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PubMed2003

Smallpox vaccine adverse events among civilians--United States, March 4-10, 2003.

During the civilian smallpox vaccination program, CDC, the Food and Drug Administration, and state health departments are conducting surveillance for vaccine-associated adverse events. In the first stage of the program, active surveillance is being conducted for potentially life-threatening, moderate-to-severe, and other serious adverse events and for vaccinia transmission to contacts of vaccinees (Table). Nonserious events are reported through passive surveillance and are expected to be underreported. This report summarizes smallpox vaccine adverse events reported among civilians vaccinated as of March 7, 2003, and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of March 10.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Smallpox vaccination in Siena during the Napoleonic era].

Smallpox vaccination encountered several obstacles to its widespread adoption in the years following its discovery by Jenner in 1798 due to practical problems (vaccine availability) and weak support from health authorities. In the present paper the author describes the problems related to smallpox vaccination in the Siena area and how such problems were overcome. Vaccination was first practised in this region at the beginning of the 19th century thanks to Elisa Bonaparte's efforts and support, who set a fine example by vaccinating her own children personally.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2003

Update: Adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24-April 13, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 32,644 civilian health-care and public health workers in 54 jurisdictions as part of an effort to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on all vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the vaccination program and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of April 13.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2003

Update: Adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24-April 18, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 33,444 civilian health-care and public health workers in 54 jurisdictions to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the program and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of April 18.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2003

Update: adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24-May 9, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 36,217 civilian health-care and public health workers in 55 jurisdictions to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the program and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of May 9.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Update: adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24--May 2, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 35,903 civilian health-care and public health workers in 55 jurisdictions to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the program and among contacts of vaccinees received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of May 2.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Update: adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24-April 25, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 34,541 civilian health-care and public health workers in 54 jurisdictions to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the program and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of April 25.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Update: adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24-August 8, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 38,257 civilian health-care and public health workers in 55 jurisdictions to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the program and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) as of August 8.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1961

The use of vaccinia hyperimmune gamma-globulin in the prophylaxis of smallpox.

This paper records an attempt to assess the prophylactic value of immune gamma-globulin, prepared from the serum of recently vaccinated adults, in the protection of close contacts of smallpox in Madras. The results serve to confirm findings of a previous study made in Madras in 1953, and show that the incidence of smallpox in close contacts given immune gamma-globulin prophylactically was about a quarter of that in the control contacts who received no such passive immunization-a statistically significant difference. Because of the limited supply of immune gamma-globulin, it is likely that its prophylactic use will be restricted to those especially at risk, for example, close unvaccinated family contacts, newborn infants and pregnant women.

Adult↗
PubMed1961

Air sampling to recover variola virus in the environment of a smallpox hospital.

The view is widely held that variola is highly infectious, and it was therefore thought of interest to obtain precise information on the amount of virus disseminated in the air by smallpox patients at various stages of their illness. To this end, measured samples of air in and around the smallpox wards of the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Madras, were tested for the presence of variola virus. Surprisingly, virus was recovered on one occasion only by the air sampling device used. All other tests were negative although large volumes of air were sampled in close proximity to patients at various stages of the disease. The authors consider that further observations should be made with more sensitive air sampling methods.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2004

Update: adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination--United States, 2003.

During January 24-December 31, 2003, smallpox vaccine was administered to 39,213 civilian health-care and public health workers in 55 jurisdictions to prepare the United States for a possible terrorist attack using smallpox virus. This report updates information on vaccine-associated adverse events among civilians vaccinated since the beginning of the program and among contacts of vaccinees, received by CDC from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) during August 9-December 31.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2004

[First attempts at smallpox engrafting (variolation) in the18th-century in Bologna].

In Bologna in the mid 18th century some brilliant doctors were among the first in Italy to carry out smallpox engrafting (variolation), obtaining interesting results. Academics and Scientific Establishment censured the activities of these experimenters, such that one of them had to continue his work in Padova, where he went to teach and continued the practice of variolation. However, Bologna's Curia pronounced a positive theological judgement on such experiments. Forty years later, in 1801, Bologna's Senate called upon Luigi Sacco to organize campaigns to vaccinate and thereby smallpox infection. Bologna had been scourged by a new epidemic that year. What happened in Bologna during the 18th century regarding scientific research reflected the demographic, economic and political situation that the city was experiencing. This trend was to come to an end only with the unification of Italy.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2005

[Reorientation of German tropical medicine--research on smallpox vaccine in post-war Germany].

