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PubMed2004

Facing the new facts of retirement income adequacy.

A range of new factors is responsible for the current problem with insufficient retirement resources. Changes inside and outside the organization share partial responsibility, as do employee behaviors. In addition, other factors simply have been overlooked as employers and employees think about retirement income adequacy. The authors describe the current situation, discuss the significant risks it creates for both employers and employees and advise employers on what they should do to help employees build a more secure future in retirement.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

[Retiring: a test of resilient capacities].

This article deals with the question of retiring as a test of the conjunctural resilience capacities. The continuity theory and the rupture theory are developed because their content is related to protective factors and risk factors met by retirees: the first theory advocates the use of familiar strategies in familiar areas to maintain internal and external structures. This continuity would protect mental health. The second one emphasises the gap with the working world and its affiliated status. The loss of the professional status would endanger, in a way more or less important, the subjects' mental health. Retiring, as a life event, can be experienced as a trauma or can even be compared by the subjects themselves to other significant periods of their life which have been more or less well overcome. In order to attempt to figure out the conjunctural resilience capacities requested on the first year of retirement, and at the same time, highlighting the available protective factors, two clinical vignettes of two potentially young resilient retirees are presented.

Female↗

PubMed1992

[Suicide at the age of retirement].

Canadian statistics show an increase in the number of suicides by newly retired pensioners in Quebec. Quebec and Ontario mortality rates by suicide of persons between the ages of 67 and 69, are second only to those of Manitoba. After investigating the health care field of the Mauricie and Outaouais regions, a group of researchers were able to identify suicidal behaviors. Based on their report, this article--written by one of the researchers--answers questions such as: What happens to people when they reach retirement age? What makes new pensioners vulnerable to suicide? Is their suicide preventable? What is the best nursing intervention? This article presents an alarming situation where nurses will need to implement elements of prevention. The idea that the first month of retirement is critical for a pensioner, is well spelled out. Nurses have an important role to play in teaching these persons how to live differently and to value their new lifestyle. Counselling suggestions for nurses include: establish a climate of confidence; evaluate whether or not they are an immediate suicide risk; find the best time to communicate so that you are certain they are hearing you; talk to them about death without moralizing; try to help them find solutions to overcome their crisis; let them talk about their desire to commit suicide and show that you understand their suffering. Help them to accept that there are no miracle solutions. What answers there are must be worked out and not bought on the market.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Retirement income decisions: the silent generation speaks.

Survey findings indicate that members of the Silent Generation--those born between 1933 and 1945, and perhaps the last ones to rely heavily on a defined benefit pension plan--feel confident that they will have enough money to live comfortably to at least the age of 85. Yet, many are at risk of outliving their retirement assets. They overestimate their Social Security payouts and the likelihood that they will work in retirement, and they underestimate their postretirement expenses, especially health care. Many lack safeguards against overspending and do not understand their longevity risk. The Silents' experiences in preparing for and living in retirement may offer some valuable lessons to be learned by the baby boomers and the generations that follow as they plan for a financially secure future.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Estimating the cost of the most prevalent diseases of the retired beneficiaries of health insurance organizations in Alexandria.

A retrospective study was carried out in Alexandria Health Insurance Organization Polyclinics and pharmacies to determine the prevalence of diseases among the retired beneficiaries and their utilization of health insurance services, and to estimate the annual expenses by disease with comparison of the retired contributions and expenses. Arthritis (49.3%) and respiratory tract diseases (43.4%) were the for most prevalent disease groups. Ischaemic heart diseases ranked the first in term of total expenses. The outpatient medicaments constituted the largest burden of expenses and the expenditures were six to ten folds that of the retired contributions.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

[Social dependence of early retirement statistics].

In the current discussion of health care policy, the trend in early retirement figures is frequently taken as an indicator of the efficiency of the health care services in our country, or of the disease promoting factors at the workplace. The present study shows that no such direct monitoring of these two problem complexes by reference to the early retirement figures is possible. On the contrary, the high degree of dependence of these figures on social factors is demonstrated. The development of early retirement figures substantially depends on supreme court legislation, job market situation and exceptional demographic alterations. These and others reservations make the invalidity figures basically unsuitable for tracing developments in health care policy.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Senior women physicians: the question of retirement.

