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PubMed1993

Vividness of visual imagery for faces as a predictor of facial recognition memory performance: a revised view.

This paper presents a re-analysis of previously reported data in which the mean correlation over 10 experiments between vividness of visual imagery for faces and facial recognition memory was .247. When task accuracy was consistently scored to eliminate false-alarms, the correlation dropped to .145, although it remained above zero. Since the vividness/task confidence correlation of .176 was also significant, it is suggested that the weak vividness/accuracy relationship may reflect different processing requirements in the vividness and recognition tasks and subjectivity of the vividness rating scale.

Attention↗
PubMed2003

[The effect of selective attention to emotional stimuli on recognition memory in anxiety].

It has been argued that the selective attention characteristic of trait anxiety does not significantly influence on memory. However, attention to stimuli is considered to accelerate memory performance of the stimuli in general. The present study examined whether the selective attention due to emotional valences could reflect on recognition memory in individuals with high anxiety. In the encoding phase, a set of pairs of emotional and neutral words was presented. The duration of presentation of stimuli was manipulated in two conditions (1,300 ms vs. 2,000 ms). There was no difference in responses for stimuli between with positive and with negative valences. In the short-presentation condition, compared to the control group, the high-anxious group demonstrated greater discrimination for emotional (positive and negative) stimuli relative than for neutral ones. Their false alarm rate, on the other hand, was consistently higher than the subjects in the low-anxious group. Results in the present study suggested that selective attention that the high-anxious subjects allocated to emotional stimuli could influence performance of recognition of those stimuli.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1998

Familiarity breeds differentiation: a subjective-likelihood approach to the effects of experience in recognition memory.

With repeated exposure, people become better at identifying presented items and better at rejecting items that have not been presented. This differentiation effect is captured in a model consisting of item detectors that learn estimates of conditional probabilities of item features. The model is used to account for a number of findings in the recognition memory literature, including (a) the basic differentiation effect (strength-mirror effect), (b) the fact that adding items to a list reduces recognition accuracy (list-length effect) but extra study of some items does not reduce recognition accuracy for other items (null list-strength effect), (c) nonlinear effects of strengthening items on false recognition of similar distractors, (d) a number of different kinds of mirror effects, (e) appropriate z-ROC curves, and (f) one type of deviation from optimality exhibited in recognition experiments.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Neural correlates of olfactory recognition memory in the rat orbitofrontal cortex.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OF) is strongly and reciprocally connected with the perirhinal (PR) and entorhinal areas of the medial temporal lobe and plays an important role in odor recognition memory. This study characterized firing patterns of single neurons in the OF of rats performing a continuous odor-guided delayed nonmatch to sample (DNMS) task. Most OF neurons fired in association with one or more task events, including the initiation of trials, the sampling of odor stimuli, and the consumption of rewards. OF neurons also exhibited sustained odor-selective activity during the memory delay, and a large proportion of OF cells had odor-specific enhanced or suppressed responses on stimulus repetition. Most OF neurons were activated during several task events, or associated with complex behavioral states. The incidence of cells that fired in association with the critical match/non-match judgement was increased as the DNMS rule was learned, and was higher in OF than in perirhinal and entorhinal cortex. Furthermore, the classification of match and nonmatch trials was correlated with accuracy in performance of that judgement. These findings are consistent with the view that OF is a high order association cortex that plays a role both in the memory representations for specific stimuli and in the acquisition and application of task rules.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1997

Localization of word and face recognition memory using topographical EEG.

The aim of this study was to explore the ability of epoch-averaged electroencephalogram (EEG) to localize cognitive functions. The EEG was recorded in healthy individuals performing a task where, on the basis of evidence from other functional brain imaging techniques, there was a high expectation of where functional changes would be expected. Topographical EEG was recorded while individuals performed recognition memory tasks for words and faces. Comparison of the acquisition and recognition phases of the experiment showed significant attenuation of alpha, beta 1, and beta 2 in the right temporoparietal region for the faces but no significant changes for words. Left temporoparietal changes for the word task were only seen among the women. The results confirmed the validity of EEG for use in the localization of cognitive function for faces for men and women but in the case of words for the women only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Recognition memory and decision processes: a meta-analysis of remember, know, and guess responses.

