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PubMed1981

Evaluation of lyophilized heparin syringes for the collection of arterial blood for acid base analysis.

The effects of liquid heparin on the analysis of acid/base status of arterial blood include a reduction in PCO2 and an increase in PO2. A study was performed to compare a lyophilised heparin syringe with a liquid heparin glass syringe for collection of blood for acid/base analysis. No significant difference between the variables measured in blood taken in the two syringes was demonstrated.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1982

Cytosine arabinoside stability in intravenous admixtures with sodium bicarbonate and in plastic syringes.

The increased use of high-dose cytarabine in the treatment of neoplasms prompted this study on the reconstituted stability of cytarabine in intravenous admixtures with sodium bicarbonate and in plastic syringes. The study of the effect of sodium bicarbonate was prompted by the frequent use of this agent in patients being treated with cytarabine as a means of achieving systemic alkalinization in order to manage hyperuricemia. The stability of reconstituted cytarabine in plastic syringes was measured to determine whether cytosine arabinoside could be reconstituted and stored prior to use. The results of this study indicate that sodium bicarbonate 50 mEq/L in the intravenous solution containing cytarabine has no effect on the chemical stability of cytarabine for at least one week at room temperature or in the refrigerator. Consequently sodium bicarbonate and cytarabine can be coadministered in one intravenous solution. The reconstituted stability of cytarabine at 20 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml is not affected by storage in plastic syringes.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1987

Compatibility and stability of clindamycin phosphate-aminoglycoside combinations within polypropylene syringes.

The stability and compatibility of clindamycin phosphate admixed separately with gentamicin sulfate, tobramycin sulfate, and amikacin sulfate in polypropylene syringes under specific storage conditions were studied. In duplicate syringes, clindamycin phosphate 900 mg was admixed with sterile NaCl 0.9% l ml and with either gentamicin sulfate 120 mg, tobramycin sulfate 120 mg, or amikacin sulfate 750 mg. In duplicate polypropylene syringes, control solutions of clindamycin phosphate and each aminoglycoside were prepared separately and stored under the same conditions. The clindamycin control consisted of clindamycin phosphate 900 mg in 6 ml. The gentamicin and tobramycin controls consisted of gentamicin sulfate and tobramycin sulfate 120 mg in 3 ml plus 1 ml of sterile NaCl 0.9%. The amikacin control consisted of amikacin sulfate 750 mg in 3 ml plus 1 ml of sterile NaCl 0.9%. Drug concentrations were determined at the time of preparation and 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours thereafter. Aminoglycosides were assayed by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and clindamycin was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. Visual inspections and pH determinations of each combination and control solution were performed at each assay time. For the clindamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin control solutions, changes in concentration were within ten percent of the original concentration. Concentrations of clindamycin and gentamicin when admixed together also remained within ten percent of the original concentration. Similar results were found with concentrations of clindamycin and amikacin when admixed together. Tobramycin and clindamycin formed a lasting precipitate upon initial contact when admixed under the study conditions.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1988

Flow rate variability from selected syringe and mobile infusion pumps.

Alterations in response to pharmacological agents have been attributed to flow rate variation produced by intravenous infusion devices during drug delivery. A wide range of variation has been shown to occur with large-volume infusion devices. The intent of this investigation was to examine flow variation resulting from the use of selected small-volume syringe and mobile infusion devices and determine whether these devices have greater flow continuity than large-volume infusion pumps. Each syringe and mobile infusion device delivered iv fluid at three flow rates (1, 5, and 10 ml/h). The effusate was collected in a tared beaker and serial weights were measured every ten seconds using a computerized, gravimetric technique. Accuracy, continuity, and pattern of flow were determined for each of the syringe and mobile infusion devices. All of the devices produced accurate flow, within +/- 10 percent of the desired 5 and 10 ml/h rates. However, the actual iv flow rate ranged from 53 to 93 percent for the 1 ml/h rate. Continuity and pattern of flow resulting from each device were diverse. When compared with large-volume, microrate infusion devices, no significant differences could be observed. Therefore, no clear advantage to delivering drug solutions on a continuous basis can be expected from the use of small-volume devices. Specific infusion devices may be preferable for certain clinical applications; flow continuity data may be valuable when selecting an infusion device.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1997

