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PubMed1976

Rehabilitation performance and adjustment in stroke patients: a study of social class factors.

In a prospective follow-up study comparing the adjustment of hemiplegics in rehabilitation programs in a public institution (N = 100) and a private university facility (N = 105) measures were taken one month after admission and 18-24 months after discharge. Initially, the groups differed in social profiles (social class, ethnicity, marital status), incidence of secondary medical conditions and attitudes, including expectancies and F scale and sick role questionnaire. They did not differ in performance and motivation on the programs. At follow-up treatment. Many more went to nursing homes. Implications for rehabilitation programs are presented.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mortality by social class among males in the Netherlands since the nineteenth century.

"In this paper socio-economic differential mortality [in the Netherlands] at the individual level will be analyzed by two national and two local surveys. The purpose is to describe socio-economic differential mortality in several periods....[It is found that] mortality by social classes among males was higher among lower classes in the Netherlands in 1896-1903. The gradient...disappeared in 1947-1952. There was...socio-economic differential mortality again in 1959-1961 and 1972-1981." (SUMMARY IN ITA)

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1993

Estimation of infant mortality rates categorized by social class for an Australian population.

"This paper reports a method of deriving simultaneous confidence intervals for [Australian] infant mortality rates based on a birth sample rather than the birth population. The large sample size employed enables the use of asymptotic multivariate techniques....[The authors find that] where the population distribution of a characteristic such as social class is not known, confidence intervals can be estimated for rates based on the distribution of this characteristic in a sample of that population."

Australia↗
PubMed1979

[Morbidity, mortality and social class. Bibliographical review covering differents aspects of pathology, and discussion (author's transl)].

A bibliographical review of social differences in morbidity and mortality is presented. The data concerns France, Great Britain and U.S.A., only for recent years, and come from large surveys, health examinations, or morbidity or mortality registers. The social class variable may be the educational level, or a professional classification. Different aspects of mortality and morbidity are examined: cancer, cardio-vascular diseases, respiratory diseases, musculo-skeletal diseases, digestive diseases, obesity and diabetes, accidents, mental illnesses; acute and minor illnesses, and unusual illnesses, are no studied. For almost all the diseases in this review, the risk is greater in the lowest socioeconomic class.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Choice of sexual partner according to rate of partner change and social class of the partners.

Models for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS, rely on sexual partner mixing patterns in the population. From data acquired through partner notification for infection with Chlamydia trachomatis among young people in Gothenburg, Sweden, it was possible to construct contact matrices for the variables 'rate of partner change' and 'social class' of the partners in pair formations. These matrices show a restricted mixing between these two variables for young heterosexual women. Therefore random mixing models will probably overestimate rate of spread and possibly final size of an epidemic of a sexually transmitted disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Sex, social class, and estimating IQ: middle-class male subjects rate themselves most intelligent.

153 sociology students specified parental occupation and job status before estimating their own and their parents' overall IQ. Male subjects, as predicted, gave a higher mean self-estimated score to themselves than did female subjects (113 vs 106). Fathers were awarded higher IQ scores than mothers (114 vs 107). Male subjects who had mothers in a higher social class gave themselves the highest mean score.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Variation in body mass index among Polish adults: effects of sex, age, birth cohort, and social class.

Variation in the body mass index (BMI) among occupationally active inhabitants of one Polish urban center was studied by means of a three-factor ANOVA. The material is cross-sectional and comprises 32,750 men and women aged 22-60 years, examined in five successive surveys between 1983-1999. The factors considered in each sex were: 1) age category, 2) year of examination, and 3) social class. The increase of BMI with age is markedly greater among women than among men. No sustained intergeneration trend towards increased BMI was detectable in either sex. The BMI means rise regularly with decreasing position on the social scale in both sexes, but this effect is much more dramatic in women. The latter finding suggests that the condition of being situated low on the social scale is conducive to growth of fatness with age, markedly more so in women than in men. The absence of a secular trend in BMI means during the period considered contrasts with results reported for a number of other countries. This finding is intriguing, because Poland underwent abrupt and profound socio-economic transformation in the early 1990s.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Childhood conditions, sense of coherence, social class and adult ill health: exploring their theoretical and empirical relations.

In order to expand our knowledge of how health inequalities are generated, a broader range of possible mechanisms has to be studied. Two mechanisms of potential importance here are childhood conditions and sense of coherence. Drawing on theoretical arguments and empirical findings in these two research fields, a conceptual model of the relationships between childhood conditions, sense of coherence, adult social class and adult health is presented. On the basis of this model, this paper sets out to analyse (1) the degree to which a low sense of coherence is based in childhood experiences, (2) the degree to which the impact of childhood conditions on adult health is mediated through sense of coherence, and (3) the importance of sense of coherence for class differences in ill health. The analyses are carried out on both cross-sectional data (n = 4390) and panel data (n = 3773) from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys in 1981 and 1991. The analyses indicate that childhood family size and the experience of a broken home are unrelated to sense of coherence later in life, while economic hardship has a small and indirect effect, mediated via class position in adulthood. Only dissension in the childhood family was found to have a direct, although fairly modest, effect on sense of coherence. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that sense of coherence does not mediate the effect of childhood factors on adult health. Rather, childhood conditions and adult sense of coherence appear to be complementary and additive risk factors for illness in adulthood. The results presented here also suggest that sense of coherence may be a factor involved in the shaping of class inequalities in health.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The influences of social class and sex on sustained attention (vigilance) and motor inhibition in children.