Little is known about women physicians in their senior years. This paper describes a cross-sectional survey of 21 women physicians ranging in age from 59 to 95 years in eight different medical fields. The survey showed that 14 (66.7%) worked after age 65, including four who worked into their 70s and four who worked into their 80s. Although reasons for retirement varied, most retired due to personal illness or the wish to pursue other interests. Most respondents (76.2%) were married or had been married; 80% of these had children. This survey also explored initial practice styles and changes over time, and retirement planning and financing. Respondents also were asked to identify role models and to share their own mentoring activities. Traditionally, women professionals often have been thought to have shorter careers than men due to family constraints. Yet most of the women in this sample have had long-lived careers with simultaneous marital and family responsibilities.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Drug consumption in a retired population].

Drug consumption has been studied in a population of 187 retired people, the average age being 66.5 years. The retired subjects are great drug consumers: 89% regularly take one (or several) drug(s). The central nervous system drugs are the most used (52%). Those of cardiovascular system are used by 46% of subjects. Females take more anxiolytic drugs and paracetamol than males who use more calcium channel blockers. Polymedication is usual and in opposition to working population, retired people are less addicted to self medication.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

The relationship of work satisfaction and organizational commitment to retirement intention.

The relationship between attitudes, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment has been shown to influence turnover/retirement. This relationship is important because of changing demographic patterns in the U.S. that are contributing to present and future foodservice labor shortages. The labor shortage has potential for retarding the long-term growth of the foodservice industry. However, recruitment and retention of older workers could be a factor in controlling the problem. Therefore, the major purpose of this research was to obtain information from current older foodservice employees to permit the determination of how various aspects of their jobs affect job satisfaction and organizational commitment and, thus, intention to remain on the job by delaying retirement. Non-management-level hospital and college/university foodservice workers aged 55 years and older (no. = 243) were surveyed. Hospital employees were selected from corporate rosters provided by a major contract foodservice company. College and university employees were selected from the roster of the National Association of College and University Food Services (NACUFS). No statistically meaningful relationship (r greater than or equal to .30) between work satisfaction (measured by the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire) and organizational commitment (measured by the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire), as correlated with retirement intention, was found. Although not considered meaningful, a slight statistical relationship was found (r = .15, p less than .02) between intrinsic satisfaction and the desire to delay retirement (work intention).

Aged↗

PubMed1985

Gender differences in pre-retirement attitudes and activities in a Puerto Rican sample.

The objective of this study was to identify the pre-retirement attitudes and activities of personnel at the Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico in order to ascertain the existence of any differences by gender. It was expected that the persistence of the traditional double standard of conduct for men and women in contemporary Puerto Rican society would find women with a more positive attitude towards retirement since, it will not affect their self-esteem relative to the breadwinner role as it does for men. For purposes of this study a questionnaire was developed consisting of: background information, activity level indicator, and a pre-retirement attitude indicator. A sample of 235 subjects was systematically selected, of these 66 (28 per cent) are male and 169 (72 per cent) are female. The gender groups were sub-divided into occupational sub-categories of faculty and non-faculty. The average age of female faculty is 41 years as compared to 37 years for non-faculty females but both groups of males average 41 years. Females had lower levels of educational attainment than the male respondents and this results in their having a lower income level. The relation of occupational category to activity was significant but that of gender was not. Gender was found to influence the types of activities participated in. The findings lead to the conclusion that gender continues to play a central role in an individual's attitudes and activities within Puerto Rican society.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Income of new retired workers by social security benefit levels: findings from the New Beneficiary Survey.

This article, based on New Beneficiary Survey (NBS) data, examines the sources and amounts of income available to newly retired workers by the level of their primary insurance amount (PIA). For this analysis, the PIA distribution was divided into quartiles. Retired workers with high PIA's were found to be more likely to have private pensions or asset income and thus to have the highest total income. When a spouse's income is taken into account, married retired workers at all PIA levels have higher total income than do the unmarried retirees. The difference between the income of married and unmarried retirees is greatest for those with PIA's in the lowest quartile, where the median total income of the married retirees is roughly three times as high as that of the unmarried group. New retirees with PIA's in the lowest quartile were a mixed group: Many had additional important sources of income; others did not and had income that was quite low. About 21 percent of those with PIA's in the lowest quartile had pensions and their median total income was about $19,100. An additional 55 percent were married women without pensions of their own who, together with their husbands, had a median total income of $15,900. The remaining 24 percent were married men and unmarried retirees without a pension and with much lower median income--$7,100 for the married men and their wives, and $5,000 for the unmarried men and women.