Stability of fosphenytoin sodium with intravenous solutions in glass bottles, polyvinyl chloride bags, and polypropylene syringes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the stability of fosphenytoin sodium admixtures with NaCl 0.9% injection and dextrose 5% (D5W) injection when stored in glass or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers, to evaluate the compatibility of fosphenytoin with 11 other intravenous solutions, and to determine the stability of fosphenytoin repackaged in polypropylene syringes. METHODS: Dilutions of fosphenytoin sodium 1, 8, and 20 mg phenytoin sodium equivalents (PE)/mL were prepared in NaCl 0.9%, D5W, and 11 other intravenous fluids. Aliquots of each solution in NaCL 0.9% or D5W were transferred to three glass bottles for storage at 25 degrees C and 21 PVC bags for storage at 25, 4, or -20 degrees C. Aliquots of each admixture with the other intravenous fluids were transferred to three PVC bags and stored at 25 degrees C for 7 days. In addition, 63 syringes were filled with fosphenytoin sodium 50 mg PE/mL (undiluted) and stored at 25, 4, or -20 degrees C. Samples of each solution from the three containers were analyzed for visual compatibility, pH, and fosphenytoin concentration initially and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days during storage at 25 and 4 degrees C and at 1, 7, 14, and 30 days during storage at -20 degrees C. Following removal of containers from the freezer, additional samples were obtained after 7 days at 4 or 25 degrees C, and 7 days at 25 degrees C, and then 7 days at -20 degrees C. RESULTS: No visible precipitation or change in color or clarity was observed in any of the fosphenytoin solutions during the study. The concentration of fosphenytoin at each sampling time remained within 97-104% of initial concentration, regardless of container, concentration, intravenous admixture, or storage temperature. CONCLUSIONS: Fosphenytoin sodium, either undiluted in polypropylene syringes or diluted with NaCl 0.9% or D5W in PVC bags, remains stable for at least 30 days at room temperature, under refrigeration, or frozen. After removal from the freezer, fosphenytoin can be thawed, kept at 4 or 25 degrees C for 7 days, and then returned to the freezer for another 7 days. Admixtures of fosphenytoin sodium in various other intravenous fluids are stable for at least 7 days at room temperature.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Mixed protocols: multiple ratios of FSH and LH bioactivity using highly purified, human-derived FSH (BRAVELLE) and highly purified hMG (MENOPUR) are unaltered by mixing together in the same syringe.

BACKGROUND: The use of mixed or blended protocols, that utilize both FSH and hMG, for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is increasing in use. To reduce the number of injections a patient must administer, many physicians instruct their patients to mix their FSH and hMG together to be given as a single injection. Therefore, the goal of this study was to definitively determine if the FSH and LH bioactivities of highly purified, human-derived FSH (Bravelle) and highly purified hMG (Menopur) were altered by reconstituting in 0.9% saline and mixing in the same syringe. METHODS: Bravelle and Menopur were reconstituted in 0.9% saline and mixed in a Becton Dickinson plastic syringe. The FSH and LH bioactivities of the products were determined after injecting female and male rats, respectively, with Bravelle, Menopur, or a mixture of Bravelle and Menopur. Ratios of FSH:LH activity tested were 150:75 IU (1 vial Bravelle: 1 vial Menopur), 300:75 IU (3 vials Bravelle: 1 vial Menopur) or 300:225 IU (1 vial Bravelle: 3 vials of Menopur). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant changes in either FSH or LH bioactivity that occurred after mixing Bravelle with Menopur in the same syringe. The theoretical vs. actual FSH bioactivity for Bravelle and Menopur were 75 vs. 76.58 IU/mL and 75 vs. 76.0 IU/mL, respectively. For the 3 ratios of FSH:LH activity tested, 150:75 IU (1 vial Bravelle: 1 vial Menopur), 300:75 IU (3 vials Bravelle: 1 vial Menopur) or 300:225 IU (1 vial Bravelle: 3 vials of Menopur) tested, the theoretical vs. actual FSH bioactivities were 150 vs. 156.86 IU/mL, 300 vs. 308.69 IU/mL and 300 vs. 306.58 IU/mL, respectively. The theoretical vs. actual LH bioactivity for Menopur in the above mentioned ratios tested were 75 vs. 77.50 IU/mL. For the 3 ratios of FSH:LH activity tested, 150:75 IU (1 vial Bravelle: 1 vial Menopur), 300:75 IU (3 vials Bravelle: 1 vial Menopur) or 300:225 IU (1 vial Bravelle: 3 vials of Menopur), the theoretical vs. actual LH bioactivities were 75 vs. 78.38 IU/mL, 75 vs. 78.63 IU/mL and 225 vs. 233.48 IU/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION: Mixing human-derived FSH (Bravelle) with highly purified hMG (Menopur) in the same diluent, 0.9% NaCL, does not alter the FSH or LH bioactivity of either gonadotropin preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Physical and chemical stability of pemetrexed solutions in plastic syringes.

