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At least 577 records · Page 32Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Modified colorimetric method for determining indole in shrimp.

A modified spectrophotometric method for measuring indole in shrimp is described. The method was developed to eliminate the time-consuming steam distillation and expensive instrumentation required by the official AOAC methods. Indole is extracted with light petroleum from trichloroacetic acid-precipitated shrimp muscle. The extracted indole, soluble in light petroleum, is reacted and re-extracted with Ehrlich's reagent; indole in the form of a rose indole complex can be determined spectrophotometrically. When shrimp at various degrees of decomposition were analyzed for indole by the modified method as well as by the official AOAC colorimetric method, the correlation coefficient between the data from the 2 methods was 0.98.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Production of chitinase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa K-187 using shrimp and crab shell powder as a carbon source.

Shrimp and crab shell powder prepared by treating shrimp and crab processing waste with boiling and crashing was used as a substrate for isolating alkali-tolerant chitinolytic microorganisms. Strain K-187 appeared to be the chitinase-producing strain with the most potential. The organism was identified as a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Maximum chitinase activity was obtained when the strain was grown aerobically in a medium consisting of 3.0% shrimp and crab shell powder, 0.1% CMC, 0.1% (NH4)2SO4, 0.1% K2HPO4, 0.1% MgSO4.D7H2O and 0.1% ZnSO4 (pH 9), at 45 degrees C after 3 days. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme reaction were 7 and 40 degrees C, respectively. The chitinase was stable at pH from 5 to 10 and was stable under 60 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gas chromatographic determination of chloramphenicol residues in shrimp: interlaboratory study.

An interlaboratory study of a gas chromatographic method for determining chloramphenicol (CAP) residues in shrimp was conducted. An internal standard (Istd), the meta isomer of CAP, was added to the shrimp, and the treated shrimp were homogenized with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract was defatted with hexane, and the CAP was partitioned into ethyl acetate from an aqueous salt solution. The ethyl acetate was evaporated, and the dried residue was treated with Sylon, a trimethylsilyl derivatizing agent, to yield the trimethylsilyl derivative of CAP. A portion of the solution containing the derivative was injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Levels of fortified and incurred CAP were calculated from the peak area ratio of standard CAP to Istd. Recoveries of CAP from tissue directly fortified at 5 ppb were 102% (within-laboratory relative standard deviation [RSDr] = 5.6%), 104% (RSDr = 5.5%), and 108% (RSDr = 6.3%) from Laboratories 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Incurred-CAP residues at 5 and 10 ppb levels were also determined, with the following results: Laboratory 1: composite A, 4.56 ppb (RSDr = 14.0%); composite B, 8.38 ppb (RSDr = 11.6%); Laboratory 2: composite A, 4.17 ppb (RSDr = 12.5%); composite B, 8.90 ppb (RSDr = 5.60%); Laboratory 3: composite A, 4.66 ppb (RSDr = 14.9%); composite B, 11.0 ppb (RSDr = 11.8%).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw fish, oysters, and shrimp].

The incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in fresh seafood sold in Guadalajara, was studied by two procedures. These two procedures were compared to choose a reliable technique when outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus illness occur. For one year, 57 samples of fresh oysters, fish and shrimp were analyzed for mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) content, V. parahaemolyticus and pH. Total volatile nitrogen (TVN) was also determined in samples of fish and shrimp. MAB were counted by the pour plate method, and TVN was determined by modified Conway's micro diffusion technique. V. parahaemolyticus was investigated in 20-g samples by enrichment in lauryl dextrose salt broth (LDSB), isolating on plates of thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar (TCBS) and bile salts No. 3 agar (BS No. 3), and by direct isolation on TCBS and BS No.3 agar plates. Vibrio was characterized by tests described in standard methods, based upon the halophilism of the organism. Global percent of Vibrio parahaemolyticus positive samples was 45.6%, being 71.4% in fish, 44.0% in oysters, and 27.6% in shrimp. The use of two techniques enhanced the ability to recover the vibrio. There was a greater number of positives during the warm months (p = 0.0038). Means of TVN and pH in both positive and negative samples were not significantly different. Means of MAB counts were similar either in positive or negative samples.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Liquid chromatographic determination of furazolidone in shrimp.

