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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Effect of crop rotation and soil cover on alteration of the soil microflora generated by the culture of transgenic plants producing opines.

The culture of transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants producing opines, which are bacterial growth substrates, leads to the selection of rhizospheric bacteria able to utilize these substrates. We have investigated the fate of the opine-utilizing community over time under different experimental conditions following elimination of selective pressure exerted by the transgenic plants. These plants were removed from the soil, which was either left unplanted or replanted with wild-type L. corniculatus or wheat plants. The density of opine-utilizing bacteria in the fallow soils remained essentially unchanged throughout the experiment, regardless of the soil of origin (soil planted with wild-type or transgenic plants). When wild-type Lotus plants were used to replace their transgenic counterparts, only the bacterial populations able to utilize the opines were affected. Long-term changes affecting the opine-utilizing bacterial community on Lotus roots was dependent upon the opine studied. The concentration of nopaline utilizers decreased, upon replacement of the transgenic plants, to a level similar to that of normal plants, while the concentration of mannopine utilizers decreased to levels intermediate between transgenic and normal plants. These data indicate that: (i) the opine-utilizing bacterial populations can be controlled in the rhizosphere via plant-exudate engineering; (ii) the interaction between the engineered plants and their root-associated micro-organisms is transgene specific; and (iii) alterations induced by the cultivation of transgenic plants may sometimes be persistent. Furthermore, opine-utilizing bacterial populations can be controlled by crop rotation. Therefore, favouring the growth of a rhizobacterium of agronomic interest via an opine-based strategy appears feasible.

Arginine↗
PubMed2000

Degradation of atrazine, metolachlor, and pendimethalin in pesticide-contaminated soils: effects of aged residues on soil respiration and plant survival.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of pesticide mixtures on degradation patterns of parent compounds as well as effects on soil microbial respiration. Bioavailability of residues to sensitive plant species was also determined. Soil for this study was obtained from a pesticide-contaminated area within an agrochemical dealer site. Degradation patterns were not affected by the presence or absence of other herbicides in this study. Atrazine concentrations were significantly lower at 21 through 160 days aging time compared to day 0 concentrations. Metolachlor and pendimethalin concentrations were not significantly different over time and remained high throughout the study. Microbial respiration was suppressed in treated soils from day 21 to day 160. Soybean and canola were the most successful plant species in the germination and survival tests. Generally, with increased aging of pesticides in soil, germination time decreased. Survival time of plants increased over time for some treatments indicating possible decreased bioavailability of pesticide residues. In some cases, survival time decreased at the longer 160-day aging period, possibly indicating a change in bioavailability, perhaps as the result of formation of more bioavailable and phytotoxic metabolites. No interactive effects were noted for mixtures of pesticides compared to individually applied pesticides in terms of degradation of the parent compound or on seed germination, plant survival, or microbial respiration.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2006

Impact of water table depth on forest soil methane turnover in laboratory soil cores deduced from natural abundance and tracer 13C stable isotope experiments.

We investigated turnover of methane (CH4) in soils from a poorly drained UK forest. In situ, this forest exhibited a negligible soil-atmosphere CH4 flux, whereas adjacent grassland plots were sources of CH4. We hypothesised that the forest plots exhibited reduced anaerobic CH4 production through water-table draw down. Consequently, we exposed soil cores from under oak to high and low water-table conditions in the laboratory. Methane fluxes increased significantly in the high water-table (1925+/-1702 mug CH4 m(-2) h(-1)) compared to the low one (-3.5+/-6.8 microg CH4 m(-2) h(-1)). Natural abundance delta13C values of CH4 showed a strong depletion in high water-table cores (-56.7+/-2.9 per thousand) compared to methane in ambient air (-46.0 per thousand) indicative of methanogenic processes. The delta13C values of CH4 from low water-table cores (delta13C-46.8+/-0.2 per thousand) was similar to ambient air and suggested little alteration of headspace CH4 by the soil microbial community. In order to assess the CH4 oxidizing activity of the two treatments conclusively, a 13CH4 spike was added to the cores and 13CO2 production was measured as the by-product of CH4 oxidation. 13CH4 oxidation rates were 57.5 (+/-12.7) and 0.5 (+/-0.1) microg CH4 m(-2) h(-1) for high and low water-tables, respectively. These data show that the lower water-table hydrology treatment impacted methanogenic processes without stimulating methanotrophy.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed2006

Effects of clear-cutting and soil preparation on natural 15N abundance in the soil and needles of two boreal conifer tree species.