BACKGROUND: Pemetrexed is a multitargeted antifolate antineoplastic agent that is indicated for single-agent use in advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer and in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma not treatable by surgery. Currently, there is no information on the long-term stability of pemetrexed solutions beyond 24 hours. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability of pemetrexed reconstituted with NaCl 0.9% injection to a concentration of 25 mg/mL and packaged in polypropylene syringes. METHODS: Triplicate samples of reconstituted pemetrexed 25 mg/mL were packaged in 20-mL polypropylene syringes and evaluated for physical and chemical stability performed initially and over 2 days of storage at 23 degrees C and over 31 days of storage at 4 degrees C. Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement, as well as visual observation. Chemical stability was evaluated by HPLC. RESULTS: The reconstituted pemetrexed solutions remained physically and chemically stable throughout the respective study periods, with no precipitation or color change and little or no loss of pemetrexed. CONCLUSIONS: Pemetrexed reconstituted with NaCl 0.9% to a concentration of 25 mg/mL packaged in polypropylene syringes was found to be stable for 2 days at room temperature and 31 days refrigerated.

Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic↗
PubMed2002

Safety of pressure-volume curve measurement in acute lung injury and ARDS using a syringe technique.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety of frequent pressure-volume (PV) curve measurement in patients with acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Academic medical-surgical critical care unit. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients with ALI or ARDS. INTERVENTIONS: Static inspiratory PV curves of the respiratory system were determined twice on day 1, then once daily for up to 6 days using a syringe. At each time point, three separate measurements of the PV curve were made. A 100-mL graduated syringe was used to inflate patients' lungs with 50- to 100-mL increments up to an airway pressure of 45 cm H(2)O or a total volume of 2 L; each volume step was maintained for 2 to 3 s until a plateau airway pressure was recorded. Outcome measures were mean arterial BP, heart rate (HR), and oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO(2)) prior to and immediately after PV curve measurement. There were a priori criteria for procedure discontinuation if poorly tolerated. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Eleven patients were enrolled with a total of 134 PV curves generated. SpO(2) was 93 +/- 4% (mean +/- SD) before and fell to a nadir of 89 +/- 5% during PV curve measurement (p < 0.001), but increased to 97 +/- 4% immediately afterwards (p < 0.001, before vs after). HR rose from 106 +/- 22 to 108 +/- 22 beats/min immediately after the maneuver (p < 0.001). Mean arterial BP was 93 +/- 15 mm Hg before and 100 +/- 17 mm Hg immediately afterwards (p < 0.001). During PV curve measurement, systolic BP in one patient fell to 64 mm Hg from 113 mm Hg; in another patient, SpO(2) dropped to 79% from 89%. Both changes were transient. The study was discontinued in one patient because of inability to tolerate zero positive end-expiratory pressure; in another patient, the study was discontinued because of the development of subcutaneous emphysema. CONCLUSIONS: PV curve measurement by syringe technique is well tolerated in most patients. Nonetheless, the maneuver may cause significant changes in oxygenation and/or hemodynamics, necessitating close monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Stability of frozen methacholine solutions in unit-dose syringes for bronchoprovocation.