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the quantitation of furazolidone residues in shrimp muscle. The shrimp homogenate (1.0 g) is extracted with acetonitrile, and the extract is taken to dryness. The residue is dissolved in acetonitrile, and the solution is passed through alumina and C18 cleanup columns. The eluate is taken to dryness and reconstituted in a suitable solvent for reversed-phase (C18) LC with UV detection at 365 nm. Recoveries of furazolidone from shrimp homogenates spiked from 5 to 80 ng/g ranged from 74.3 to 79.7%, and relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 5.0-8.9%. RSDs for incurred furazolidone quantitated at 5.9 and 9.2 ng/g were 6.6 and 7.6%, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Sodium metabisulfite and SO2 release: an under-recognized hazard among shrimp fishermen.

Since the introduction of sodium metabisulfite as a food preservative, it has been associated with several idiosyncratic reactions (eg, bronchospasm, oculonasal symptoms, and urticaria/angioedema) in sulfite-sensitive individuals. The pathogenic mechanism of these reactions is not yet understood. We report the case of two crewmen on a shrimp trawler who were found dead in the ship's hold. Their deaths had occurred while they were applying dry sodium metabisulfite, referred to as "shrimp dip" in the shrimping industry. Postmortem examinations showed diffuse pulmonary edema consistent with death secondary to asphyxia. Associated findings were visceral congestion. Although it is possible to measure death from sodium metabisulfite with available records, its potential morbidity cannot be estimated. It is known that sodium metabisulfite can react with acids and water, releasing toxic sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas. In addition, SO2 gas reacts with respiratory tissue forming sulfureous acid, and inducing a pulmonary reaction causing hypoxemia. Furthermore, sodium metabisulfite, compared with sodium bisulfite, has a much greater propensity to release SO2 gas. We conclude that there is a need for improved education regarding the potential side effects of sodium metabisulfite, thus eliminating needless occupational morbidity and mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Acute effects of Permanone 31-66 (permethrin-piperonyl butoxide) on nontarget minnows and grass shrimp.

Immature sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), inland silversides (Menidia beryllina), mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), and grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) were exposed to the mosquito adulticide, Permanone 31-66, in a series of static toxicity tests conducted in the laboratory. At 24 h, in order of decreasing susceptibility, LC50 values were 0.843, 4.07, 5.46, and 6.04 ppb for grass shrimp, inland silverside, sheepshead minnow, and mosquitofish, respectively. Forty-eight-hour LC50 values for grass shrimp, inland silverside, sheepshead minnow, and mosquitofish were 0.049, 2.86, 3.02, and 4.29 ppb, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Brine shrimp bioassay for biological activity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicines in Tanzania.