A sample of 220 normal pre-school and primary school children was tested by the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), a test of sustained attention (vigilance), the Draw-a-Line Slowly test (DALS), a test of motor inhibition and two sub-tests of the latter test. Significant social class associations were found for the CPT and DALS tests, but were not present for DALO and DALF (measures of speed in drawing a line). Sex differences were not found for the CPT test or for DALS, but the boys completed the DALO and DALF tests faster than the girls suggesting superior motor activity and co-ordination.

Attention↗
PubMed1992

Effect of social class and nutrient intake on height and plasma insulin-like growth factor in Andean Equadorian children.

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of insulin-like growth factor (IGFI) determination as an index of nutritional status and growth in Equadorian schoolboys. Plasma IGFI was measured in 144 healthy boys, 9 years old, who were classified by their social class in four groups: 1 (n = 29); 2 (n = 49); 3 (n = 28); 4 (n = 8). Children in groups 1 and 2, of the lower socio-economic class, had significantly reduced caloric and protein intakes compared to children in groups 3 and 4 (P less than 0.01). Mean heights were significantly lower in groups 1 and 2 (P less than 0.001 and less than 0.05, respectively). The mean plasma IGFI in group 1 was 561 +/- 64 mU/ml and significantly lower than that in groups 2-4 (872 +/- 75, 986 +/- 94, and 1238 +/- 190 mU/ml in groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively) (P less than 0.01). The effect of caloric and nitrogen supplementation was studied in 36 children taken from groups 1 and 2 combined, and divided into three subgroups; they were given (1) an animal protein supplement of 18 g/day with 860 kcal/day (n = 12), (2) a vegetable protein supplement of 17.8 g/day based on a traditional Andean food with 862 kcal/day (n = 12), and (3) a placebo (n = 12). The IGFI levels increased significantly after 7 and 14 days in both subgroups 1 and 2. These results demonstrate that plasma IGFI reflects the nutritional status and responds to a short-term diet supplementation. It may provide a reliable means of assessing the effect of nutritional programs intended to improve the growth of children in underdeveloped countries.

Body Height↗
PubMed1982

Rising lung cancer death rates among black men: the importance of occupation and social class.

From 1950 to 1977 the age-adjusted cancer death rates for nonwhite men in the United States rose an astonishing 63.2 percent, while rates for white men increased 22.2 percent and fell slightly for women of both races. The bulk of this increase can be accounted for by cancer of the lung. As a serious health problem that is increasing in severity, cancer in black men deserves close attention and definitive action. This discussion focuses on basic epidemiological relationships in the origins of this epidemic, particularly in regard to the relative importance of occupation, cigarette smoking, and social class.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1982

Blackouts increase with age, social class and the frequency of intoxication.

Of 2,076 Finnish males, 35% reported at interview as having one or more blackouts during the previous 12 months. Age-adjusted mean frequencies of blackouts showed an almost linear increase with the frequency of intoxication. Because of the skewness of the drinking variables, logarithmic transformations were used in multiple regression analysis. This indicated that the frequency of blackouts was significantly associated with age, social class and the frequency of intoxicating drinking, but not with marital status or the frequency of non-intoxicating drinking. Together, the regressors accounted for 21% of the total variance of blackouts.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A study of environmental factors in relation to fatal infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type I). An analysis of birth order and parental age effects, social class, seasonal influence, and clustering in time and place.

Major studies of the childhood spinal muscular atrophies have suggested that environmentally-produced phenocopies might occur, and that environmental factors might be important in some clinical features of these diseases. A formal analysis of some possible intra-uterine and post-natal influences has been undertaken in 78 index cases (72 families) of acute infantile SMA (acute Werdnig-Hoffmann disease; SMA Type I). There is no evidence to suggest that social class, parental age, birth order, or season of birth influences this disease or that clustering in time and place occurs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Family composition and social class in bulimia. A catchment area study of a clinical and a comparison group.

Many theories of the etiology of eating disorders focus on the role of the family. However, these theories are based on clinical experience and uncontrolled clinical case series. We report a study comparing 50 bulimic women with 40 non-eating-disordered women all from the same clinical catchment area. This study revealed no significant differences in social class, family size, birth position, or sibling sex ratio between the two groups. However, the parents of bulimic women were found to have been significantly older than those of the control group at the time of birth of their daughter. These findings are discussed with reference to previous family studies of eating disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Social class and the black/white crossover in the age-specific incidence of breast cancer: a study linking census-derived data to population-based registry records.

An unexplained racial crossover in breast cancer rates in the United States has been apparent since 1969: among women over age 40 years, the rate is higher among white compared with black women, while among women under age 40, the reverse is true. To explore the contribution of social class to this phenomenon, the present study used 1980 census block-group data to generate population-based age-specific breast cancer rates stratified by race and class. Cancer data included all black women (n = 405) and white women (n = 4,259) diagnosed with primary breast cancer during 1979-1981 in the San Francisco Bay Area Resource for Cancer Control registry. Among women under age 40, the black/white incidence ratio among women from predominantly working class block-groups was 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74-1.56), but among those from non-working class block-groups, the black/white ratio equaled 1.96 (95% CI 1.17-3.26). Among women age 40 years or over, the black/white incidence ratio among women from working class block-groups was 0.78 (95% CI 0.68-0.89), but was 0.98 (95% CI 0.78-1.23) among women from non-working class block-groups. These findings underscore the class-based nature of the observed crossover and pose a challenge to accepted theories of breast cancer etiology. Possible risk factors contributing to these findings are discussed, including induced abortion and oral contraceptive use prior to first full-term pregnancy.

Adult↗