OBJECTIVE: Methacholine solutions < 0.25 mg/mL must be prepared fresh daily, while concentrations > or = 0.25 mg/mL must be prepared at 2-week intervals according to US Food and Drug Administration-required labeling. The purpose of this report was to determine whether freezing methacholine solutions in unit-dose syringes would allow less frequent preparation. DESIGN: Diluent containing 0.5% sodium chloride, 0.275% sodium bicarbonate, and 0.4% phenol was used to prepare 11 concentrations of methacholine ranging from 0.031 to 32.0 mg/mL. Three milliliters of each dilution was placed into 5-mL polypropylene syringes and immediately frozen. Methacholine concentrations were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay after preparation (time zero) and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months. On the day of analysis, the samples were allowed to thaw to room temperature. An additional set of each dilution was stored at room temperature for 24 h after thawing and then analyzed for methacholine. RESULTS: Samples > or = 0.062 mg/mL analyzed immediately after thawing retained > or = 90% of labeled potency for at least 6 months, while the 0.031-mg/mL sample retained 90% potency for 4 months. Most samples analyzed 24 h after thawing lost potency. CONCLUSION: If prepared and stored in unit-dose syringes frozen, methacholine solutions containing 0.062 to 32.0 mg/mL can be prepared at 6-month intervals, and solutions containing 0.031 mg/mL can be prepared at 4-month intervals. Once thawed, unused methacholine solutions should be discarded.

Bronchial Provocation Tests↗
PubMed1982

A portable volume/flow calibrating syringe.

Two samples of a manual 3 L calibrating syringe which displays an electronically calculated FEF25-75% were evaluated to determine its suitability as a flow calibrator were evaluated. Room air was discharged into a manual spirometer system known to be accurate. The calibrator-determined values correlated very closely with the spirometer values over an FEF25-75% range of 0.4 to 9 L/sec. The differences between calibrator and spirometer FEF25-75% values were small (mean +/- 1 percent, greatest 3.7 percent) and of little importance clinically. This portable, simple to operate calibrating syringe provides accurate FEF25-75% and volume values. By adding flow calibrating capability to a recommended standard volume calibrating syringe, it will facilitate the routine calibration of spirometers in the laboratory and in the field. Since it uses displaced air, it can be used at altitude and with flow measuring instruments without the correction required for calibrators using CO2 cartridges.

Calibration↗
PubMed1983

Clinical evaluation of periodontal ligament anesthesia using a pressure syringe.

Conventional local anesthesia techniques are frequently unsuccessful, particularly for endodontic procedures. Supplementary injections are often necessary; the periodontal ligament injection is useful for this purpose. This study examined the effectiveness of injecting into the periodontal ligament with a pistol-type pressure syringe as a supplemental technique in patients who did not have adequate anesthesia for endodontic therapy. Sixty patients received the supplemental injections and 20 patients were reinjected when the first PDL injection failed. Data were obtained by questionnaire. Percentages were computed and comparisons made by X2 analysis. The conclusions about attaining anesthesia included: --Needle size was not important; overall, 25- and 30-gauge needles were equivalent. --Injecting under strong back-pressure was important; the greatest frequency of success was attained when injecting under pressure. Lack of back-pressure on both mesial and distal surfaces resulted in a significantly lower incidence of anesthesia. Proper positioning of the needle and maintaining this position, to force the anesthetic deep into the periodontium, is apparently an effective way to generate the needed back-pressure. --Strong back-pressure could usually be attained on either or both surfaces. --Reinjection was frequently successful if the first periodontal ligament injection failed. --Overall frequency of success in attaining anesthesia with the pistol-type pressure syringe was 83%. This was determined by including the instances in which reinjection was necessary. --Comparing the results of this study with a previous similar study, the pressure syringe were equally effective for supplementary anesthesia.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed2001

[The use of disposable syringes in the administration of insulin at home].

This descriptive study aims at learning about the behavior of 113 people with diabetes mellitus assisted at a large hospital in relation to the utilization and re-utilization of disposable syringes for the administration of insulin at home. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. The obtained results showed that 98.2% used a disposable syringe for insulin application and only 5.3% actually disposed of it. Among these, 94.6% re-used the disposable syringe after application by means of various procedures. We believe that such practice is one of the facets in diabetes education and, in view of it, we point out the need for a scientifically-based review of DIMED's recommendation established by Decree no. 4/86.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1999

The role of syringe filters in harm reduction among injection drug users.

