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PubMed2001

Administration duration for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and Wechsler Memory Scale-III.

The administration times for each of the subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) and Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) were recorded for a clinical sample of 81 patients. The findings revealed that the time needed to administer the WAIS-III subtests to generate the summary scores, index scores, and both scores were 58, 51, and 65 min, respectively. The time required to complete the primary subtests on the WMS-III was 21, 15, and 6 min for Immediate Memory, General Memory, and Working Memory, respectively, resulting in a total administration time of 42 min. The time necessary to administer most of the subtests was unrelated to age, education, or performance level. These data demonstrate a shorter than expected administration time for the WAIS-III and a longer than anticipated administration for the WMS-III. Results for other clinical settings will be impacted by examiner familiarity and patient composition.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Balance in personal care home residents: a comparison of the Berg Balance Scale, the Multi-Directional Reach Test, and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale.

PURPOSE: This study used the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Multi-Directional Reach Test (MDRT), and the Activitiesspecific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) to quantify balance of elderly residents of a personal care home. The reliability and construct validity of these measures were also examined. METHODS: Twenty one females and 5 males, 74 to 92 years old, participated. Participants completed each balance test once, during 2 testing sessions. Reliability was quantified using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Construct validity was quantified using Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) and Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The mean (+/-sd) scores were: BBS=41.3+/-9.0, MDRT (forward=5.6+/-3.0 in, backward=2.9+/-2.2 in, right=3.3+/-2.5 in, left=3.7+/-3.1 in), and ABC=54.0+/-24.9%. Inter-rater reliability was good for the BBS and MDRT (ICC=0.88-0.98). Test-retest reliability was moderate to good for all 3 balance tests (ICC=0.66-0.83). Pearson's correlations between the BBS and MDRT were moderate to good (r=0.53-0.78), and correlations involving the ABC were fair to moderate (r=0.41-0.59). Cronbach's alpha was strong (0.80) when only the MDRT and BBS were included. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate residents of personal care homes are at high fall risk. The balance tests showed moderate to good reliability for this population. The BBS and MDRT appear to be valid measures of motor ability to maintain balance, while the self report ABC appears to measure a different component of the balance construct in this population.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Validation of HARD (Hamilton depression rating scale) a diagram of the evaluation of depression by MADRS (Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale) Multicentric study of mianserin].

A national multicentric trial has included 402 depressed patients (DSM III Criteria) and has validated diagram HARD by MADRS. A constant and similar decrease in the total of the two rating scales has been shown at several times of assessment, Day 0, 10, 20, 60, and 90. High coefficents of correlation are found between HARD and MADRS. The sensitivity to change under treatment (mianserin 60 mg) is equal for the two rating scales.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Glasgow Outcome Scale and Disability Rating Scale: comparative usefulness in following recovery in traumatic head injury.

Clinical experience and analysis of use of the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) and the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) are reported in 70 patients up to two years after head injury. Statistical analysis shows significant change demonstrated by the DRS across the intervals from two to four, two to six, and six to 12 months after injury. The DRS more sensitively reflects improvement during inhospital rehabilitation than the GOS, 71% to 33%, respectively. Significant improvement is shown up to one year after injury. Trend data on seven patients for whom two-year data were available showed continued improvement, although the data were not statistically significant. The DRS has shown itself to be a sensitive, functional, reliable, and quantitative means of monitoring patients with traumatic head injury during the course of their recovery.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Operationalization of the "locus of control" concept: translation and first validation study of the Levenson control scale (IPC: the internal powerful others and chance scale)].

This work presents the study of validation of the French version of the Internal Powerful others and Chance Scale (IPC) of Levenson. A principal components analysis was carried out on a group of 134 healthy subjects. The Cronbach alpha coefficient and the correlation between the items and the total score of each sub-scale of the IPC were calculated. Our results were discussed in comparison with others studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Goal attaining scale. Reliability and practical experiences in 397 psychiatric treatment courses. 2: Practical experiences with a simplified version of Goal Attainment Scaling in clinical practice and intermediate length rehabilitational treatment].

Goal attainment scaling (GAS) measures outcome dependent on the degree, to which patients attain, what was thought to be their potential. Can this method be simplified by giving up to detail in advance, what would be "much more" and "much less" than the expected outcome? In 339 psychiatric treatment courses of inpatients, GAS was compared with a traditional clining rating. The patients did least agree to goals, their therapists wrote down concerning "social contacts" and "coping". The simplified form of GAS turned out to be more vulnerable to wrong prognoses. The influence of the vocational experience of those, who constructed the scales was tested as well. Despite methodological shortcomings GAS has evident therapeutic qualities: how else can we evaluate, how much of their potential our patients realize?

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

[A new rating scale for the climacteric syndrome (Menopause Rating Scale (MRS)].