This study presents the impacts of clear-cutting and site preparation on soil and needle 15N-fractionation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.), Karst). Three microsites on different methods of site preparation were used: (i) mound (broken O/E/B horizons piled upside down over undisturbed humus), (ii) deep (exposed C-horizon) and (iii) shallow (exposed E/B horizon). We found significant differences between species, between closed forest and clear-cuts as well as between different site preparations. For instance, in the context of interspecific variations, the mean needle nitrogen concentrations of both seedlings (1.15,+/-0.10 %) and mature (1.09,+/-0.07 %) pine trees were significantly higher compared to corresponding needle concentrations of seedlings (0.88,+/-0.06 %) and mature trees (0.79,+/-0.02 %) of spruce. Similarly, we observed significantly more 15N-enriched needles of mature spruces (-4.0,+/-0.20 per thousand) as well as of seedlings (-5.0,+/-0.11 per thousand) relative to that of mature pine needles (-5.6,+/-0.10 per thousand) and seedlings (-6.0,+/-0.31 per thousand). These variations were assumed to be caused by the variation in mycorrhizal associations between the species. We assume that the proportion of mycorrhizal N-uptake of pines might have been larger than that of spruce. Regarding the clear-cut effects on N and 15N of both tree species, we observed that, in the mature natural stand, needle N concentrations of both pine (1.09,+/-0.07 %) and spruce (0.79,+/-0.02 %) tree species did not change significantly after clear-cutting (pine: 1.01,+/-0.06 %; spruce: 0.74,+/-0.04 % ). However, clear-cutting resulted in the significant increase in needle 15N natural abundance of both pine (-2.70,+/-0.06 per thousand) and spruce (-2.09,+/-0.05 per thousand) in comparison to that of natural stand (pine:-5.60,+/-0.10 per thousand; spruce:-4.00,+/-0.20 per thousand), which is assumed to be due to the increased level of nitrification and leaching of nitrate after clear-cutting. In the context of site preparation methods, soil and needle N were observed to be more 15N-enriched in deep and shallow treatment sites compared to that of closed forest site and untreated clear-cut site, which indicated that the main source of N uptake seems to be mainly directly from the soil of the corresponding horizons of mineral soil with higher delta15N.

Forestry↗
PubMed2002

Influence of soil organic matter on the leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the main classes of contaminants in the terrestrial environment. Aside from total organic carbon, the ratio among the different organic matter fractions [dissolved organic matter, fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA) and humin] can also affect the mobility of these hydrocarbons in soils. In this study the effect of the whole organic carbon pool has been compared with that of HA and FA on the translocation of four PAHs (biphenyl, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene) in soil columns. Oxidized and untreated soil columns with and without HA or FA, were prepared, spilled with hydrocarbons and leached with a 0.01 M CaCl2 solution. The influence of HA and FA on PAH translocation was investigated through determinations of the PAH contents and total organic carbon (TOC) in the layers of the columns. All molecules were moved vertically by the percolating solutions, their concentrations decreasing with depths. The nonoxidized soil tended to retain more PAHs (96%) than the oxidized one (60%), confirming that organic matter plays an important role in controlling PAH leaching. The whole organic matter pool reduced the translocation of pollutants downward the profile. The addition of HA enhanced this behaviour by increasing the PAH retention in the top layers (7.55 mg and 4.00 mg in the top two layers, respectively) while FA increased their mobility (only 2.30 and 2.90 mg of PAHs were found in the top layers) and favoured leaching. In fact, in the presence of HA alone, the higher amounts of PAHs retained at the surface and the good correlation (r2=0.936) between TOC and hydrocarbon distribution can be attributed to a parallel distribution of PAHs and HA, while in the presence of FA, the higher mobility of PAHs can be attributed to the high mobility of the humic material, as expected by its extensive hydrophilic characteristics.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1977

Persistence of poliovirus 1 in soil and on vegetables grown in soil previously flooded with inoculated sewage sludge or effluent.

Land disposal of sewage sludge and effluent is becoming a common practice in the United States. The fertilizer content and humus value of such wastes are useful for agricultural purposes, and the recycling of sewage onto the land eliminates many of our stream pollution problems. The potential exists for crops grown in such irrigated soil to be contaminated by viruses that may be present in the sewage. Studies were initiated to determine viral persistence in soil and on crops grown under natural conditions in field plots that had been flooded to a depth of 1 inch (2.54 cm) with poliovirus 1-inoculated sewage wastes. Lettuce and radishes were planted in sludge- or effluent-flooded soil. In one study, the vegetables were planted 1 day before flooding, and in another they were planted 3 days after the plots were flooded. Survival of poliovirus 1 in soil irrigated with inoculated sewage sludge and effluent was determined during two summer growing seasons and one winter period. The longest period of survival was during the winter, when virus was detected after 96 days. During the summer, the longest survival period was 11 days. Poliovirus 1 was recovered from the mature vegetables 23 days after flooding of the plots had ceased. Lettuce and radishes are usually harvested 3 to 4 weeks after planting.