OBJECTIVES: Three filters were tested for in situ efficacy in reducing bacterial contamination associated with injection drug use. METHODS: In a self-matched control design with blinded laboratory testing, injection drug users were asked to use 3 filters in random succession when loading their syringes with drug solute. RESULTS: The 0.22-micron filter proved significantly better than both the cigarette filter (relative risk [RR] = 18.0) and the 20-micron filter (RR = 4.5) in rendering syringes bacteria-free. CONCLUSIONS: The 15- to 20-micron syringe filter currently provided injection drug users in Switzerland does not significantly reduce contamination associated with common bacterial infections among users. Filters with pore width 1/100th as large are recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Assessment of procedures and instruments for intracordal injection: evaluation of the syringe for periodontal ligament anesthesia (CITO JECT).

The intracordal injection technique was first introduced by Brünings in 1911. This technique has been accepted as vocal rehabilitation for dysphonia caused by deficiencies of glottal closure. Although various injection materials have been evaluated, the injection procedure itself has not been studied. In this study, we measured the mechanical force required to perform intracordal injection by using a certain amount of substance, when varying the needle size and syringe type. Although a large needle can reduce the mechanical force for injection, leakage from the pinhole can not be prevented. We modified this technique by introducing a CITO JECT, a syringe, which is used for the anesthesia of the periodontal ligament, to perform the collagen injection. With this technique, the mechanical force required for the injection can be reduced to 1/2 to 1/4 of the force by the conventional technique. We conclude that the introduction of this syringe enable us to use the needle with smaller diameter to facilitate the intracordal injection.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1979

A modified blow-gun syringe for remote injection of captive wildlife.

A modified syringe capable of automatic injection and suitable for use with a blow-gun is described. The syringe has been used successfully with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) under confined conditions. Desirable characteristics for blow-gun syringes are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A sodium bicarbonate-acid powered blow-gun syringe for remote injection of wildlife.

An automatic blow-gun syringe which uses carbon dioxide gas as the injecting force is described. Upon striking the animal, carbon dioxide gas is released by the chemical combination of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and acid (vinegar), within the blow-gun syringe. The syringe has been used successfully with captive collared peccaries (Dicotyles tajacu). It has the advantages of longer stability, dependable gas expansion, reduction of drug loss, and consistent drug injection.

Acetates↗
PubMed1994

Getting the most out of low-dose syringe prefilling of a high-cost biotechnology agent.

The recent increased usage of high-cost biotechnology agents has placed a tremendous impact on the hospital pharmacy budget. One approach in improving cost containment is to minimize waste during the preparation of these agents. This is particularly practical and possible in the process of low-dose syringe repackaging of Sargramostim (GM-CSF) used for the treatment of neutropenia. In search of ways to reduce waste, this study looked into the dos and don'ts of repackaging this agent in syringes. Decreased waste is very significant if GM-CSF is properly reconstituted with bacteriostatic water for injection and if a syringe equipped with a permanently attached needle is used. Another 10% of the solution from each vial could be saved if the solution is withdrawn with a technique involving the vial in a right-side-up position.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1979

Stability of penicillin V potassium in unit dose oral syringes.

The stability of reconstituted penicillin V potassium (PVK) when stored in 6-ml plastic oral syringes at various temperatures and protected from light was studied. One batch of PVK was reconstituted with distilled water according to manufacturer's directions (label claim: 125 mg/ml). Samples of 5 ml were stored in plastic oral syringes at 4 C, 25 C, 41 C, 60 C or 75 C and assayed spectrophotometrically and microbiogically at various times. From an initial concentration of 113% of label claim, PVK stored at 4 C (refrigerated) reached 90% of manufacturer's label claim in 11.5 days (95% confidence level). PVK stored at 25 C (room temperature) was unstable after storage for less than 37 hours. PVK degradation followed a first-order process. No significant difference was found between the spectrophotometric and microbiological assay (p less than 0.05). Manufacturer's stability data for storage of reconstituted PVK in the original bulk container should not be applied to PVK repackaged in plastic oral syringes. The pharmacy department developed guideliness designed to prevent the administration of subpotent PVK.

Drug Stability↗