Since 1952 the Kupperman index has served as an indicator for climacteric symptoms. This index, original at that time, has been widely criticized in recent years. After worldwide criticism it was finally reduced to two true symptoms, namely hot flushes and genital atrophy. The so-called psychosomatic symptoms which are essential for the quality of life, insomnia, nervousness and depression, were largely disregarded. In 1994, an expert group of German, Austrian and Swiss members published a new score (Menopause Rating Scale [MRS]) selectively adopting most of the symptoms of the Kupperman index and adding the missing symptoms such as alteration of libido, urological complaints and vaginal dryness. In contrast to the Kupperman index, the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) presented here registers every single symptom individually in a numerical and graphic way without any multiplication factor. Thus, an individual profile of each patient can be established. This new score may be completed by the physician or by the patient. An improvement in therapy can be rapidly recognized by means of the score as well as by the graphic presentation.

Climacteric↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Correlation of brain stem evoked response audiometry (BERA) with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS)].

The diagnostic value of electric responses from the brain stem (BERA) in neurosurgical patients is still a matter for debate in the literature. Therefore in the study an attempt was made to determine the relationship between GCS scores and BERA recordings. Participants in the study were 64 patients with various types of brain damage. Evoked potentials from the brain stem were registered using the Hortmann BERAmodul apparatus. To facilitate the interpretation of results a special scale was developed for quantitative measurement of changes in BERA recordings. Abnormalities in BERA recordings were reflected in changes in GCS scores, and correlation between the two dimensions was found to be statistically significant. The relationship between BERA recordings and GOS scores was also significant: pathological changes in BERA recordings assessed as severe were associated with an unfavorable therapeutic outcome in the GOS. The presented findings indicate auditory evoked brain stem response (BERA) usefulness for objective evaluation of brain-damaged patients' clinical state.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Psychometric properties of the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptics scale and the Subjective Deficit Syndrome Scale.

RATIONALE: Subjective experience of antipsychotic drugs is relevant for medication compliance and quality of life. There is, however, sparse knowledge about the assessment of subjective experience. OBJECTIVES: To examine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, sensitivity to medication change and concurrent validity of two test instruments: the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptics (SWN) and the Subjective Deficit Syndrome Scale (SDSS). METHODS: Both instruments were used at admission and after 6 weeks of medication stabilization in 105 consecutively admitted patients diagnosed with DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn) diagnoses of recent-onset schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder. RESULTS: Almost all patients were capable of reproducing their subjective experience in a consistent way both before and after medication stabilization. The internal consistency of both instruments was high. The test-retest reliability was high if medication was not changed, especially for the SWN. The SWN was sensitive for changes in medication and dosage. The short form of the SWN (SWN-20 items) had comparable psychometric qualities to the original instrument (SWN-38 items). The concurrent validity of the SWN and the SDSS was good, indicating that both tests measure the same concept. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of subjective experience with the SWN (both versions) may be used in evaluating differential effects of anti-psychotics and dose on subjective well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Positive and negative symptoms in the psychoses: principal components analysis of items from the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms.

The present study investigated the factor structure of the items contained in Andreasen's scales for the assessment of positive and negative symptoms (SAPS and SANS) by use of a series of principal components analyses (PCAs) with oblique rotations of the axes. It was found that the structure could be summarized by three major components labeled negative symptoms, thought disorder, and delusions/hallucinations. Dimensionality could meaningfully be increased to five components. Negative symptoms was found to separate into two components that we labeled negative signs and social dysfunctions. The delusions/hallucinations factor could be separated into two components, delusions and hallucinations, with "loss of boundary" delusions being related to both factors. Delusions of persecution were independent of other symptoms. The thought disorder factor did not decompose meaningfully within the investigated dimensionality. A two-factor solution did not explain the correlation between symptoms adequately. The results do not support the simple dichotomy between positive and negative symptoms in psychosis, but suggest that a wider dimensional concept may be more useful in future studies.

Delusions↗
PubMed2002

[Spanish version of a scale for the assessment of mania: validity and reliability of the Young Mania Rating Scale].

BACKGROUND: The Young Mania Rating Scale is the most widely used tool for the assessment of the intensity of manic symptoms. Unfortunately, to date, there was no Spanish validated version available. This study validated the Spanish version of the YMRS. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A sample of 541 DSM-IV manic or hypomanic bipolar patients were recruited in 56 different psychiatric settings in Spain and assessed with the YMRS by 112 clinicians specifically trained in its use on days 1, 7, 14, 30, 45 and at 3 and 6 months. The mania subscale of the Clinical Global Impression for Bipolar Disorders was also performed in order to have a standard measure to compare our results. Feasibility, reliability, validity and sensitivity of the YMRS were analysed. RESULTS: The YMRS Spanish version showed reliability index of 0.88 (internal consistency) and 0.76 (test-retest reliability), and good internal validity and external (p < 0.001) when compared to the mania subscale of the Modified Clinical Global Impression. The results also showed good sensitivity and feasibility. CONCLUSIONS: The YMRS Spanish Version is a useful, valid and reliable tool for the assessment of manic symptoms.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1996

Effects of affective-semantic mode of item presentation in balanced self-report scales: biased construct validity of the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale.

