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PubMed1996

[Population projection for the Czech Republic, 1995-2020].

"In Autumn 1995 the Czech Statistical Office published the new population prognosis until the year 2020.... The change of population climate connected with the over-all change of economic and social conditions in the process of social transformation appears to be profound and fundamental. It is therefore unlikely that there would occur a turn in the near future and that...natality would grow...again to a...significant extent." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Czech Republic↗
PubMed2004

Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the prevalence of schizophrenia and measures of social deprivation in varying areas in the city of Malmö. METHOD: A case-finding study of schizophrenia was combined with a victimization survey. Data was factor-analysed and visualized using geographical information system software. RESULTS: The schizophrenic patients lived predominantly in socially disorganized areas characterized by high levels of disorder, fear of crime and victimization. The local prevalence of schizophrenia covaried significantly with all indices of social disorganization. In addition, a significant but weak association was obtained between prevalence of schizophrenia and fear of specific persons in the neighbourhood. CONCLUSION: In spite of enormous changes in social conditions, psychiatric knowledge and organization of treatment, and political ambitions, schizophrenic patients still aggregate in socially deprived areas. This segregation may result in worsening of the illness as well as increasing the social disorganization in the local domicile.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social and economic conditions at Tari.

A social and economic survey was conducted in 1984 to assess the impact of development at Tari and to supplement the demographic data being collected by the Tari Research Unit. Of 1604 adults aged 17 years and over selected from the demographic database, 1389 were interviewed and information was collected on the remainder from informants. The survey reveals an uneven pattern of change, with men living close to the town most advantaged in terms of education, employment, diet and possessions, and women in remote areas the least advantaged. There was, however, some evidence that peripheral parts of Tari were catching up with those in the centre. Observations since 1984, and some data collected in 1998, suggest that law and order problems and the decline in government services have led to a stagnation in social progress at Tari. This is despite considerable expansion of the district economy due to payments and remittances from resource projects operating in and around Tari. Women's educational status has nonetheless improved to some extent. Better governance and the restoration of services are required if the socioeconomic status of Tari people is to improve.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Rewarding properties of social interactions in adolescent and adult male and female rats: impact of social versus isolate housing of subjects and partners.

Social interactions have been shown to be rewarding for adolescent and adult rats; however, there has been little emphasis on comparing the strength of the rewarding value of social stimuli across ontogeny. Since age differences in social interactions may vary with sex or housing circumstances, the present study assessed social conditioned place preference (CPP) in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats housed either socially or in isolation and conditioned with either group-housed or isolate-housed partners. Isolated animals of both sexes and ages demonstrated social CPP, with the strongest preference emerging in adolescent males. Social CPP was not evident in group-housed adults whereas group-housed adolescents developed a preference for the compartment previously paired with similarly housed partners; however, when socially housed adolescents were conditioned with isolated partners, social CPP did not emerge. Age differences in social CPP may reflect age-related neural alterations in brain systems implicated in regulation of social behavior.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

When and how does schizophrenia produce social deficits?

The present study is an empirical contribution to the controversy over whether the poor social performance and lower social class of schizophrenic patients are consequences of the illness, consequences of changes in the individuals predisposed to develop schizophrenia or are due to the adverse social conditions that lead to schizophrenia. The study focuses on the socioeconomic status at onset, on the performance of social roles in the early course of schizophrenia by taking age, gender and the individual level of social development into account. In a representative sample of 232 first episodes of schizophrenia age and type of onset.type and accumulation of symptoms and social functioning in the prodromal and the psychotic prephase and at first admission were assessed and analysed for their predictive power concerning social disability 2 years after first admission. In a case-control study expected and observed social functioning from onset until first admission were compared. The subsequent course was followed up prospectively in five cross sections until 2 years after first admission. In women the age at onset was significantly higher than in men, whereas symptomatology and type of onset showed no gender differences. In 73% of the sample the prodromal phase covered 5 years on average, and the psychotic prephase (until the maximum of positive symptoms) 1.1 years. Deficits in social functioning occurred predominantly during the prodromal and the psychotic prephase. The course over 14 years showed stable group trends in social and symptom measures. By the end of the prodromal phase it was possible to predict social disability 2 years after first admission with a correct classification of 81%. The main factor determining social outcome appeared to be the acquired social status during the prodromal phase of the disorder. The unfavourable early course in men was due mainly to their significantly lower age at onset. These results raise questions concerning an earlier therapeutic and rehabilitative intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.

Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly, research guided by self-determination theory has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development. Specifically, factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The findings have led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs--competence, autonomy, and relatedness--which when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance of these psychological needs and processes within domains such as health care, education, work, sport, religion, and psychotherapy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

[The self-portrait of neurotic-dyssocial adolescents and its modification by therapeutico-paedagogic guidance in a special Youth Care Home (author's transl)].

This empirical article describes, first of all, the self-portrait given by neurotico-dyssocial adolescents hospitalized in the Youth Care Home "Haus Sommerberg" for therapeutico-paedagogic guidance. This self-portrait, determined by means of the so-called "Giessen Test" as a diagnostic tool, is characterized by psychosocial incompetence. After the youngsters had been treated for about 2 1/2 to 3 years both psychotherapeutically and with the help of sociopaedagogic guidance effected at the "Haus Sommerberg" home, self-assessment by the adolescents was largely adapted to that of the corresponding comparative population group. In other words, treatment and guidance created a self-portrait of psychosocial competence. To test the stability of this induced change in the mental condition and ability to establish a social condition of reference, the treated persons were questioned once again 6 years after their treatment had ended. The results of this questioning showed that the changes persisted provided the duration of treatment was at least two years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Work and sense of coherence--resources for competence and life satisfaction.

This longitudinal study investigated which job factors and personal resources contribute to self-assessed competence and life satisfaction. The effects of preemployment social conditions and personality, as assessed in adolescence, on competence and life satisfaction in adulthood were studied in 345 women and 361 men who had participated in a 1961 to 1963 psychological examination. Persons with high life satisfaction and competence had favorable work conditions and more personal resources and social support. Their coping strategies were primarily problem focused, whereas those with less sense of well-being were emotion focused. Persons of low competence who were satisfied with their lives had social support from others, cooperation, and prestige at work, but their income was low. The quality of home care, sports participation, and self-esteem in youth predicted competence in adulthood. The quality of home care, intelligence, cultural activities, and self-esteem in adolescence predicted adult life satisfaction.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

["Workpeople in general are healthier [...] than the masters". Experience of illness and masculinity in autobiographies of workpeople].

Workers' autobiographies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries depict, at length, diseases both in terms of physical description and impact, and in terms of psychological effects. Drastic physical defects and their consequences are explicitly described. Many writers appear weak against the primary presumption of the strong, male body of the workers. Mourning and dejection over the authors' own weaknesses and the illnesses of others (relatives and colleagues) are prevalent. However, the masculinity of the first-person narrator, in principle, is not eclipsed or overshadowed by doubt because of disease and weakened physical condition. Diseases are metaphors for bad social conditions which lead to weakness, whilst the authors succeeded in coping with their weaknesses by compensating with other abilities and talents.

Employment↗
PubMed1995

[Critical age as the main parameter of deterioration of health in the elderly].

The concept of critical age (CA) relates to accelerated development of illness in the elderly and defines the decade in which there is the greatest increase in a specific pathological condition. Clinically, increased rates for pathological medical, biological, psychological and social conditions occur in defined populations. 78 parameters with linear increase in rate were excluded. 693 parameters were computed and classified according to both decade of life and to physiological and multisystem problems (such as diabetes). The most dangerous age is 70-79 years, when calamities of various degrees of severity "bomb" a subject approximately twice a month. CA was similar for some systems (immune, endocrine, and cardiovascular), and for diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Among 351 CA distributions relating to 27 systemic and multisystemic problems, there were 103 statistically different CAs. We conclude that the rate of deterioration in health is largely system-oriented. Following the most dangerous decade, rates of increase in CA slow or CA even decreases, so that health is relatively stabilized. Such stabilization is related in part to improvement in risk factors. Improved health at age 80 seems to be related to selection by the death of the sick, but the concept of true functional improvement at this age is being seriously discussed. Physical, psychological and social bilateral adaptation of both old people and of western society, play important roles, because better medical and social protection improves living conditions. Our data confirm the identification of 2 subpopulations of the elderly, the young-old and the old-old. Study of frailty according to both age and physiological systems gives additional useful information.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Trachoma in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1940-1986.