A method utilizing Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) has been used to screen medicinal plants for biological activity. A number of twenty eight medicinal plants were collected from eastern part of Tanzania and their ethnobotanical uses obtained from traditional healers. Biological activity using the Brine Shrimp bioassay was recorded as a lethal concentration (LC 50) that kills 50% of the larvae within 24 hours of contact with the methanol plant extract. Of the 28 plant extracts tested eight gave an LC 50 of activity of less than 20 mu g/ml when compared with controls treated with 10% dimethylsulphoxide (DMS0) in water as solvent. Uvaria acuminata (Annonaceae) root extract was found to be the most active. The Brine Shrimp bioassay was found to be reliable, inexpensive and a convenient method for assessment of biologically active medicinal plants.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Retinal anatomy of Chorocaris chacei, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Exploration of deep-sea hydrothermal vents over the past quarter century has revealed that they support unique and diverse biota. Despite the harsh nature of the environment, vents along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are dominated by large masses of highly motile Bresiliid shrimp. Until 1989, when it was discovered that the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata possesses a hypertrophied dorsal eye, many believed that animals populating hydrothermal vents were blind. Chorocaris chacei (originally designated Rimicaris chacei) is a Bresiliid shrimp found at hydrothermal vent fields along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Like R. exoculata, C. chacei has a hypertrophied retina that appears to be specialized to detect the very small amount of light emitted from the orifices of black smoker hydrothermal vent chimneys. C. chacei lacks the sophisticated compound eyes common to other decapod crustaceans. Instead, it has a smooth cornea, with no dioptric apparatus, apposed by a tightly packed, massive array of photosensitive membrane. Photoreceptors in the C. chacei retina are segmented into a hypertrophied region that contains the photosensitive membrane and an atrophied cell body that is roughly ten times smaller in volume than the photosensitive segment. The microvillar photosensitive membrane is consistent in structure and ultrastructure with the rhabdoms of decapod and other invertebrate retinas. However, the volume density of photosensitive membrane (> or =60%) exceeds that typically observed in invertebrate retinas. The reflecting pigment cells commonly found in decapod retinas are represented in the form of a matrix of white diffusing cells that exhibit Tyndall scattering and form an axial sheath around the photoreceptors. All photoreceptor screening pigment granules and screening pigment cells are restricted to the region below the photoreceptor nuclei and are thereby removed from the path of incident light. No ultrastructural evidence of rhythmic cycling of photosensitive membrane was observed. The morphological adaptations observed in the C. chacei retina suggest that it is a high-sensitivity photodetector that is of functional significance to the animal.

Anatomy, Artistic↗
PubMed2026

Draft genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis GIFSPR-111, a putative probiotic isolated from shrimp farm soil in Bangladesh.

Bacillus thuringiensis GIFSPR-111, isolated from shrimp farm soil in Shamnagar, Bangladesh, inhibits Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp and exhibits probiotic potential. The 5,608,442 bp draft genome contains multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, with potential to synthesize diverse bioactive metabolites.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗
PubMed1987

Identification and confirmation of arsenobetaine and arsenocholine in fish, lobster and shrimp by a combination of fast atom bombardment and tandem mass spectrometry.

Using fast atom bombardment (FAB) ionization combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), the identity of arsenobetaine (AB) in extracts of sole, haddock, lobster and shrimp was unequivocally confirmed. Evidence was also presented for the presence of arsenocholine (AC) in the shrimp extract. Confirmation was obtained by comparing the collision-induced dissociation (CID) daughter ion and parent ion spectra of major ions in the FAB spectra from these extracts with those from the authentic standards.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Studies on the volatile compounds of roasted spotted shrimp.

The aroma of spotted shrimp (Sergia lucence Hansen) was analyzed upon roasting to determine the components that constitute the characteristic roasted shrimp flavor. Our analyses resulted in the identification of ca. 200 volatiles, including high-impact sulfur and nitrogen compounds. In addition, we synthesized all possible stereoisomers of the pyrrolidine derivatives 1 and 4, and of the imine derivatives 16 and 18-20, which are very characteristic for the aroma. The odor evaluation of these chemicals revealed distinct differences, each possessing different aroma characteristics.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicity of some bis Mannich bases and corresponding piperidinols in the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay.