The widely applied procedure of balancing self-report instruments by including positively and negatively keyed items is exemplified by the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Investigation of the influence of the symptom-positive and symptom-negative item modes on the SDS in a depressed population resulted in two major findings. First, the reversed scoring of the symptom-negative items resulted in higher mean item scores. Secondly, factor analyses of the SDS in the present study and in previous research revealed that the semantic modes of item presentation were represented in the factor structure of the SDS. These findings were confirmed by analyses with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and by previous factor analytical research with balanced instruments and were interpreted within the framework of the theory of Positive and Negative Affect. The present data cast doubts on the construct validity of the SDS as a measure of depressive symptomatology due to the presence of the negatively keyed items and suggest reconsideration of the use of balanced instruments for minimization of the acquiescence response set.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Factorial invariance for combined Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised scores in a sample of clients with alcohol dependency.

This study examined the joint factor structure of the WAIS-R and WMS-R in a sample of 289 participants (mostly males) with alcohol dependency. In a confirmatory phase we contrasted a range of factor models derived from previous analyses of the Wechsler scales. The best fitting model incorporated five factors representing Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Attention-Concentration, Verbal Memory, and Visual Memory, with reassignment of factor loadings for two subtests. The invariance of the measurement model was then examined comparing data from a large sample of healthy participants (J. R. Carstairs & E. A. Shores, 1999). The results indicated that the number of factors was invariant across samples, and four of the factors satisfied the criterion of partial measurement invariance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Validating an American scale in Hong Kong: the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).

The construct validity of a Chinese-language version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) was tested on a sample of 138 Hong Kong Chinese married couples. Confirmatory factor analysis identified 2 factors: (a) depressive symptom factors and (b) interpersonal problem factors. Those factors attained convergent, discriminant, and structural validity when evaluated against social desirability. The CES-D also manifested nomological validity in terms of its significant relationships with measures of life satisfaction and stressful life events.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Rating scales, scales of measurement, issues of reliability: resolving some critical issues for clinicians and researchers.

We focus upon several broad issues that are of concern to clinicians and clinical researchers in the areas of biobehavioral and biomedical research, including, but not limited to, the fields of psychiatry, psychology, neuropsychology, and neurology. These issues are the critical reassessment of S. S. Stevens' quadripartite conceptualization of scales of measurement; the application of criteria to determine the clinical significance of reliability estimates; the detection of subsets of reliable and unreliable raters, when the overall level is of little clinical import; and finally, the application of Kappa statistics when multiple raters evaluate a single case.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed2006

Effects on WAIS-III performance IQ (PIQ) and full scale IQ (FSIQ) when object assembly is substituted for each standard performance scale subtest.

According to the WAIS-III Administration and Scoring Manual, Object Assembly (OA) may be substituted for any spoiled Performance subtest. This assertion has not been evaluated in a clinical sample. The present investigation reports differences that resulted in Performance IQ (PIQ) and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) when OA replaced each of the Performance subtests. Participants were 47 referrals for neuropsychological assessment (age M = 45.98 years, SD = 9.82; education M = 13.82 years, SD = 2.78). Results indicated that OA may replace any Performance subtest without seriously altering the summary scores. Differences between the standard IQs and OA-based composites were < 2 points for PIQ and < 1 point for FSIQ. More than 90% of the OA-based composites fell within the 90% confidence limits of the corresponding IQ.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Brief scale for measuring the outcomes of emotional and behavioural disorders in children. Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA).

BACKGROUND: Following the development of a child and adolescent version of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOSCA), field trials were conducted to assess their feasibility and acceptability in routine outcome measurement. AIMS: To evaluate the reliability, validity and acceptability of HoNOSCA in routine outcome measurement. METHOD: Following training, 36 field sites provided ratings on 1276 cases at one time point and outcome data on 906. Acceptability was assessed by way of written feedback and at a debriefing meeting. RESULTS: HoNOSCA demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity characteristics. It was sensitive to change and its ability to measure change accorded with the clinicians' independent rating. HoNOSCA was reasonably acceptable to clinicians' from a range of disciplines and services. CONCLUSIONS: Provided that training needs can be met, HoNOSCA represents a satisfactory brief outcome measure which could be used routinely in child and adolescent mental health services.

Child↗