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Results for “Social Behavior Disorders”

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PubMed1977

Anthropology and affect: a consideration of the idiosyncratic dimension of human behaviour.

In this paper a theoretical perspective is presented in which affect occupies a central position and behaviour is viewed in terms of different degrees of affective expression. Such behaviour is conceptualized in terms of three models: a structural model, a rational model and a psychological model. While the first two models are frequently encountered in the literature, the psychological model has not received explicit formulation, although, as shown here, it is crucial in understanding certain forms of idiosyncratic behaviour that have political and social relevance.

Affect↗
PubMed1993

The social misperception syndrome in children with learning disabilities: social causes versus neurological variables.

Family shortcomings or other intrinsic psychological deficits are frequently viewed as contributing factors to the social misperceptiveness frequently seen in children with learning disabilities. This article attempts to synthesize research defining the social problems of some children with learning disabilities. Particularly emphasized is the role of communication skills deficits. Breakthroughs in neurophysiology negate, to a large extent, traditional emphases on family dysfunction, school failure, or personality distrubances as primary causes of the social problems of some children with LD. Advances in vision and language research allow departure from the social paradigm of the "misperceptive syndrome" to consider constitutionally based hypotheses of neural dysfunction. Neural aberrations are viewed as triggering deficient language processing, which in turn may lead to unsatisfactory social interactions. Several correlates and characteristics of family, school, and environmental systems are discussed in the context of their impact on personality development and on changes in the life adjustments of both children and adults with learning disabilities.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1989

Adults with Prader-Willi syndrome: abnormalities of sleep and behaviour.

A survey of 32 adult females and 31 adult males with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) shows that sleep disorders (including excessive day and night time sleep) and behavioural abnormalities, (temper tantrums and deliberate picking of sores) are common. These abnormalities are not related to the degree of obesity or to each other. Speech disorders also occur. Intelligence quotients are often within the normal range.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A systematic analysis of the influence of prior social context on aggression and self-injury within analogue analysis assessments.

Experimental analogue analyses are sometimes used to identify the operant function of aberrant behavior for individuals with developmental disabilities. These methods are proposed to be superior to other assessment techniques because they systematically control for the presence and absence of hypothesized maintaining contingencies within the analogue analysis. Analogue analyses are usually performed over a brief period of time with little reference to the broader social context within which they are conducted. Social interactions that a person experiences prior to an analogue analysis assessment might influence performance within the assessment. The authors examined the influence of prior social conditions on levels of aberrant behavior under analogue assessments with two individuals with severe developmental disabilities. Results indicated that prior social conditions significantly influenced analogue analysis results in idiosyncratic ways for both. These findings are discussed in terms of the need to examine broad contextual influences when conducting functional analyses of aberrant behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Understanding predisposition to schizophrenia: toward intervention and prevention.

OBJECTIVE: Early intervention to prevent schizophrenia is one of the most important goals of schizophrenia research. However, the field is not yet ready to initiate trials to prevent prodromal or psychotic symptoms in people who are at risk for developing the disorder. In this paper, we consider some of the major obstacles that must be studied before prevention strategies become feasible. METHOD AND RESULTS: One of the most important hurdles is the identification of a syndrome or set of traits that reflects a predisposition to schizophrenia and that might provide potential targets for intervention. In a recent reformulation of Paul Meehl's concept of schizotaxia, we integrate research findings obtained over the last 4 decades to propose a syndrome with meaningful clinical manifestations. We review the conceptualization of this syndrome and consider its multidimensional clinical expression. We then describe preliminary research diagnostic criteria for use in adult, nonpsychotic, first-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, based on negative symptoms and neuropsychological deficits. We follow this with evidence supporting the validity of the proposed syndrome, which mainly includes social dysfunction and response to a low dosage of one of the newer antipsychotic medications. CONCLUSIONS: Continued progress toward the eventual initiation of prevention strategies for schizophrenia will include sustained efforts to validate the traits reflecting a predisposition to develop the disorder (for example, schizotaxia), follow-up studies to confirm initial findings, and the identification of potentially useful preventive interventions.

Brain↗
PubMed1990

The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS): the young adult periods.

This paper focuses on the findings and analyses, both qualitative and quantitative, of the young adult periods; early adult life (EAL) or ages 18 to 24, and young adult life (YAL) or ages 25 to 30. A summary is given of the sample and methods used in the study. Complexities of the life paths of the 133 subjects are traced, and the adolescent findings are discussed. In this middle class sample, the YAL period was found qualitatively to demand greater resolution of goals, life patterns and self-sufficiency than earlier periods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence: results of a public opinion survey: I. Definitions of domestic violence, criminal domestic violence, and prevalence.

This study reports analyses and findings from a public opinion survey designed to explore beliefs about domestic violence (DV)-what it is, when it is against the law, and how prevalent it is. The project interviewed 1,200 residents from six New York communities. The analyses reveal substantial firsthand and secondhand experience with DV and strong consensus that acts of physical aggression should be labeled as DV, but substantially less certainty about the illegality of the abusive behaviors. Overall, the respondents were less inclined to define women's aggressive behavior in pejorative or unlawful terms than men's. Respondents believed that DV was common in their communities, and that it affected a significant minority of couples. Multivariate analyses provide little support for conventional wisdom about the impact of socioeconomic background on tolerance for or knowledge about DV, although gender, generation, and secondhand familiarity with DV incidents play a role in opinions and beliefs.

Adult↗