Poliovirus↗
PubMed2005

Effects of cattle feeding regimen and soil management type on the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in manure, manure-amended soil, and lettuce.

Survival of the green fluorescent protein-transformed human pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was studied in a laboratory-simulated lettuce production chain. Dairy cows were fed three different roughage types: high-digestible grass silage plus maize silage (6:4), low-digestible grass silage, and straw. Each was adjusted with supplemental concentrates to high and low crude protein levels. The pathogens were added to manure, which was subsequently mixed (after 56 and 28 days for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium, respectively) with two pairs of organically and conventionally managed loamy and sandy soil. After another 14 days, iceberg lettuce seedlings were planted and then checked for pathogens after 21 days of growth. Survival data were fitted to a logistic decline function (exponential for E. coli O157:H7 in soil). Roughage type significantly influenced the rate of decline of E. coli O157:H7 in manure, with the fastest decline in manure from the pure straw diet and the slowest in manure from the diet of grass silage plus maize silage. Roughage type showed no effect on the rate of decline of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium, although decline was significantly faster in the manure derived from straw than in the manure from the diet of grass silage plus maize silage. The pH and fiber content of the manure were significant explanatory factors and were positively correlated with the rate of decline. With E. coli O157:H7 there was a trend of faster decline in organic than in conventional soils. No pathogens were detected in the edible lettuce parts. The results indicate that cattle diet and soil management are important factors with respect to the survival of human pathogens in the environment.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Microcolony cultivation on a soil substrate membrane system selects for previously uncultured soil bacteria.

Traditional microbiological methods of cultivation recover less than 1% of the total bacterial species, and the culturable portion of bacteria is not representative of the total phylogenetic diversity. Classical cultivation strategies are now known to supply excessive nutrients to a system and therefore select for fast-growing bacteria that are capable of colony or biofilm formation. New approaches to the cultivation of bacteria which rely on growth in dilute nutrient media or simulated environments are beginning to address this problem of selection. Here we describe a novel microcultivation method for soil bacteria that mimics natural conditions. Our soil slurry membrane system combines a polycarbonate membrane as a growth support and soil extract as the substrate. The result is abundant growth of uncharacterized bacteria as microcolonies. By combining microcultivation with fluorescent in situ hybridization, previously "unculturable" organisms belonging to cultivated and noncultivated divisions, including candidate division TM7, can be identified by fluorescence microscopy. Successful growth of soil bacteria as microcolonies confirmed that the missing culturable majority may have a growth strategy that is not observed when traditional cultivation indicators are used.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1969

Predominant catalase-negative soil bacteria. I. Streptococcal population indigenous to soil.

Streptococci related to Streptococcus sanguis were shown to represent a major segment of the bacterial flora of certain soils. Upon initial isolation, these streptococci were quite pleomorphic and displayed morphological characteristics common to several other genera of bacteria, but after prolonged cultivation on laboratory media the isolates demonstrated a typical streptococcal morphology. It was proposed that a requirement for correction of the control mechanisms affecting growth rate and cell wall synthesis in part might explain the difficulty encountered in isolation of these organisms from soil and their initial pleomorphism and cultural instability. The possible role of these soil organisms as etiological agents of disease and the occurrence of other groups of streptococci in soil were discussed.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1979

Soil populations of Rhizoctonia solani from areas of health and diseased beets within four sugarbeet fields differing in soil texture.

Both debris isolation and beet seed colonization methods were used to ascertain Rhizoctonia solani populations in areas of healthy (AH) and rhizoctonia crown rot diseased (DA) sugarbeets within four fields differing in soil texture over a 1-year period (August 1976 to July 1977). Inoculum densities were initially (August-October) higher in DA than in AH, but declined over the winter to levels similar to AH by June. As ascertained by the debris isolation method, AH populations remained low (mostly less than 30 colonies/50 g soil) throughout the year. High (90-422 colonies/50 g soil) DA inoculum densities were apparently sustained by active parasitism. Seasonal R. solani populations were postulated to consist of groupings of propagules differing in capacities for survival. Inoculum densities in AH and DA were similar in June indicating that factors other than inoculum density per se may initiate DA within beet fields. Soil textural differences did not adversely affect R. solani populations. Assays based on debris isolation depicted populations more accurately than did beet seed colonization assays. Most colonies developing in debris isolation plates originated from sclerotia.