A meta-analysis of proportions of remember, know, and guess responses was carried out on observations from 86 experimental conditions in 23 different recognition memory experiments. Unlike remember and know responses, guess responses revealed no memory for the test items that elicited them. A signal detection analysis of these data showed that A' estimates of the strength of the memory trace depended on response criteria. A' estimates increased significantly when know responses were added to remember responses, and decreased significantly when guess responses were added to remember and know responses. It was guessing, rather than knowing, that was most strongly correlated with overall response criteria. Nor were remembering and knowing correlated significantly. These results do not support a quantitative trace strength model according to which these responses merely reflect different response criteria. They support theories that ascribe remembering and knowing to qualitatively distinct memory systems or processes.

Cognition↗
PubMed1998

Recognition memory deficits in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis assessed with event-related brain potentials.

OBJECTIVES: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been shown to cause neuropsychological deficits. The present investigation sought to delineate memory deficits by recording cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eight ALS patients and 8 matched controls were subjected to a 2-phase recognition memory test. During the first phase words were presented consecutively on a video-screen with one-third of the words being repeated. The subject had to press buttons according to whether a word had been repeated or not. During the second phase (delay 1 h) a second list containing 33% old items from phase 1 and 66% new words was shown with an old/new decision required. RESULTS: ALS patients showed less accurate recognition in the second phase. The ERPs of the controls showed a reliable difference between old and new items in both phases. This difference was nearly absent in the patients in both phases. CONCLUSION: The ERP pattern suggests abnormal memory processes in ALS. The results are compared with data from similar experiments in Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease and are interpreted in terms of an encoding deficit in ALS.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

An exploratory study of the relationship between face recognition memory and the volume of medial temporal lobe structures in healthy young males.

A rigorous new methodology was applied to the study of structure function relationships in the living human brain. Face recognition memory (FRM) and other cognitive measures were made in 29 healthy young male subjects (mean age = 21.7 years) and related to volumetric measurements of their cerebral hemispheres and of structures in their medial temporal lobes, obtained using the Cavalieri method in combination with high resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI. Greatest proportional variability in volumes was found for the lateral ventricles (57%) for the cerebral hemispheres (8%) in the mean volumes of the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, caudate nucleus, temporal pole and temporal lobe on the right and left sides of the brain. The volumes of the right and left parahippocampal gyrus, temporal pole, temporal lobe, and left hippocampus were, prior to application of the Bonferroni correction to take account of 12 multiple comparisons, significantly correlated with the volume of the corresponding hemisphere(p < 0.05). The volumes of all structures were highly correlated (p < 0.0002 for all comparisons) between the two cerebral hemispheres. There were no positive relationships between structure volumes and FRM score. However, the volume of the right amygdala was, prior to application of the Bonferroni correction to take account of 38~multiple comparisons, found to be significantly smaller in the five most consistent high scorers compared to the five most consistent low scorers (t = 2.77,p = 0.025). The implications for possible relationships between healthy medial temporal lobe structures and memory are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Impaired visuospatial recognition memory but normal object novelty detection and relative familiarity judgments in adult mice expressing the APPswe Alzheimer's disease mutation.

The present study examined the effects of a human APPswe mutation on object recognition memory in adult Tg2576 mice. The results showed that 14-month old Tg2576 mice were able to detect object novelty as well as control mice, even with delays of up to 24 hr. In addition, transgenic mice showed a normal recency effect and explored the most recently encountered object significantly less than an object encountered earlier in a trial. However, adult Tg2576 mice showed impairments in detecting a change in the relative positions of an array of familiar objects. The results suggest that the formation of representations involving a combination of object identity and spatial information are particularly sensitive to amyloid pathology in adult APPswe mutant mice.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed2005

Functional coupling between frontal and parietal lobes during recognition memory.