The German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) supported a reorientation of research in tropical medicine after the Second World War, in the direction of virus research, by financing relevant research projects and the establishment of entire departments, or by guaranteeing the subsistence of institutes. During the post-war period research was focussed on the smallpox vaccine, especially because severe vaccine-induced side effects, such as post-vaccination encephalitis, attracted attention. Research on smallpox vaccination thus formed the backbone of German tropical medical research and its institutional basis, with the DFG providing the financial basis.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2006

Smallpox--inappropriate vaccination site.

This case reviews the current literature concerning smallpox and the smallpox vaccination program. Site placement of the vaccine had the unexpected effect of grounding an airman for an extended period of time.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Serologic investigation of HBV in 302 patients who had a history of smallpox].

This paper provides serologic investigation of HBV in 302 persons who had a history of smallpox in Zhumadian County. The results showed that the HBsAg positivity rate (1.3%) was significantly lower than those of the control group 1 (8.3%) and 2 (8.6%) (P less than 0.001). The HBsAg positivity rate between the two control groups had no significant difference (P greater than 0.05). The HBV infection rate (19.2%) was also lower than those of control group 1 (47.7%) and 2 (51.3%) (P less than 0.001). There was not much difference between the two control groups. The determination of cellular immunity showed that the rosette positivity rate (75.93%) and lymphocyte conversion rate (70.39%) of the patients' group were higher than those of control group 1 (62.3% and 52.9%) and 2 (60.93% and 55.3%). It may suggested that patients having had smallpox might have enhanced cellular immunity which might interfere with HBV infection.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of the monkey pox virus for evaluating the intensity of the immunity against smallpox in experiments on M. rhesus].

Monkeypox virus causing in M, rhesus upon aerogenic infection a disease similar to human varioloid was used to evaluate the intensity of immunity against smallpox in immunized M. rhesus monkeys. Postvaccination immunity was solid in all the animals vaccinated intradermally or orally. In 2 out of 14 monkeys immunized orally, however, the immunity was partially overcome. Neutralizing antibody titers in these two monkeys were 1:5 and 1:25, respectively. This agreed with the observations made in Pakistan indicating the possibility that some humans having serum neutralizing antibody titers up to 1:32 could contract smallpox and develop the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[The role of aviation in the epidemiology of smallpox].

The structure and features of the smallpox virus are described and an account is given of the clinical picture of the disease. Tables and graphs are cited to illustrate the progress of the WHO's eradication campaign over the last 10 years. In dealing with part played by the aeroplane in the epidemiology of smallpox, attention is given to the high diffusion potential of the disease owing to increased air travel and the confluence of multi-ethnic and multi-national groups in airports. Prevention should thus be concentrated on airports as opposed to the rest of the country, and both aircrews and ground staff should be vaccinated. Stress indeed is laid on the need for vaccination and the search for further means of preventing its complications.

Aircraft↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The immunogenic capacity of soluble "vaccinia" antigen (fractionated smallpox vaccine) administered simultaneously with inactivated typhoid vaccine and with purified and concentrated tetanus anatoxin].

In this study we have investigated the immune humoral response in the associated vaccination with smallpox, tetanus and typhoid fractionated vaccine (trivaccine) administered in two series at 1 month interval, by dermojet, in a group of young people of 18-20 years old. The results were comparatively estimated with those obtained in two groups of young people of the same age (control group), separately immunized with two components of the tri-vaccine: fractionated smallpox vaccine and tetanus toxoid, following-up the humoral response to the two vaccine components. It was find that, at the end of the surveillance period, similar results were obtained for the testing group and control group, the antibody titers (in geometric mean) presenting very close values: 1/1,140,463 for the testing group, and 1/1,053,583 for the control group against vaccinia component, and 1/1,86,880,586 for the testing group and 1/79,900,431 for the control group, against the tetanus component. The results obtained entitle us to propose this vaccination scheme for the vaccination practice.

Adolescent↗