All known surveys of the prevalence of trachoma in the Northern Territory from 1940 to the present were reviewed. The crude (overall) prevalence rates for trachoma were calculated from the results of those surveys which involved whole Aboriginal communities. When three-or-more surveys had been conducted in a community over a period of 10 years or more, the results were plotted against the year of the survey. In most communities in the north of the Northern Territory (the "Top End"), the prevalence of trachoma appeared to have increased dramatically between 1950 and 1955 and then to have declined substantially at a rate of 2% per annum. This fall occurred before the mass-treatment programmes of the late 1970s and its most likely explanation is the improvement in living conditions. In five- to 10-years' time, trachoma may have disappeared completely from these communities. In most Central Australian communities, the prevalence of trachoma appears to have been constant or even to have increased. If social conditions were to begin to improve in Central Australian communities this year, and if those communities were to show the same response rates as in the Top End communities, then it could be well into the next century before the prevalence of trachoma there falls to the low rates of the Top End. This should be an impetus for social change in Central Australia; however, there might be a case for medically based control programmes in Central Australia, at least in the short term.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Collective lifestyles as the target for health promotion.

The last five years have witnessed intense debate among health researchers in Canada regarding the overlap of the health promotion and population health discourses. Meanwhile, strong currents within health promotion have attempted to move the field beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards the influence of social environments on health, although the tendency is often to fall back on individual behaviour modification as the primary lever for change. The Population Health research agenda bypasses behavioural determinants of health and explores instead social determinants. This body of knowledge provides useful insight for addressing some of the tensions in the health promotion discourse. This paper explores two of these tensions: whether individuals at risk or general populations should be targeted for change; and whether lifestyle is an individual or a collective attribute. We propose the notion of collective lifestyles as a heuristic for understanding the interaction between social conditions and behaviour in shaping health.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

Determinants of cardiovascular disease and other non-communicable diseases in Central and Eastern Europe: rationale and design of the HAPIEE study.

BACKGROUND: Over the last five decades, a wide gap in mortality opened between western and eastern Europe; this gap increased further after the dramatic fluctuations in mortality in the former Soviet Union (FSU) in the 1990s. Recent rapid increases in mortality among lower socioeconomic groups in eastern Europe suggests that socioeconomic factors are powerful determinants of mortality in these populations but the more proximal factors linking the social conditions with health remain unclear. The HAPIEE (Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe) study is a prospective cohort study designed to investigate the effect of classical and non-conventional risk factors and social and psychosocial factors on cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases in eastern Europe and the FSU. The main hypotheses of the HAPIEE study relate to the role of alcohol, nutrition and psychosocial factors. METHODS AND DESIGN: The HAPIEE study comprises four cohorts in Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic and Lithuania; each consists of a random sample of men and women aged 45-69 years old at baseline, stratified by gender and 5 year age groups, and selected from population registers. The total planned sample size is 36,500 individuals. Baseline information from the Czech Republic, Russia and Poland was collected in 2002-2005 and includes data on health, lifestyle, diet (food frequency), socioeconomic circumstances and psychosocial factors. A short examination included measurement of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, lung function and cognitive function, and a fasting venous blood sample. Re-examination of the cohorts in 2006-2008 focuses on healthy ageing and economic well-being using face-to-face computer assisted personal interviews. Recruitment of the Lithuanian cohort is ongoing, with baseline and re-examination data being collected simultaneously. All cohorts are being followed up for mortality and non-fatal cardiovascular events. DISCUSSION: The HAPIEE study will provide important new insights into social, behavioural and biological factors influencing mortality and cardiovascular risk in the region.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Repeated events survival models: the conditional frailty model.