Neuroimaging studies have suggested that the frontal and parietal lobes may be important for the process by which we remember information. However, little is known about how these regions exchange information during memory retrieval. We measured EEG synchronisation in the gamma-band (25-55 Hz), a putative measure of functional coupling between brain regions, while human subjects performed a recognition memory task. Fronto-parietal synchrony was increased for true old memories relative to false memories and new items. Our results suggest that synchronization of neuronal responses in the gamma-band may be an important mechanism by which frontal and parietal regions exchange information during the recognition of past events.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Neuronal activity in the hippocampus during delayed non-match to sample performance in rats: evidence for hippocampal processing in recognition memory.

Neuronal activity in the CA1 of rats was explored with regard to functional correlates of performance in an odor-guided continuous delayed non-match to sample task. Although different CA1 cells fired in association with each identifiable trial event, these analyses focused on cells that fired selectively during the period of odor cue sampling and response generation. The firing patterns of many of these cells reflected the match or non-match comparison between current and previous odor cues independent of the particular stimuli that composed those comparisons. Such cells were more prevalent in sessions when performance was highly accurate. Hippocampal cells did not demonstrate stimulus-evoked firing that persisted through the memory delay, nor did they fire differentially to session-novel vs. repeated odor presentations. These results suggest that the hippocampus contributes to recognition memory by processing comparisons between current information and representations of previous stimuli stored in parahippocampal and neocortical structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Multiple interference effects in short-term recognition memory.

Five experiments, using a probe recognition procedure, examined the codes involved in short-term memory. Interference effects were obtained for probes with an orthographic, associative, or semantic relationship to a memory set item. The orthographic interference effects appeared to result from matches on the basis of abstract letter codes (i.e., graphemes) rather than overlap of visual features. The associative and semantic effects differed from what might be predicted on the basis of spreading activation, suggesting that these effects are qualitatively different from semantic priming effects observed in lexical decision tasks. These results support models of short-term memory in which items are represented as groups of features and recognition depends on a comparison of the features of the probe to those of the memory set items.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Separating sensitivity from response bias: implications of comparisons of yes-no and forced-choice tests for models and measures of recognition memory.

A fundamental challenge to psychological research is the measurement of cognitive processes uncontaminated by response strategies resulting from different testing procedures. Test-free estimates of ability are vital when comparing the performance of different groups or different conditions. The current study applied several sets of measurement models to both forced-choice and yes-no recognition memory tests and concluded that the traditional signal-detection model resulted in distorted estimates of accuracy. Two-factor models were necessary to separate memory sensitivity from response bias. These models indicated that (a) memory accuracy did not differ across the tests and (b) the tests relied on the same underlying memory processes. The results illustrate the pitfalls of using a single-component model to measure accuracy in tasks that reflect 2 or more underlying processes.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Impaired long-term spatial and recognition memory and enhanced CA1 hippocampal LTP in the dystrophin-deficient Dmd(mdx) mouse.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is associated with cognitive deficits that may result from dystrophin deficiency in neurons. However, in the dystrophin-deficient Dmd(mdx) mouse model of DMD, the nature of the memory impairment is not well characterised and its biological substrate is uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that dystrophin deficiency in Dmd(mdx) mice impairs long-term, but not short-term, object recognition memory and impairs long-term spatial memory, but not acquisition, following massed training in the water maze. Furthermore, we show that the abnormal enhancement of CA1 hippocampal LTP in Dmd(mdx) mice is not restricted to short-lasting mechanisms, but also affects the maintenance phase of LTP of both synaptic efficacy and neuronal excitability. We conclude that dystrophin loss alters memory consolidation in both spatial and nonspatial learning tasks, at least in part due to altered synaptic plasticity mechanisms, and suggest that the severity of the deficits may depend on the nature of the training procedure.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Reduction in hippocampal cholinergic innervation is unrelated to recognition memory impairment in aged rhesus monkeys.