Some acetophenone-derived bis Mannich bases were synthesized: bis[beta-benzoylethyl]ethylamine hydrochloride (IIa), bis[beta-(p-methylbenzoyl)ethyl]ethylamine hydrochloride (IIb), bis[beta-(p-chlorobenzoyl)ethyl]ethy- lamine hydrochloride (IId), bis[(2-thienylcarbonyl)ethyl]ethylamine hydrochloride (IIe); some corresponding piperidinol derivatives: 3-benzoyl-1-ethyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol hydrochloride (IIIa), 1-ethyl-3-(p-methyl- benzoyl)-4-(p-methylphenyl)-4-piperidinol hydrochloride (IIIb), 1-ethyl-3-(p-methoxybenzoyl)-4-(p-methoxy- phenyl)-4-piperidinol hydrochloride (IIIc), 1-ethyl-3-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-piperidinol hydrochloride (IIId), 1-ethyl-4-(2-thienyl)-3-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-4-piperidinol hydrochloride (IIIe); and some representative quaternary piperidinols: 3-benzoyl-1-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidinium iodide (IIIf), 1-ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-(p-methylbenzoyl)-4-(p-methylphenyl)piperidinium iodide (IIIg). Toxicity was tested by the brine shrimp bioassay as an intermediate test before further in vivo animal experiments. Piperidine derivatives were found to be more potent than bis Mannich bases. Quaternary piperidine derivatives IIIf and IIIg and also non-quaternary piperidine derivatives IIIb, IIIe, IIIc and IIId were more toxic than 5-fluorouracil in brine shrimp bioassay. Except for IIe, bis Mannich bases were not effective. Quaternization and conversion of bis Mannich bases to corresponding piperidines improved the toxicity. The lipid solubility of the compounds may not affect the toxicity. From these findings the quaternary piperidine derivatives IIIf and IIIg could be used in further drug development and also for in vivo experiments.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed2002

Egg coats of the rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus: ultrastructural characterization and their function during fertilization.

The aim of the present work was to characterize structurally and ultrastructurally the egg coats of the rock shrimp, Rhynchocinetes typus, and to describe their functional roles during fertilization. Oocytes fixed directly from the ovary, have a total diameter of 549 microm and are covered by a 10- microm-thick transparent envelope. Electron microscope sections (dehydrated) of the egg envelope revealed an electron-dense external coat of 0.4 microm covered by filamentous processes, and a granular inner coat of 4- microm thickness. Oocytes placed for 5 min in seawater had a significantly larger diameter (573 microm), because of the increase in the thickness of the egg coats (32 microm) and the formation of a 16- microm perivitelline space. The diameter of the egg proper was reduced by the same extent as the size of the perivitelline space. All these changes were associated to the loss of the egg fertilizability. SDS-PAGE of isolated and solubilized egg coats with 20% beta-mercaptoethanol or 25 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) showed bands between 58 and 105 kDa and between 44 and 103 kDa, respectively. During normal fertilization, the sperm undergoes a drastic change in shape after first contact with the egg. We observed a similar change when solubilized egg coats were placed with vas deferens sperms. When the solubilized egg coat proteins were ultrafiltrated with a membrane of 10,000 MWCO (pore size) and then assayed for their effect on fertilization, an inhibitory effect of 30%, 41%, and 59% was found when oocytes were incubated with spermatozoa pre-treated with 30, 60, and 120 microg/ml of proteins solubilized with beta-mercaptoethanol. A similar inhibitory effect was found when egg coat proteins solubilized with 25 mM DTT were used. Our results suggest that, in the shrimp, the egg coats play an active role during the morphological changes of the sperm during their passage through them.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Immunochemical characterization and quantification of larval brine shrimp malate dehydrogenase.

The cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (s-MDH) from larval brine shrimp has been immunochemically characterized by quantitative rocket immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and antibody catalytic inhibition studies. Monospecific rabbit antiserum produced against purified naupliar s-MDH was used for rocket IEP as a quantitative assay for the cytoplasmic isozyme, Since cross-reactivity was not observed against the mitochondrial MDH (m-MDH), the assay allows specific measurement of the s-MDH in crude naupliar supernatants in the presence of contaminating m-MDH. The assay has a sensitivity of approximately 100 nanograms s-MDH protein using either purified enzyme solutions or crude supernatant preparations. Catalytic inhibition studies using the monospecific antiserum gave 85% inhibition of s-MDH but did not give significant inhibition of the m-MDH. Lack of complete s-MDH inhibition by the antiserum suggests a difference between the enzyme active site and immunological binding site. Although the antiserum was produced against s-MDH from nauplii of the San Francisco Bay population, the antiserum inhibits equally well the s-MDH of Great Salt Lake (Utah) nauplii, indicating little if any structural difference in the immunological sites of the s-MDHs from these two geographical sources. Porcine (s- and m-MDH), bovine (m-MDH), and pigeon (m-MDH) were also tried as antigens against the brine shrimp s-MDH antiserum, but antigen-antibody reactivity was not observed during rocket IEP or catalytic inhibition experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Larval brine shrimp malate dehydrogenase: biosynthesis and temporal pattern related to environmental salinity.

