-dose rats; the tubules were generally devoid of primary or secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. Rats treated with the low and middle doses of metronidazole exhibited normal testicular and epididymal weights, and normal testicular spermatid counts and epididymal sperm reserves. Epididymal sperm viability and morphology of treated and control animals were comparable. Minimal histologic changes were observed in the testes of middose rats, including degenerative fragmentation of spermatozoa and spermatids. In high-dose recovery rats, fertility was restored in most rats by 8 weeks after the cessation of treatment; however, the testicular and epididymal weights and sperm counts of rats killed after 3 1/2 months of recovery had increased but were still significantly decreased in treated rats as compared with controls. Histologically, spermatogenesis was observed in most tubules; however, a portion of atrophic tubules persisted. It is concluded that high doses of metronidazole produce infertility in the male rat through inhibition of spermatogenesis as early as the stage of the primary spermatocyte. This effect is partially reversible.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Seasonal changes in human sperm chromatin condensation.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate possible seasonal changes in human sperm parameters, especially chromatin condensation. METHOD: In a first run, 3155 patients attending the andrological outpatient clinic at the Centre of Dermatology and Andrology at Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany, from January 1992 to October 1995 were examined for sperm count, motility, vitality, and chromatin condensation. RESULTS: The respective results were correlated according to season. Significant seasonal changes were observed in chromatin condensation and sperm count, with mean maximum values (for chromatin condensation and sperm count) of 86.24% aniline blue-negative spermatozoa in January and 68.75 x 10(6) mL-1 in April. To confirm the observation of seasonal changes in sperm chromatin condensation in Germany on the Southern Hemisphere, 179 patients attending the Reproductive Biology Unit at Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa, were examined by means of the aniline blue stain from April 1999 to April 2000. For chromatin condensation, a significant seasonal change shifted by 4-5 months was observed on the Southern Hemisphere. However, no seasonal variations could be found for the sperm count. CONCLUSIONS: Our results clearly demonstrate seasonal changes in sperm count and chromatin condensation. In contrast, no circannual relation was observed for motility and vitality.

Chromatin↗
PubMed1986

Seven-year follow-up of workers exposed to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane.

A follow-up report was done of workers exposed to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) 7 years after termination of exposure. A 1977 study of male pesticide workers exposed to DBCP in a California agricultural chemical plant identified many who were azoospermic or oligospermic. Sperm concentration and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in 44 of these workers were reassessed 5 to 8 years after exposure was terminated in 1977. Two of the eight originally azoospermic workers produced sperm during the follow-up, although only one had normal sperm counts. No increase in sperm production could be detected in men who had low sperm counts in 1977, and elevated serum FSH levels did not drop in oligospermic or azoospermic men. These results suggest that permanent destruction of germinal epithelium occurs in most DBCP-sterile persons.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone↗
PubMed1988

Seminal analysis after orchiectomy in stage I teratoma.

Seminal analysis was performed within 2 months of orchiectomy on 97 patients with clinical Stage I malignant testicular teratoma managed by surveillance following orchiectomy. Relapse of malignant disease occurred in 28% of 47 patients with a sperm count less than 10 X 10(6)/ml and in 32% of 50 patients with a sperm count greater than or equal to 10 X 10(6)/ml. Of 11 patients with azoospermia, 4 relapsed and 1 developed contralateral testicular germ cell tumour. Of 35 patients with malignant teratoma undifferentiated the relapse rate was 68% in 16 patients with a sperm count less than 10 X 10(6)/ml and 42% in 19 patients with a sperm count greater than or equal to 10 X 10(6)/ml. It was concluded that sperm count analysis is non-contributory in estimating the risk of relapse in clinical Stage I teratoma.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Semen quality changes among 2343 healthy Slovenian men included in an IVF-ET programme from 1983 to 1996.

To determine whether semen quality in Slovenians has changed over 14 years (1983-96), we analysed retrospectively the semen of 2343 healthy men with a normal spermiogram, who were partners of women with tubal infertility included in the IVF-ET programme. Age at semen collection, duration of sexual abstinence, semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motility, and normal morphology were determined. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the changes in sperm characteristics according to the year of semen collection, year of the man's birth and the duration of sexual abstinence. Semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm count and total sperm motility did not change between 1983 and 1996, whereas between 1988 and 1996 rapid progressive sperm motility decreased by 0.95% per year (p < 0.0001). Semen volume, sperm concentration, and sperm count increased with duration of sexual abstinence. After adjustment for the year of semen collection and duration of sexual abstinence, multiple regression analysis showed that sperm concentration decreased by 0.67% per each successive year of birth (p = 0.03). Thus the sperm concentration decreased from 87.6 x 10(6)/mL in men born in the 1940s to 77.3 x 10(6)/mL in those born between 1956 and 1960. After 1960, sperm concentration was found to increase. In 2343 healthy men, no decline in semen quality, except in rapid progressive motility, was observed in the study period. Lower sperm concentration was found among men born between 1950 and 1960. This could be related to worse socio-economic status, stress or negative environmental factors in this time period.

Adult↗