Mitosporic Fungi↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of virulent Rhodococcus equi in soil from five R. equi-endemic horse-breeding farms and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of virulence plasmids in isolates from soil and infected foals in Texas.

Rhodococcus equi isolates (462) obtained from 64 soil samples collected on 5 R. equi-endemic horse-breeding farms and isolates from 100 infected foals in Texas were examined to determine the prevalence and genotypic diversity of virulence-associated plasmids. Isolates were tested for the presence of 15-17-kDa virulence-associated protein antigens (VapA) by immunoblotting and virulence-associated plasmids by PCR. Plasmid DNAs were isolated and analyzed by digestion with restriction endonucleases for estimation of size and comparison of polymorphisims. Rhodococcus equi were isolated from soil of all 5 farms; however, virulent R. equi were only isolated from 3 of the 5 farms and represented 18.8% (87 of 462) of total isolates. Of the 87 virulent soil isolates, 56 (64.5%) contained an 85-kb type I plasmid, 23 (26.4%) an 87-kb type I plasmid, 7 (8%) a newly defined 85-kb type III plasmid (Tx 43), and 1 (1.1%) a newly defined 85-kb type IV plasmid (Tx 47). Of the 100 isolates from infected foals, 96 were virulent. Of the 96 virulent isolates, 51 (53.1%) contained an 85-kb type I plasmid, 39 (40.6%) an 87-kb type I plasmid, 4 (4.2%) an 85-kb type III plasmid (Tx 43), and 2 (2.1%) an 85-kb type IV plasmid (Tx 47). There are at least 4 different R. equi virulence-associated plasmids in Texas, 2 of which have not previously been described. Based upon virulence plasmid typing, there is geographic diversity among isolates of R. equi from clinical and environmental samples on horse-breeding farms in Texas. There is not a strong correlation between the presence of virulent R. equi in farm soils and the R. equi disease status of those farms.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed2006

Estimation of relative bioavailability of lead in soil and soil-like materials using young Swine.

In this article we summarize the results of a series of studies that measured the relative bioavailability (RBA) of lead in a variety of soil and soil-like test materials. Reference material (Pb acetate) or Pb-contaminated soils were administered orally to juvenile swine twice a day for 15 days. Blood samples were collected from each animal at multiple times during the course of the study, and samples of liver, kidney, and bone were collected at sacrifice. All samples were analyzed for Pb. We estimated the RBA of a test material by fitting mathematical models to the dose-response curves for each measurement end point and finding the ratio of doses that gave equal responses. The final RBA for a test material is the simple average of the four end point-specific RBA values. Results from 19 different test materials reveal a wide range of RBA values across different exposure materials, ranging from 6 to 105%. This variability in RBA between different samples highlights the importance of reliable RBA data to help improve risk assessments for Pb in soil. Although the RBA value for a sample depends on the relative amounts of the different chemical and physical forms of Pb present, data are not yet adequate to allow reliable quantitative predictions of RBA from chemical speciation data alone.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The study of interaction between 134Cs and potassium in system peat soil-plant under increasing concentration of macroelement in soil].

The interaction between analogous elements K and 134Cs in the system "peat-soil-plant" was investigated. The values of some parameters of sorption model for uptake of radionuclides by plants from soil were determined. An attempt to interpret the processes going on in the studied system under pot experiment from the viewpoint of soil chemistry was done. Two intervals of potassium concentration in peat-soil were displayed, with different effect on 134Cs uptake by plants.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2001

Influence of hexaconazole, carbofuran and ethion on soil microflora and dehydrogenase activities in soil and intact cell.