Alterations in the basal forebrain cholinergic system have been widely studied in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease, but the magnitude of decline and relationship to cognitive impairment are still a matter of debate. The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) provides a compelling model to study age-related memory decline, as the pattern of impairment closely parallels that observed in humans. Here, we used antibodies against the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and a new stereological technique to estimate total cholinergic fiber length in hippocampal subregions of behaviorally characterized young and aged rhesus monkeys. The analysis revealed an age-related decline in the length of cholinergic fibers of 22%, which was similar across the hippocampal subregions studied (dentate gyrus granule cell and molecular layers, CA2/3-hilus, and CA1), and across the rostral-caudal extent of the hippocampus. This effect, however, was unrelated to performance on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task, a test of recognition memory sensitive to hippocampal system dysfunction and cognitive aging in monkeys. These findings indicate that a decline in cholinergic input fails to account for the influence of normal aging on memory supported by the primate hippocampal region.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1985

Feature-processing deficits following brain injury. I. Overselectivity in recognition memory for compound stimuli.

A previous experiment (S. Wayland & J.E. Taplin, 1982, Brain and Language, 16, 87-108) demonstrated that aphasic subjects had particular difficulty performing a categorization task, which for normals involves abstraction of a prototype from a set of patterns and sorting of other patterns with reference to this prototype. This study extended the investigation to a recognition memory task similarly organized in categorical structure. The aim was to replicate the previous findings and to delineate the precise nature of aphasics' difficulties with such tasks. Aphasics were again found to be aberrant in performing this task in comparison with normal subjects, nonaphasic brain-injured control subjects also demonstrating a departure from normality. The results suggest that the problem for brain-injured subjects is one of overselectivity in terms of the features of the stimuli to which they respond rather than a difficulty with prototype abstraction itself.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Recognition memory for emotional and neutral faces: an event-related potential study.

This study examined emotional influences on the hypothesized event-related potential (ERP) correlates of familiarity and recollection (Experiment 1) and the states of awareness (Experiment 2) accompanying recognition memory for faces differing in facial affect. Participants made gender judgments to positive, negative, and neutral faces at study and were in the test phase instructed to discriminate between studied and nonstudied faces. Whereas old-new discrimination was unaffected by facial expression, negative faces were recollected to a greater extent than both positive and neutral faces as reflected in the parietal ERP old-new effect and in the proportion of remember judgments. Moreover, emotion-specific modulations were observed in frontally recorded ERPs elicited by correctly rejected new faces that concurred with a more liberal response criterion for emotional as compared to neutral faces. Taken together, the results are consistent with the view that processes promoting recollection are facilitated for negative events and that emotion may affect recognition performance by influencing criterion setting mediated by the prefrontal cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The Recognition Memory Test Examination of ethnic differences and norm validity.

The possibility of racial bias in neuropsychological test materials has received increasing attention in recent years. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether an own-race recognition bias would provide an advantage for Caucasian participants over African American participants on the Faces subtest of the Recognition Memory Test (RMT). Thirty Caucasian and 30 African American undergraduates completed the RMT, Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS), and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). No significant group difference was found on RMT Faces. However, mean RMT Faces scores for both groups were below the 10th percentile in spite of average scores on the SDMT and SILS. A second study was conducted to further examine the validity of the RMT norms for this age range (i.e., 18-24) and to provide 2-week test-retest reliabilities. The mean RMT Faces subtest score was 39.78 (10th percentile), and 28% of the sample scored at or below the fifth percentile. Test-retest reliabilities were.63 and.64 for RMT Words and Faces, respectively. Results of these studies suggest that re-examination of the current norms for RMT Faces is warranted for adults aged.

Adolescent↗