Repeated events processes are ubiquitous across a great range of important health, medical, and public policy applications, but models for these processes have serious limitations. Alternative estimators often produce different inferences concerning treatment effects due to bias and inefficiency. We recommend a robust strategy for the estimation of effects in medical treatments, social conditions, individual behaviours, and public policy programs in repeated events survival models under three common conditions: heterogeneity across individuals, dependence across the number of events, and both heterogeneity and event dependence. We compare several models for analysing recurrent event data that exhibit both heterogeneity and event dependence. The conditional frailty model best accounts for the various conditions of heterogeneity and event dependence by using a frailty term, stratification, and gap time formulation of the risk set. We examine the performance of recurrent event models that are commonly used in applied work using Monte Carlo simulations, and apply the findings to data on chronic granulomatous disease and cystic fibrosis.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Aiming for more relevant HIV risk reduction: a black feminist perspective for enhancing HIV intervention for low-income African American women.

The purpose of this study was to examine how various living conditions impact the context within which low-income African American women engage in a diverse range of high-risk behavior that increases their risk for HIV infection. The study, based on 2 years of ethnographic fieldwork, analyzed the living conditions of 45 African American women at risk for HIV infection in a high-risk neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia. A black feminist perspective guided the study's analytical framework as a way to extend knowledge about the social conditions, the social interactions, and the meaning of high-risk behavior in the lives of African American women. Using black feminist theory and the constant comparison method, two groups emerged: "street" women and "house" women. Street women were defined as the absolute homeless, the rooming housed, and the hustling homeless. House women were defined as the family housed, the heads of household, and the steady-partner housed. Results reveal that various types of living arrangements place women at risk in different ways and suggest that low-income African American women at high risk for HIV infection-a group often considered homogeneous-have unique "within group" needs that must be addressed in HIV prevention intervention research.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Suffering from water: social origins of bodily distress in a Mexican community.

This article is an ethnographic analysis of what it means to "suffer from water." Using a critical medical anthropology approach, the study examines how residents living in a foothill community of the Valley of Mexico experience bodily distress associated with water scarcity. Data for the study come from participant-observation of domestic water use and community drinking water management as well as interviews with local civil and religious officials who monitor the water distribution system. While the community discourse on suffering from water does not correspond to biomedical categories of illness, it does speak to the physical and emotional hardships and the social conditions that limit residents' access to an adequate supply of domestic water. By taking a broad view of water-related suffering, the study reveals some of the efforts made by people to address what they consider to be the social origins of their bodily distress.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of d-amphetamine in grouped versus isolated humans.

This study was designed to determine whether the subjective, behavioral or physiological effects of a stimulant drug in humans depend on whether subjects are tested under isolated or social conditions. Forty-two subjects were randomly assigned to either the Social (SOC) or Isolated (ISO) condition. SOC subjects participated in 4 h laboratory sessions in groups of 3 or 4, whereas ISO subjects participated in the sessions alone. All subjects participated in three sessions, during which they received capsules containing d-amphetamine (10 or 20 mg) or placebo, in mixed order under double blind conditions. Subjective, physiological and behavioral measures were obtained at regular intervals, d-amphetamine produced dose-related, prototypic stimulant effects on many measures, including self-reported mood states, behavioral indices and physiological measures. Most of these effects were unaffected by the setting in which subjects were tested (SOC vs ISO). However, body temperature was overall higher in the SOC group, and there was a trend for d-amphetamine to produce greater hyperthermic effects in the SOC group. In addition, 10 mg d-amphetamine increased heart rate in the SOC group but not in the ISO group. The results suggest that, like in laboratory animals, some of the effects of stimulants in humans are greater under aggregated conditions. However, unlike in the animal studies, this observed enhancement of the drug's effects under aggregated conditions was limited to physiological measures and did not apply to other subjective or behavioral measures.

Adult↗