Aged↗

PubMed1982

[Women before and after retirement (author's transl)].

A mail survey on 249 female employees and 198 retired female employees of a Swiss enterprise led to several results: retired females are more satisfied and more active than working collegues of the same age; people are better informed on those topics about aging about which they want further to increase their knowledge; divorced women in general and married women in retirement are less satisfied; the general resources: anticipation of future events, social integration, and good health influence the ratings of the present situation. Specific hypotheses are deduced on the elder women's state.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

[Retirement, psychological well-being and health: longitudinal study of a population of Parisian executives].

A longitudinal study was carried out on a sample of 155 french male managers in order to test the hypothesis that retirement has negative effects on health and life satisfaction in upper white-collar workers. At wave 1 (in 1976) of the study, these 155 managers were all working full time. At wave 2 (in 1979), 105 were retired and 50 were still working full time. Results from the comparison of these two groups do not support this hypothesis. On the other hand, the data suggest that some psychological factors assessed at wave 1 are, independently of retirement, significantly related to changes occurred in health and life satisfaction between the two waves of the study.

Administrative Personnel↗

PubMed1984

Physician retirement: a case for concern in Canadian hospitals.

Mandatory retirement is being challenged on the basis of age discrimination, and physicians are not divorced from this social trend. In January 1982 legal precedent was set by the Manitoba Court of Appeal concerning the retirement policy for physicians in Canada. Currently, Canadian hospital bylaws include clauses that require a change in membership status once a physician reaches 65 years of age. The main arguments in favour of this change include easier physician manpower management, ensured public safety and, in some instances, greater productivity. The main arguments against this change include loss of income to physicians, loss of skilled manpower to the profession and adverse effects on the mental and physical health of retiring physicians. In an effort to resolve this conflict some Canadian hospitals are developing strategies for reviewing the specific privileges and responsibilities physicians will retain once they reach age 65. The medical staff of the Victoria General Hospital in Halifax, NS have addressed this issue through their annual reappointment process.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

Age discrimination in retirement: in search of an alternative.

American employers have traditionally relied on age as the criterion for mandatory retirement. Yet advances in medicine indicate the inadequacy of age as a measure of job competence and suggest the potential for a more reliable measure. With current social and economic conditions pressing many employees to seek to work beyond mandatory retirement ages set by their employers, transition to more reliable measures has become a vital matter. This Note explores the potential for implementing medically-based alternatives to the age proxy. It initially addresses problems of medical feasibility and economic practicality, and considers how the divergent interests of employees and employers can be accommodated. The balance of the Note examines the present roles of Congress, agencies, and courts in facilitating age-blind mandatory retirement policy. It suggests the need for reform of the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act and recommends a more effective distribution of roles among governmental institutions.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1982

Earnings replacement rates and total income: findings from the retirement history study.

This article describes and reports on the degree to which Social Security and private pensions replaced preretirement earnings for a sample of individuals retiring in the early 1970's. Although simple in concept, replacement rates can be defined in many different ways. Because no one definition is best for all purposes, several are considered, and the contexts in which each might be utilized are discussed. Both Social Security and total replacement rates are presented for individual retired workers and married couples. Also presented are rough estimates of changes in total income at retirement.

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PubMed1995

Financial retirement assets. An objective and subjective analysis.

Retirement has always been "around the corner" for older dentists. What is new is a longer life expectancy, due mainly to advances in nutrition, exercise and disease prevention. Many dentists are naturally concerned about the adequacy of their retirement assets for a longer life span. This paper helps each dentist determine for himself/herself how much of a retirement nest egg is needed, by presenting the objective and subjective aspects of their financial holdings.

Dentists↗

PubMed1993

Retirement: getting it right the first time.

After a lifetime of being on call, retirement should be a snap. But getting to that state called "retirement" can be as hazardous as wading through an alligator infested swamp. Like anything else in life, retirement requires more preparation than meets the eye.

Humans↗