Brine shrimp nauplii challenged with artificial sea water containing 2.5 M NaCl maintain significantly higher levels of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (s-MDH) than larvae incubated in sea water having 0.5 M NaCl. Eight to ten hours after emergence, free-swimming nauplii living in 0.5 M NaCl exhibit a steady decline of s-MDH for 20-40 hours; the decreased is less and stabilizes earlier-in nauplii incubated in 2.5 M NaCl. The 14C-labeled amino acids produced by H 14CO3 fixation were rapidly incorporated into newly formed s-MDH protein as assayed using quantitative rocket immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) with monospecific antiserum prepared against purified brine shrimp s-MDH. Higher rates of enzyme biosynthesis ( greater than 45%) occurred in 2.5 M NaCl together with rapid s-MDH turnover (half-life = 17 hours), accounting for the difference observed in enzyme level between different salt regimes. In contrast, incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids into total cytoplasmic protein decreased slightly in high salt, suggesting that a preferential synthesis of s-MDH is taking place. Temporal patterns of s-MDH during embryonic development were monitored using both catalytic activity and quantitative IEP assays. Levels of s-MDH seen in encysted gastrulae (0.22 units or 0.57 microgram s-MDH protein/100 embryos) remain relatively constant through the E1 and E2 emergent stages until the exhibited decline observed in the naupliar stage. The results are discussed in relation to the bioenergetics and temporal development of water and electrolyte regulation in nauplii.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Photoaffinity labeling of the ouabain binding site in Na, K-ATPase in developing brine shrimp.

Analysis of purified Na,K-ATPase from brine shrimp nauplii by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals two large (alpha) subunits [G.L. Peterson, R.D. Ewing, S.R. Hootman, and F.P. Conte (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253:4762]. The band with lower mobility in a neutral or alkaline gel is designated alpha 1 and the band with higher mobility alpha 2. Ouabain prevents dephosphorylation of both alpha 1 and alpha 2 as documented by gel analysis, but a higher concentration of ouabain is required to prevent dephosphorylation of alpha 2. The photoaffinity label, [3H]4'(2-ethyldiazomalonyl) digitoxigenin monodigitoxiside, specifically labels alpha in a ouabain-protectable manner without labeling other contaminating proteins in the preparation. Greater than 93% of the total ouabain-protectable labeling of the alpha subunits is associated with alpha 1. The photoaffinity label, [3H]4"' (2-ethyldiazomalonyl) digitoxin, specifically labels alpha 1 and beta in a ouabain-protectable manner without labeling other contaminating proteins. These data show that in the brine shrimp the third digitoxose residue of digitoxin binds in a region in which the alpha 1 and beta chains are in close proximity. Less than 5% of the specific ouabain-protectable labeling of total alpha is associated with alpha 2. These studies indicate that cardioactive steroids have higher affinity for the alpha 1 subunit.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed1995

Purification of the delta isoenzyme of protein kinase C from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus monodon with phosphorylation on tyrosine residues.

The delta isoenzyme of protein kinase C (PKC-delta), purified from the plasma membrane of the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus monodon is specifically phosphorylated at tyrosine residues, as demonstrated by specific dephosphorylation by phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus monodon. The specific activity of purified PKC-delta was 200 units/mg of protein. The subunits of M(r) 66,000, 62,000, and 58,000 of PKC-delta were not autophosphorylated after the addition of phosphatidylserine and diolein. However, the purified PKC-delta was active and catalyzed the phosphorylation of myelin basic protein. The kinase activity of the purified PKC-delta could be decreased after treatment with phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase.

Animals↗