Total microbial count was highly affected (up to 61% at 1000 micrograms level) in presence of hexaconazole and persisted up to 21 days. Bacteria were more susceptible than actinomycetes. Carbofuran and ethion were moderately toxic to soil microflora. Inhibitory effects of all the three pesticides gradually decreased after 21 days as was evident by increase in total microbial count except in carbofuran. GDH activity in soil was also affected initially (up to 14 days) by all the three pesticides (60.3% in hexaconazole at 1000 micrograms level) and inhibition gradually decreased to zero except in carbofuran (15-20% toxicity persisted up to 35 days). GDH and LDH activity in presence of hexaconazole was strongly affected in intact cells of some standard culture of bacteria like Rhizobium sp. (host Dolichos sp., 32.1 and 72.5%), Bacillus subtilis Cohn (86.75 and 76.5%), Azotobacter sp. (36.9 and 55.4%) and B. sphaericus (67.6% GDH) respectively. Carbofuran inhibited the enzyme activity in B. subtilis (55.55 and 35.3%) and to some extent in B. sphaericus. Ethion moderately inhibited LDH activity in Rhodococcus sp. AK1 (17.1 and 33.3%), Rhizobium (27.6% LDH), E. coli HB 101 (34.2% LDH) as evidenced by formazan formation. From the result, it might be concluded that among the above three pesticides tested hexaconazole strongly inhibited the dehydrogenase system in bacteria including nitrogen fixing bacteria of soil and thus may affect soil fertility. It was concluded that hexaconazole was more toxic than ethion to dehydrogenase enzymes.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2000

[Dynamics of soil P pool in a long-term fertilizing experiment of wheat-maize rotation. I. Crop yield effect of fertilizer P and dynamics of soil total P and inorganic P].

The effects of long-term applying fertilizer P and manure on the pools of soil total P and inorganic P and the crop yield in rotation of winter wheat-summer maize-->spring maize were studied. The results showed that the pool of soil total P and inorganic P were increased by applying fertilizer P and manure, and the phosphorus mostly accumulated in soil was inorganic P. The critical amounts of fertilizer P (P2O5) for balancing soil P were 94.7 kg.hm-2 to winter wheat-summer maize and 51.5 kg.hm-2 to spring maize. Based on regression equations, the application rates of fertilizer P (P2O5) for economic optimum and highest yields were 135.8 and 149.8 kg.hm-2 to winter wheat-summer maize, and 88.6 and 95.9 kg.hm-2 to spring maize, respectively.

China↗
PubMed2002

[Effects of precipitation and soil moisture on N2O emissions from upland soils in Guizhou].

Soils of corn-rape seed rotation, soybean-winter wheat rotation and fallow land in Guizhou were representatively selected to study effects of precipitation and soil moisture on N2O emissions. Furthermore, DNDC model was used to assess the potential effects of variations in precipitation in future on N2O emissions from above lands. The results indicated that N2O emission pulses were obviously driven by rainfall and N2O fluxes were correlated positively with precipitation and soil moisture. The results from DNDC modeling showed that N2O fluxes from soils in summer and autumn would be correlated positively with precipitation, but N2O fluxes in winter and spring would slightly decrease with great change of precipitation.

Chemical Precipitation↗
PubMed2003

Natural specific radioactivity in different soils. Transfer in the soil plant food chain.

In order to warrant customer's health we must pay attention to the quality of the environment and production processes; that means look all over alimentary chain. Media speak often about this topics, because of the interest of the public opinion regarding agribusiness; Nether the less much is know about soil radioactivity, but often scant attention is directed to the knowledge of the amount what remains in food and arrives to the man who is the last and main user of the product. As a consequence of that, we have done some originals studies concerning specific radioactivity in alimentary chain: soil-plant-food. These studies have been made in relation with geopedologic position of fields in volcanic, clayey, sandy soils of Latium. We have measured radioactive activity over some alimentary chains both annual (like turnip and garden cress) and pluriannual (such as vine). We made comparisons on the same soils studying the following natural markers: K40, Pb214, and Bi214; and Cs137, one of the main natural markers.

Food Chain↗
PubMed2004

Re-evaluation and reconstruction of water purification system using soil. I. Assessment of soil as a sorbent of humic substances and phosphate ion.

The purpose of our study is to develop a treatment procedure for humic substances (HS hereafter) and phosphate ion in wastewater and environmental water by percolation of the water through a constructed soil layer at the hydraulic loading of a few metres per day. In the present work, batch sorption tests were conducted for more than 80 samples of soil, sludge, mineral and organic materials in order to find good sorbents for fulvic acid (FA hereafter) and phosphate ion. The results showed that the sorption of FA was high for some charcoal, and apatite and goethite minerals. Comparatively high sorption of FA was found for some Andosols and volcanic ash soil. Significant sorption of phosphate ion, on the other hand, was found for various types of soil, sludge from water treatment plants and some waste materials. The linear isotherm was obtained for the sorption of FA to a charcoal, apatite and goethite minerals, and Andosols.

Absorption↗